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Home , Banded palm civet, Caracal (genus), Indochinese leopard, Large Indian civet, Small Indian civet

NAT. NAT. Hl ST. BULL. SIAM Soc. 54 (1): 13 9- 153 ， 2006

SMALL CARNIVORES AND OTHER IN A SMALL PROTECTED AREA OF 50 KM 2 IN THONG PHA PHUM FOREST ，WESTERN

Nopphadol Prayon g' and Sompoad Srikosamat ll1 ・-tI

ABSTRACT

百le s組制s of small camivores and other m anJm als in a small reserve (50 km 2 ) called “PIT Forest Reserves" in westem 百lailand w 鎚 S伽 died in parallel with human activities in 血e area. area. At least 17 wild m anJm al species were present in 也is 戸。 tec 飽d 紅 ea (PA) including 10

C 紅叫vore sμcies.τ 'h ecar 凶vo 陀 community in 血is 包 ea is dominated by viverrid s戸cies. 百le Lar ge In dian ( zibetha) w 錨出e most abundant ，followed by Small lndian Civet (Viverricula (Viverricula malaccensis) and Common Palm Civet ( hermaphroditus). Along fo 問 st edges ，percent visitations of the Large In dian Civet indicate that it is the dominant species. species. Abundance of Large In dian w ぉ negatively and significantly correlated with dis 剛 ce to 恥 forest edge (r = -0品 2，P= 0.043). τ'h ere is a variety of human activity 泊曲is small PA. Frequencies of signs of Non- Timber Forest Forest pr 叫 ucts 例1下Ps) collecting and of domestic were significantly negatively correlated correlated with distance 加 m villages (r =ー 0.831 ，p = 0.006 and r = -0 .685 ，p = 0.042 ， respectively). respectively). In con 甘舗t， the relation of distance 針。 m villages and hunting was not signific 釦 t. Domestic Domestic ( familiaris) were found in 血is forest ，especially in areas less 白an 1 km 針。 m 出 .e forest edge.

百時間sults of 血is s仙dy will be useful in motivating local participation in conservation. Cooperation Cooperation arnong local agencies and local people for conservation is now needed to s飽d co-conservation co-conservation management in 白is small protected area. 百le experience will be useful for improving improving wildlife conservation of 血e Westem 唄long Pha Ph um Ec osystem on the larger scale. scale. Key words: Small protected area ， small camivores ，human activities ，wildlife conservation ， 司副land.

問 τRODUCTION

Most studies about camivores are aimed at increasing knowledge about the ecology of the the carnivore communities in tropical forests (EMMONS ， 1987; RAY & SUNQUIST ， 2001; MUK 田町田町 AL. ， 2004). Some studies show important roles of camivores 泊 controlling prey populations ，decreasing competition wi 由加出e prey community ，and reducing seed predation (Gu 噌 RREZ ，ET AL ，1997 ，百悶ORGH ET AL. ， 2001). However ， there is little information about camivoie communities in disturbed forests and most studies come from temperate ecosystems (CROOKS ， 2002; GEHR 町 G & SWIHART ， 2003).

IDep 紅 tment of Biology ，Faculty of Science ，M 油 idol Universi 旬， Rarna 6 Road ，Banl 詐ok 1倒 00 ，百 lail 釦 d Received Received 29 September 21 ∞ 5; accepted 15 June 2006.

139 139 140 140 NOPPI -IADO L PR A YONG AND SOMPOAD SR IKOSA ルIATA RA

In In Thailand ，th 巴re are many factor s threat e ning wildlife ，巴 specially carnivores . There is almost no knowledge about carnivor 巴s m r 巴lation with human activities in the for 巴st. Most studie s on carnivores have been conducted in undi sturb ed for est within n ational parks and wildlife sanctuaries (RAB 町 O Wl TZ & WALKER ， 1991 ; CONFORT I， 1996 ; GRASSMAN ， 1999; 1999; GRASSMAN ET A L.， 2005). Sma ll prot ected ar 巴as such as nat ional forest r巴S巴rves and other other disturbed forests ne 紅 hum an communities have bee n under va lued ，al though small carnivores carnivores can b巴 found in such pl aces. Information a bout such areas will incr ease our know1 巴dg 巴 about wi1dlife and may al so b巴 usefu l as a pilot s tudy for local particip a tion in co nservation ，espe cially in situati ons outside p arks and wi1dlif e sanctuari 巴s whel 巴 conservation must depend more on community action than on infl 巴xibl e law s (SRIKOSAMATARA & BROCKELMAN ，20 02) . In In this study ， the status of sm all carn jvore s and other s wa s studied in the PTT Fo rest Reserves of Western Thai1and for bett 巴r und ers tandin g of th 巴 char ac teristic s of th e carnivore carnivore community in disturbed for 巴st. At th e same tim e，s ig ns of human activities were a1 so analyzed for assessing human di stur bance and it s effect on th e wild1ife community.

STU D Y AREA

A forest 1巴S巴rve fo r cons 巴rvation was propo se d by the Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT) in 1999 ， in collaboration with the Royal Forest Department (at that time) ， through

ヰ - PTI Fore stR 巴serv e EコTP P Na ti onal Park s [J] WPAC 田町 Dam

Figur e 1. Lo ca tion of PTI Forest Reserves (PTIF) in th e We st ern Prot 巴cted Area Co mp l巴X _ SMA LL CARN IVORES AN D OTHE R MAMMA LS IN T H ONG PH A PH UM 141

2 0 2 4 Kilometers ・・・・・・z一一一 一一一一一、

Stream w キE N Tr ack station line s 亡コ P甘 F .. .. Vi llages

Fi gur e 2. PTTF and Villa g巴s around th e fores l. Th ere 白 e 9 lin 巴 surv eys in th es tudy (A -I) ，7 in PTTF and 2 in in TPPNP 142 142 NOPPHADOL I'RA YONG 釧 D SOMPOAD S RlK ωAMAT. 組 A

血e Regional Forest Au 血ority. 百世 swasap 紅 t of the post -environmen ta1泊 lpact assessment (EIA) responsibility of P1T after construction of 也e Yadana natural gas pipel 泊e 合om Myanm 低 Officially ，it is now a forest reserve under the National Forest Reserve Act of 1964. 1964. It is a small prot 即 ted area about 50 km 2 located 加side the boundary of Western 百lO ng Pha Phum Forest (W τ'P P) ， which is ap 制 of the (F ig. 1). A tempor. 釘 y boundary has been demarcated by P1T to designate it as a protected 釘 ea. P1T has an interest in conserving the forest and wildlife ， and in developing the well-being of of local villagers around the forest (Pe 位oleum Au 血ority of 百回land ，2002). P1T Forest Reserves (P1TF) are located at 出e boundary of WTPP Fores t.百世 s PA is is sep 釘 'ated by a dirt road and some crop fields into two p副 s: about 30 km 2 of lower P1TF and 20 km 2 of upper PT1下 (Fig. 2). Th e elevation range 加出is protected area is

160 ー945 m asl ，出 .e upperp 釘 t being the steepes t. About 50% of the upper part h部 a slope more 血an 30 degr 田 s. 百le P1TF covers 曲ree watersheds: Huai Kh ayeng ， Huai Pr acham Mai ，加d Huai B 佃 Rai. 百le forest is mainly Mixed Deciduous Forest with some 釘 'eas of Dry Dipterocarp and Tropical Dry Forest ， most rather disturbed. 官le PTI 下 is close to six villages 泊 Tambon Huai Kayeng (Fig. 2).

MA'τERIALS AND METHODS

Observation Observation of Small Carnivores and Other Mammals

During During March 20 04- January 2005 ，wildlife surveys were conducted in 9 study sites ， 7 sites 泊P1TF and 2 sites 泊τ'P PNP (A-I ，Fig. 2). 百le study focused on small carnivores ， but but other mammals were also observed and noted. 百le methods used were relatively s泊lple ，and potentially useful by local agencies p制 icipat 泊g with local people in wildlife conservation conservation managemen t. Track Track stations were the main method for assessing abundance and diversity of small carnivores. carnivores. In白 is s旬dy ， one 2・km line 釘ansect was set up in each of 9 study sites dis 凶 buted in P1TF and some 紅 e錨 of TPPNP (F ig. 2). Track stations 1m 2 加釘'ea and 100 100 m ap 訂 t were made along the transects. 百le surface of each station was made smooth 組 d soft by sieving the soil. Banana and fおshly caught fish av ai1 able in 血e area were bait 吋 on the stations. 百 le stations were checked the following 2 mornings and 出.en tracks in in the soil surface were IlX ed. Species were identified 企om tracks using The Mammal Tracks Tracks 01 Thailand (0 阻 EN WORLD FOUNDA' 百 ON ，1997) ， and Carnivores 01 Mainland South South East (KANCHANASAKHA. Er AL. ， 1998). Camera 回 ps (Passive CamTrakker ， CamTrack South ，In c. ，U.S. A.) were a1 so set up at various stations to determine species that that visited ， using 360 station ・凶 ghts (40 station-nights/site) ，280 泊P1TF and80 泊τ'P PNP. Relative Relative abundance was calculated from 回 p success/ 回 p- 凶ght x 100. Trap success was derived 合om the number of 住'ack stations that 創由 nals visi 飽d. Intensive Intensive surveys of wildlife were also carried out wi 血泊P1T Forest Reserves. Signs Signs of wildlife on human 佐'ai1 s and wildlife trails within study 釘 e邸 were observed. Th e presence of carnivore and other mammal signs such as scats ，scrapes and tracks etc. W 部 recorded. Although 由is method is rough ， the results can provide a general picture of of the diversity and status of mammals 泊出is P A. Six camera traps were also set up within within P1TF. However ，出 is method was not suitable in 白is study due to high human SMALL CARNIVORES AND OTHER MAMMALS 別 THONG PHA PHUM 143 disturbance. disturbance. Camera traps could not be set up for long enough time. Moreover ，some people people tried to destroy cameras on two occasions. Camera traps were set for the total of trap-nights. 95 trap-nights.

Human Di sturbance Survey

During During the track station survey ， signs of human disturbance were observed on 2-km line line transects in each study site. Human signs in each site were classified into three main activities: activities: hunting signs ， domestic animals ， and non-timb 巴 rforest product (NTFP) collecting. Such signs were counted ， and the frequencies of such activities among study sites were compared. compared. Old signs of fire ， camping sites ， hunting points and gun sounds were classified as as hunting signs. This study classified old signs of fire as hunting signs because most occurred occurred in the dry season when there were few other resources available in the fores t. For gun sounds ，we counted the number of shots per day along each line transec t. NTFP collecting collecting was one of major activities occu 汀 ing in this forest reserve (NARUCHAIKUSOL ， unpublished). unpublished). Most signs found in the survey were collecting ，Curcuma parviflora collecting ，and dipterocarp oils. We counted the number of signs every 100-m distance. Th ere were two groups of domestic animals found in study area ， domestic cattle and domestic domestic dogs. For cattle ， the presence of tracks was noted every 100 m distance. Th e number of dogs was counted in the line transects by camera 汀aps ， as individu a1 s could be recognized. recognized. Data Data on all species were analyzed using Microsoft Excel for presence of track station signs ，species composition ， and relative abundance of small camivores. Habitat characteristics such such as size of 紅白， percent area in each slope category ，elevation ， and distance of study sites sites from villages and forest edges were analyzed using ArcView GIS 3.2a. SPSS version 7.5 7.5 was used for statistic a1 analysis.

RESULTS

Status Status of Small Carnivores and Other Mammals in PTT Forest Reserves (PTTF)

Eighteen Eighteen mammal species were observed in 血is study ，including 10 carnivore species (Table (Table 1). Ten mammal species were observed by walking on trails ，9 species from the track track station survey and 2 仕om camera traps. However ， other species were confirrned to be be present by local people ， such as Fea' s Mun りac ，Golden ，Banded Pa1m Civet ， Banded Li nsang ， and Yellow- Thr oated M 釘 ten.

Species Species Presence ， Composition and Relative Abundance

Of 360 station-nights of track station survey ， 85 track stations were visited by small carnivores carnivores and some mammals ，indicating 23.6% trap success. Study sites D ，G and C showed high trapping success as 42.5% ，35% and 32.5% ，respectively. Th e9 wild mammal species species included 7 carnivores and 2 other mamm a1 s observed in 7 sites of PTTF and 2 sites sites of TPPNP (Table 2). From 9 study sites ，3 civet species including Sm a1 1 In dian Civet ，Common Pa1 m Civet ， and Large In dian Civet were p印 sent at 8，7 and 7 study sites ， 144 144 NOPPHADOL I'RA YONG 釧 D So 岬 OAD SRIKOSAMATARA

Table Table 1. Species of Mammals were observed by 3 methods in study 釘 ea

Species Species Method* Study Area** Sun ， malayanus A Elephant ， Elephas maximus A ，B ，C Sambar ， Cervus unicolor A ，C Red Muntjac ， Muntiacus muntjak A Wild pig ， Sus scr o. 向 A ，B ，C Serow ，Naemorhedus sumatraensis 1，2 B Asiatic Asiatic Jackal ， Canis aureus 2 B ，Arctictis binturong 1，2 B ，C Large Large In dian Civet ， Viverra zibetha 2 A ，B ，C Small Small In dian Civet ，Viverricula indica 1，2 A ，B ，C Common Palm Civet ， Paradoxurus hermaphroditus 2 A ，B ，C ，Paguma larvata 2 A ， bengalensis 2 A ，B ，C Small-Clawed Small-Clawed ， cinerea C ， Arctonyx collaris 3 A Lesser Lesser Deer ， Tragulus javanicus 1 B Porcupine ， Hystrix brachyura 2，3 A ，C Domestic Domestic ， Canis familiaris 1，2，3 A ，B

*1 *1 = Walking Survey ，2 = Track Station ，3 = Camera 回， ps **A = Upper P1TF， B = Lower P1TF， C = Th ong Pha Phum NP

respectively. respectively. Masked Palm Civet ， Binturong and Asiatic Jackal were rare species 白at only only visited only one site each. Th e small carnivore community in this area consisted mainly of civet species ，in c1 uding 5 species out of 9 wild mammals. Overall ，percent visitation of Large In dian Civet were highest highest (27%) followed by Small In dian Civet ，Common Palm Civet and Leopard Cat (19% ，14% and 8% ，respectively) (Fig. 3). Inぬ is sωdy ，percent visitation of domestic dogs was very high ， about 24% of station visits. 百le table also indicates 白紙 Common Palm Civet Civet visited 7 of 9 study sites ， but had a low percent visitation overall. In contrast ，percent visitation visitation of Large In dian civet and Small In dian Civet was high in some sωdy sites. Large In dian Civet visitation in site C was 46% 叩 d in site G ，43%. Small In dian Civet visitation in in site E was 50% and site 1，50%. Comparison Comparison of relative abundance of small carnivores shows that the Civet is the most abundant small carnivore ， with relative abundance of 6.3 9， followed by Small Small In dian Civet (4.44) and Common Palm Civet (3.33). Other species with lower abundance abundance were Masked Palm Civet ，Binturong and Asiatic Jackal ， with relative abundances of of 0.28. Domestic dogs had relative abundance of 5.5 6. Table Table 2. Species composition ，per ，田 nt 佐ap success and percent visitation of small carnivores and other mammals 泊 9 track station line line surveys.

Percent Percent Visitation of small carnivores and other mammals in 9 sites (N = 85) Line Line Di stance % 同冨〉 name name from Trap Common Small Masked L訂 ge Binturong L伺 P釘 d Asiantic Serow Porcupine Domestic FEZ- forest forest edge success Palm Indian Palm Indian Cat Jackal Dog Civet Civet Civet Civet Civet A* A* 1. 92 10 (n 4) 25 。。 。 。 50 。 。。 = 25 〈 B* B* 1.1 3 25 (n = 10) 30 30 。 30 。 10 。 。。 。 OEZzuo c* c* 0.27 32.5 (n = 13) 15 8 。 46 。。 。 。。 31 D* D* 0.87 42.5 (n = 17) 12 12 。 12 。 。 6 6 。 52 E紳 0.4 8 15 (n =6) 。 50 。 33 。 。。 。。 17 F** 2.23 17.5 (n = 7) 30 14 14 14 。 14 。 。 14 。 E↓ G** G** 0.5 7 35 (n = 14) 。 14 。 43 。。 。 。 7 36 何言迄 H 紳* 2.49 25 (n = 10) 10 20 。 30 。 30 。 。 10 。 1*** 1*** 3.85 10 (n =4) 25 50 。 。 25 。。 。。 。 55 Average Average 23.61 14 19 1 27 1 8 1 1 4 M 盟国 * Ji ne surveys 泊 Lower P'IT Forest Reserve line * line surveys in Upper P'IT Forest Reserve oz *** *** line surveys in 百long Pha Phum National Park E。 こ出塁

-hFU 146 NOPP H ADOL PRAYONG AND SOMPOAD SR IKOSAMATARA

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Figur e 3. Spec i巴sco mp os iti on of sm all ca rni vo res and so m e m amma l s in P1T F and so m e ar巴a of TP PNP ba se d on on track station visit s (N = 85).

Pattern of Human Activities and Some Di sturbance Factors in PTTF

Overa ll ，th e freq uency of disturbance sig ns was n ot sign ifica ntly correlated with distance fro m villages (R = -0.295 ，P = 0.4 41). Howeve r ，different types of human activity showed different different cor rel ations with distanc 巴 from vill ages . The results indicate that the dominant ac tivitie s in each sit e wer 巴 differen t. The nega t ive corre lat ion of NTFP co ll ec tin g a nd domestic s with distance indi cat 巴d that they te nded to be hi gh est in fo r est clo se to villages villages (R = -0.831 ，P = 0.006 ，a nd R = -D .685 ，P = 0.042 ，re sp巴ctively) (F igs. 4， 5 ). In contrast ，huntin g activit i es tended to be high 巴st in ar 巴as far from vill ages (R = 0.552 ， P = 0.124) ， but this con-e lation was non signi fican t.

D aLps・C D O 0b C3 om E・-

Do m es tic dogs w 巴r巴 fo un d in 5 of 9 track stati on lin 巴 sur veys. Most si t es w 巴re lo ca t巴d in in PTT forest reserves. Camera trap s se t in track station lin es id entified 9 individual dogs. 恥10reover ， other camera tr aps set in U pp 巴r PTTF a lso det 巴cted do gs ，a nd id 巴ntifi ed 3 SMALL CARN IVORES AND OTHER MAMMALS IN THONG PHA PHUM 147

5

4

>-. 3 (.) c

0 2 4 Ei -1 Distance from Villages (km)

Fi gure 4. Relation between NTFP collecting signs and distance from vill ages.

5

4

>-. (.) c 3

0 ~ 2 4 6 8 --..::: 1p -1 Distance from Villages (km)

Figure 5. Relationship between signs of domestic an im als (dogs and cattle) and di stance from village. 148 148 NOPPHADOL PRAYONG AND SOMPOAD SRlK OSAMAT 組 A

individuals. individuals. In site A 'O nly 'O ne d'O g w 出 detected ， while in 'O ther sites at least 2d 'O gs 佐'aveled t'O ge 血 er. M 'O st d'O mestic d'O gs were detected in study sites less 白血 1 km 企'O m 血 e f 'O rest edge. D 'O mestic d'O gs tended t 'O be less abundant 泊 areas far fr 'O m the f 'O rest edge. Relative Relative abundance was 11. 9 加釘e出 less than 1 km 合om f 'O rest edge ， but 1.25 泊紅eas 1-2 1-2 km fr 'O m the edge. 百ley were n'O t detected 泊倒閣sm 'O re than 2 km fr 'O m the edge.

Relationships Relationships between Human Activities and Abundance of Small Carnivores

Over a1 1， the study indicated 白紙 human activities as a wh 'O le in the f 'O rest and camiv 'O re abundance were n 'O t significantly c'O rrela 凶 due t'O血 e similarly 'O f disturbance levels am 'O ng sωdy sites (R = -0 .128 ，P = 0.743). H 'O wever ，s'O me fact 'O rs 佃 d human activities sh 'O wed significant relati 'O ns with specific sm a1 1 camiv 'O res. F 'O r example ，f 'O rest edge w 部 a prefer 冗 d habitat 'O f Large In dian Civet; the abundance 'O f 血 is species increased cl 'O ser t'O出 ef 'O rest edge (R = ー0.682 ，P < 0.05)σ'ig. 6). Hunting is an activity 伽 t affected 出 e presence presence 'O fs 'O me sm a1 1 carniv 'O res. Th is activi 勿 was negatively but insignificantly related t 'O 'O ver a1 1m an1ffia1 abundance 泊由is study (R = -0 .511 ，P = 0.160). H 'O wever ， hunting level level significantly affected abundance 'O f Sm a1 1 In dian Civet ，which tended t 'O be l'O wer 泊 釘 'eas with m 'O re numerous hunting signs (R = -0 .726 ，P < 0.05). Sm a1 1 In dian Civet was a1 s 'O negatively related t 'O disturb 阻 ce level ，and tended t 'O be less abundant 泊蜘dy sites with with high levels 'O f human disturbance (R = ーo. 852 ，P < 0.01) (Fig. 7). 百lere was n 'O significant significant c'O rrelati 'O n between disturbance level and 'O ther sm a1 1 camiv 'O res.

DISCUSSION

Characteristics Characteristics of the Small Carnivore Community

百le 10 camiv 'O res f'O und 泊血is sm a1 1 PA 紅 e half 'O f the carniv 'O res d'O cumented f'O r the the larger f'O rest 紅白泊nearby Huai Kh a Kh aeng (HKK) and 百 ung Yai (TY) (CONFOR' 百， 1996). 1996). Our list may underestimate the 佐ue species diversity because 'O ther species stated t 'O be present by hunters were n'O t included. H 'O wever ， the l'O w diversity in 也is a民 a reflects m 'O stly the influence 'O f human disturbances. M 'O st large camiv 'O res were absent 泊血is sm a1 1f 'O rest reserve.τbe M a1 ayan w 部 the 'O nly large carniv 'O re present in 血 is area. area. L 紅 ge such as ( tigris) and Le 'O pard (Panthera pardus) were absent ，a1 th 'O ugh these camiv 'O res were c'O nfrrmed present inside 官lO ng Pha Phum Nati 'O n a1 Park Park by hunters. Alth 'O ugh PTTF is c'O nnected t 'O the nati 'O na1 p紅 k ，it had few prey 'O f large camiv 'O res such as samb 訂 deer ，prima 旬s and muntjac 侭AB 町 OWITZ ，1989 ，GRASSMAN ， 1997). 百le l'O w density 'O f such prey is a result 'O f past hunting ，which c 'O ntinues wi 血 in τPPNP t 'O the present day. Over a1 1， the small carniv 'O re c'O mmunity 泊 this PA c 'O nsists mainly 'O f gener a1 ized C ぽ凶v'O res ，prlm 釘 ily viverrid species. 百lis result c'O nfrrms the adaptability 'O f these species 泊 disturbed f 'O rest (LEKAGUL & McNEELY ，1977 ，HEYDON & BULLOH ，1996). 百le very high high abundance 'O fL 紅 'ge In dian Civet 泊血is f 'O rest indicates 血 e adaptabili 勿'O f 出 is species ，while ，'O ther m 'O re speci a1 ized predat 'O rs such 出 s'O me felids were less abundant. Mi cr 'O habitat may a1 s 'O influence the sm a1 1 carniv 'O re c'O mmu 凶tyin 血 is area. In edge areas areas where the habitat is d'O minated by bamb 'O'O s with fewer tr ，閃 s， the d'O minant carniv 'O res SMALL CARNIVORES AND OTHER MAMMALS IN THONG PHA PHUM 149

1 6

1 4 • • 12

1 0 '- R = -0.682, N = 9 (P < 0.05) <1.) 8 ;::l ca • > 6 ~ -< "' ~ 4 • • 2 ""' 0 ·""' 'J 1 2 ..J ~4 -2 "' Distance from forest edge

Figure 6. Relation between relative abundance of Lange Indian Civet and distance from forest edge.

8 7 t • 6 5 ~ 4 ""' R = -0.852, N = 9 (P < 0.01) 3 ' • • 2 ' ' ...... 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Frequency of disturbance signs

Figure 7. Relationship between relat ive abundance of Small Indi an Civet and frequency of di sturbance signs. 150 NOPPHADOL PRA YONG 釧 D SOMPOAD S 眠 O 哩AMAT ，組A

釘 eL 釘 ge In dian Civets ， whereas C 'O mm 'O n Palm Civets and Masked Palm Civet sh 'O w l 'O w abundance due t'O批 l'O wer availability 'O f fruits ，出e main f'O'O d 'O f palm civets (GRASSMAN ， 1997). 1997). Palm civ 出 are very c'O mm 'O n species 泊 s'O me areas (RAB 町 NOWITZ & WAL 阻 R ， 1991 ，CONFORTI ，1996 ，}王 EYDON & BULLOH ，1996 ，GRASSMAN ， 1997). In m 'O re ma 加 reand c'O mplex f'O rest ， these species is likely t 'O be ne 釘 lyequal 泊 abundance. In tw 'O study sites ， A and E ，where decidu 'O us dipter 'O carp f 'O rest gr 'O w 'O n narr 'O w ridges ，'O nly tw 'O species 'O f camiv 'O res were f'O und. 百le result indicates l'O wer preference 'O f small camiv 'O res f'O r 血 is habitat habitat type ，c 'O nsistent with previ 'O us s旬 dies 泊 HKK(RAB 町 NOWITZ ， 1990) and }寵 K 庁Y (CONFORTI ，1996). 官 le l'O wer usage 'O f small camiv 'O res 'O f 出 is area may due t 'O fewer prey. In In HKK ，decidu 'O us dipter 'O carp f 'O rest has l'O w abundance and bi 'O mass 'O f small mammals ， the the main prey 'O f small camiv 'O res ， as c'O mpared with 'O ther habitat types (W ALKER & RAB 町 OWITZ ， 1992). In additi 'O n，出e st 田 pness 'O f the terrain 泊 b'O出 dipter 'O carp habitats M 血 is study may als 'O be a fact 'O r 泊白e very l'O w diversity 'O f small camiv 'O res.

Pattern Pattern of Human Activities

Rather Rather diverse human activiti 回'O cc 町加PITF. 官邸was n'O t surp 白血g when c 'O nsidering the the number and characteristic 'O fl 'O cal c'O mmunities ar 'O und the f'O res t. Th ere 紅 e six villages ar 'O und this f 'O rest reserve ，出ree villages l'O cated within 1 km fr 'O m f 'O rest edges and six villages villages l'O cated within 1-2 km 合'O m f 'O rest edges. L 'O cal pe 'O ple within these villages used f 'O rest res 'O urces b'O th directly and indirectly. A previ 'O us study 'O fn 'O n-timber f 'O rest pr 'O duct use use in 血 is 釘 ea listed m 'O re 由加40 species bird ，ab 'O ut 30 mammal species and 10 amphibian 'O r reptile species used by villagers as f'O'O d 例ARUCHAIKUSOL ，unpublished). We f'O und n 'O significant relati 'O n between distance 'O ff 'O rest fr 'O m villages and hunting 合'equency. 百le level 'O f hunting was high in areas fi 釘企om villages. Other studies in 住opical f'O rest ，f 'O r example ， in an Amaz 'O nian c'O mmunity ，have f'O und that hunting is m 'O st intense intense near human se tt1 ements (SIR 創 .EJ AL. ，2004) ，and snare density decreased with distance distance fr 'O m the village (MUCHAAL ，1999). 百le di 百erence in 血e hunting patterns may be due differences 泊白e density 'O f wildlife in the pr 'O tected area system. It It is m 'O re difficult f'O r us t'O determine 血 e effects 'O f NTFP c 'O llecting 'O n the small carniv 'O re c'O mmu 凶ty. M 'O st signs 'O f N 百司 P c'O llecti 'O n were 'O f bamb 'O'O pr 'O duct c'O llecting. Th ec 'O llecti 'O n 'O f 'O ther resources left fewer signs in the field. H 'O wever ， the s佐ong relati 'O n between dist 佃 ce fr 'O m villages and 企equency 'O f indicates signs that such activities 'O ccur m 'O stly near villages. 百lese activities may indirectly affect small carniv 'O res in 血 is f'O rest ， especially especially when local pe 'O ple 仕'avel t 'O c 'O llect N1下 Pfi 紅白er fr 'O m villages and need t 'O camp in in the f'O res t. M 'O st c'O llect 'O rs have 伊国組d hunt wildlife at night ，especially civet species.

The Problem of Domestic Dogs

百 e high relative abundance 'O fd 'O mestic d'O gs (Canisfamiliaris) 加 the forest indicates 白紙出is an 泊叫 is a 世rreat t'O wildlife in small f 'O rest reserves. Alth 'O ugh m 'O st d'O gs were rec 'O rded within 1 km from the f 'O rest edge ，出ey were capable 'O f 住avel 也gfi 紅白er. In A 企ica ，d'O mestic d'O gs have been f'O und up t'O 6 km fr 'O m edges 'O ff 'O rest reserves (BUTLER ， EJ AL. ， 2004). In 'O ur study ， there were n 'O signs 'O f 'O wners in the line survey and 血 ey were n'O t de 記cted by camera 回.p s. It is p 'O ssible that 出 .ey were feral. In any event ，血ey c'O uld still still endanger wildlife. If出 ey traveled with 'O wners ， they c'O uld increase their 'O wners' SMALL CARNIVORES AND OTHER MAMMALS 町 THONG PHA PHUM 151

ability ability to hunt wildlife. If 出ey traveled as free-ranging or feral dogs ，出 ey could become predators predators or competitors of wildlife ，especially with carnivores. Recent research confmned these these t胎eats posed by domestic dogs 加 A 制 ca (BUTLER & Du Toπ ， 2002; BUTLER ET AL. ， 2004) 2004) and Asia (DA m.皿 R， 2002). From camera traps it was shown 血at dogs often 回 veled in in packs of 2 or 3. Dog packs 釘 'e a greater threat to wildlife 由加訂 'e individual dogs. 百le effect effect of domestic dogs on wildlife should be studied more in Th ai fores t. In some places ， domestic domestic dogs could compete with wild dogs ， or (Cuon alpinus).

Wildlife Wildlife Conservation in Local Context: Beginning in a Small-Scale Protected Protected Area

百le results show 白at there is a low density and low diversity of carnivores 泊血e fores t. However ，there is st i1l some hope for restoration of wildlife 血血is forest ， since the forest forest is still connected to the larger forest of TPP National Park which is a good so 町 'ce area. area. W i1 dlife in the forest may 泊crease if local people c佃 be encouraged to conserve wildlife wildlife and its habitat ， even is some degree of forest use occ 町 s. Six Six vi1l ages were involved 加出is small protected area (see Study Ar ea). To implement conservation conservation pl 創 ming ，all person involved in wildlife use or collection and other persons who have some capacity to help 加 w i1 dlife conservation must be identified. Inf ormation from local people and local agencies revealed 白紙 most people that travel 泊 or use 白e forest forest belong to e血凶 c groups such as Karen ，Mon and Burmese. Most earn income as laborers laborers or temporary workers ， and such insecure livelihoods result 泊 having more 仕'ee time. time. Some are hired only during holidays ， with 5 days a week free. Th ey usually use their f同e time to travel in the forest for hunting and NFTP collecting both for sale and for consumption. 百lese people should be focused on because they comprise a high proportion of of the community. For example half of the households in Ban Hilai Kayeng are of minority groups groups such as Mon ，Karen and Burmese. However ，“ co-conservation management" wi 出 local people should consider local benefits benefits because this w i1l increase their w il1 ingness to cooperate in conservation. Communication activities about benefits of biodiversity conservation should be designed and local accumulated knowledge should be used 泊 this area ， for example ， the value of NTI 司Pand the potential or actual effects of overharvest on them ， the importance of w i1 dlife to to forest resources and the effects on their livelihood if wildlife is absent ，etc. Although 白is practice is acc 句 ted worldwide (LEISHER & PE 官邸， 2004) ，co-conservation may be difficult 泊 practice on the ground because each area has different characteristics ，according to 批 local people and local problems. However ，gaining experience and understanding of people people is important 泊 desi 伊崎adaptive conservation practices. 百 is is the major challenge for for agencies and conservationists in overcoming the problems and burdens ，and succeeding in in wildlife conservation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to 出創lk research 鎚 sistants at Th ong Pha Phum Research Station for their their help during our field work. We 血ank 血e BRT secret 釘 y for lending us camera 住aps. 官邸study w 部 supported by the TRF /B IOτEC Special Pr ogram for Biodiversity Research and and Training grant T_347012. 152 152 NOPPHADOL PRAYONG AND SOMPOAD SRIKOSAMATARA

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