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Review on Double Acting Tanker Ship in Ice Mode

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Review on Double Acting Tanker Ship in Ice Mode Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace December 30, 2016 -Science and Engineering-, Vol.38 Review on Double Acting Tanker Ship in Ice Mode Efi Afrizal, a, J.Koto, a,b,* , Wahid, M. A,c and C. L. Siow,a a)Department of Aeronautic, Automotive and Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor b) Ocean and Aerospace Engineering Research Institute, Indonesia c)Department of Thermo-Fluids, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor *Corresponding author: [email protected] and [email protected] Paper History such merchant vessel, cargo, and tanker, they are needed that making a channel and escort them. This procedure has still been Received: 20-November-2016 used on the present day even though uneconomic due to Received in revised form: 13-December-2016 additional charge for escorted of the ice breaker. Accepted: 30-December-2016 2.0 ICE FRACTURE MECHANISM ABSTRACT Mechanical properties of ice like flexural strength must be investigated so the ship which was going to pass has enough In 1994 podded propulsion system has been started to be utilized thrust to crush it. Sodhi (2001) had done small-scale indentation and that make revolutionary in the integrated ship propulsion and test to prove the phenomena of breaking at the ice structure steering system due to diesel-electric and combining pod and interaction by using non-simultaneous formula for brittle crushing rudder in the compact body. This paper would review utilization and simultaneous formula for ductile crushing. The experiment of podded propulsion system on the Double Acting Tanker concluded during low rate ice but it would be failure ductile on (DAT) ship. The DAT ship which can be operated running ahead the high rate brittle. On the other case through medium scale mode and astern mode in open water and ice conditions. indentation test, Sodhi et al. (1998) had been confirmed same summary in regard to transition fracture properties of ice from ductile to brittle when strain rate increased. KEY WORDS: Ship in Ice, Double Acting Tanker, Podded and Daley et al. (1998) declared failure on ice would be happened Rudder, Propulsion. continuous gradually and that was called discrete process from naturally to chaotic. It was concluded that after modelled ice as nested hierarchy of discrete. In discrete process, it was formed NOMENCLATURE under plastic deformation. Failure process would be started from micro crack and growth up along of grain boundary to macro DAT Double Acting Tanker crack. That had made desegregation at the edge of ice. This model was tested using medium scale indentation. It can be seen in experimental result, there are occurrence creeps on ice following 1.0 INTRODUCTION by micro crack at the low velocity and it is dominated flaking by macro crack on the high velocity. The ship should be having capability to break the ice for Sawamura et al. (2008) assumed that the ice has an infinite at travelling in the sea ice. Typically that ship was known as ice edge and semi-infinite at centre line, homogeneous and floating breaker, unlikely ordinary ships sailing in the open water the stem material on simple hydrodynamic fluid with negligible viscosity. part of the ice breaker has an angle formed. It was a sharp and has Model was made on finite element software Abaqus in 2D and a function to break the ice. These vessel was really appreciated as 3D. Penalty contact algorithm has been used to describe tugs in the port activity since could be manoeuvre well in ice. frictionless contact in tangential component between fluid and However dimension of the ship is restricted so for the bigger ship 20 Published by International Society of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Scientists and Engineers Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace December 30, 2016 -Science and Engineering-, Vol.38 structure. It can be seen from simulation effect of wedge angle at speed can be increased or decreased. The whole podded maximum stress and point of hot spot stress. Result shown shape propulsion system is situated outside the hull in the aft of the of the broken ice changed from circle to elliptical when angle of ship. The podded can turn in all the directions i.e. 360 degrees wedge increased. Some complex of breaking pattern had been with the help of a rudder, and thus provides a thrust in any resulted in indentation mode that must be a considered to find out direction which is not possible in the conventional system. The interaction between ship and broken-unbroken ice float. Overall, propeller in the pod system is moved by the rudder which is it can be resumed that the pressure load on ice is function of placed in the steering flat, also the power module for the system. density and modulus bulk of water. 3.0 SHIP ADAPTATION 3.1 Azipod Propulsion Azipod propulsion system consisted of a fixed propeller, which was driven by electric motor. Rotation of motor would be extend using a shaft and put in a pod. To steer the vessel, then above the pod fitted by strud. All of that component would be hanging on the slewing bearing. That system could rotate 360 °, so the entirely thrust of the propeller can be used to manoeuver of the ship. Azipod would eliminate of a rudder, gearbox and complete of shaft or coupling while be using in a conventional powering system. This new system can be giving a low of friction force, a decrease of vibration and cavitation. Kuiper (1992), Oosurveld et al. (1975) to having a huge result in the thrust of powering since the long periods Wageningen B series propeller had been used due to giving high efficiency and suitable for use because of lower cavitation. Commonly there are Figure 1: Main components of azipod unit (Pakaste at al. two methods to be used in the propeller design. The first is using 1999) diagrams where it was obtained from open water propeller experiments for systematic propeller series and second is using Jones (2004) reported propulsion system of ships on ice have mathematical methods. Other researcher, Ekinci (2011) was been great changing with applied podded propeller until evolving offering a new design with involved a few parameters, to reduce using azimuth thruster. Since 1990 some changing happened in inevitable error in the step reading of variable at the diagram. ship propulsion systems, which previously was using diesel Finish Maritime Administration had been having a better engines into electric propulsion system. These systems provides solution to icebreaker operation in ice channel. That idea then was several advantages such as reduced fuel consumption, more present to the ABB lastly, the joining company generated an friendly in environment because low emissions, increasing in Azipod (Azimuthing Electric Propulsion Drive) as a propulsion manoeuver ability due to nothing load from transmission system system which installed first in the pulling mode at 1995 to because electric motor had eliminated reduction gear from old icebreaker Rothelstein. Pakaste et al. (1998) has confirmed methods. Transformation in propulsion system encourage the through the model and full-scale test 60% of the power was emergence of new vessels with double acting ability to sail on needed when attacking the ice, besides growth up total efficiency, traveling route from Kara Sea and Arctic in Russia to ports in enhanced maneuverability, redundancy, reduction of equipment, Europe which always almost covered by ice. simplicity and proven reliability of the design when using Azipod Taylor et al. (2005) had studied the effect of hub taper angle unit. Recent experiences with the diesel-electric power plant on the performance of a podded propeller (propeller without pod- concept combined with the Azipod propulsion system have strut body) in open water conditions. For open water conditions, proven the concept to be an attractive solution for various types of the actual propellers used in pull configuration podded propellers vessels. perform slightly better than an identical propeller designed for use Pakaste et al. (1999) in the ABB review 2 have described that on push configuration. Pull propellers have higher bollard thrust podded propulsion system is a type of electric propulsion system and torque coefficients than the push ones as well as higher which consists of three main components as shown in Figure 1. maximum efficiency. The Podded propulsion system used on ships is combination of Karafiath and Lyons (1999), Islam et al. (2007), reported both propulsion and steering systems. The system consists of a result study on the effect of variation in pod geometry on the propeller which is driven by an electrical motor and the propeller performance of podded propulsors. Some parameter in this is turned by the rudder which is connected to the system. The attention is pod diameter, pod length, pod taper length, strut motor is placed inside the sealed pod and is connected to the distance and propeller hub angle, as can be seen in Figure 2. propeller. It should be noted that the sealing of the pod should be According to the parameter, Bal and Güner (2009), deduced that perfect otherwise it can damage the whole motor and make the the presence of strut part where it was fused with pod causes ship handicap from manoeuvring. The motor used for this system increasing the velocities of flow on the pod surface especially is variable frequency electric motor. Using variable frequency, close to strut surface. the rotational speed of the propeller can be controlled i.e. the 21 Published by International Society of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Scientists and Engineers Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace December 30, 2016 -Science and Engineering-, Vol.38 conventional system. 2) In case of ships having large breadth, two or more podded propulsions which are independent of each other can be used.
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