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23Rd North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics Volume 2 23rd North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics Volume 2 Edited by Zhuo Jing-Schmidt June 17-29, 2011 Eugene, OR ©Cover design and front matters by NACCL-23 ©All papers copyrighted by the authors Proceedings of the 23rd North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-23) Volume 2/edited by Zhuo Jing-Schmidt Published by: University of Oregon, Eugene, OR. Distributed by: NACCL Proceedings Online Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures 398 Hagerty Hall 1775 College Road The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio URL: http://naccl.osu.edu CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 Page Preface v Acknowledgements vi Part I Semantics and Pragmatics I-Hsuan Chen 1-14 The semantic constraints on the VERB + zhĕ nouns in Mandarin Chinese Noah Constant 15-29 On the independence of the Mandarin aspectual and contrastive sentence final ne Chao Li 30-47 Postverbal constituent in Mandarin Chinese Yi-Hsien Liu 48-65 Topic-comment and the Chinese existential construction Lyih-Peir Luo 66-81 An aspectual approach to the postverbal locative zai-phrase Tianqi Yang 82-92 Non-literal use of “jade”: a study on “玉”(yu) in Chinese idioms Part II Sociolinguistics and Socio-pragmatics Litong Chen 93-104 The imposition of Cantonese on Mandarin in the city of Guangzhou Si Chen and Caroline Wiltshire 105-122 Differences of tone representation between younger and older speakers of Nanjing dialect Meihsing Kuo 123-132 Children in arguments with peers: young children’s strategies as opposer and opposee Woan-Tyng Lee 133-150 Ideology in address forms: a case study of two political talk shows in Taiwan PART III Studies on Regional Varieties of Chinese Yuchau Hsiao 151-163 Cross-anchoring of tones in Hoiliuk triplication Yenchun Lin 164-174 Superlatives in Taiwanese Xinyuan Shi 175-189 Neutralization of T3 and T5 sandhi in Suzhou Chinese Yutian Tan 190-207 The origin and nature of high rising diminutive tone change in siyi dialect Hui-ling Yang 208-223 Chinese: a negative concord language? Part IV Syntax Hsu-Te Cheng 224-240 Argument ellipsis in Mandarin Chinese Chen-chun E 241-257 The YUE-correlative construction in Mandarin Chinese Qian Gao 258-265 Passives and anti-passives in Chinese: a pedagogical consideration Qiaona Yu 266-278 Rule conspiracy in Chinese time expressions PART V Translation Study on Buddhist Sutras Shu-Fen Chen and Bernard Montoneri 279-295 A study of the punctuation errors found in the Taisho and CBETA diamond Sutra based on Sanskrit-Chinese comparative studies PREFACE The 23rd North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-23) was organized and hosted by the University of Oregon on June 17-19, 2011. A total of 153 abstracts were submitted to the conference organizing committee. The abstracts were reviewed and rated by the NACCL-23 Scientific Committee (Susan G. Anderson, Marjorie K.M. Chan, Ying Chen, Scott DeLancey, Agnes W.Y. He, Zhuo Jing-Schmidt, Vsevolod Kapatsinski, Lizhen Peng, Chaofen Sun, Hongyin Tao, Liang Tao, and Janet Xing), and a total of 98 proposals were selected for presentation, and 83 presentations were actually made at the conference. The presentations represented 102 scholars from China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United States. Topics ranged from psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics to discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, from historical linguistics and Buddhist text translation studies to sociolinguistics and dialectology, from phonetics and phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics to second language acquisition and language pedagogy. Five internationally renowned scholars gave keynote speeches at the conference. They were Prof. Walter Bisang (Johannes Gutenberg University), Prof. Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky (University of Marburg), Prof. Chu-Ren Huang (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Prof. Agnes He (SUNY Stony Brook), and Prof. Fu-xiang Wu (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences). Included in the NACCL-23 Conference Proceedings are 38 of the presented papers, divided into two volumes. Volume 1 consists of five parts: Part I Corpus Linguistics, Part II Historical Linguistics, Part III Phonetics and Phonology, Part IV Psycholinguistics, and Part V Second Language Acquisition. Volume 2 consists of five parts: Part I Semantics and Pragmatics, Part II Sociolinguistics and Socio-pragmatics, Part III Studies on Regional Varieties of Chinese, Part IV Syntax, and Part V Translation Study of Buddhist Sutras. Zhuo Jing-Schmidt, Ph.D. October 2011, Eugene v ACKNOWLEDGMENT The 23rd North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics would not have been possible without the support and dedication of many. With gratitude I acknowledge the generosity of the following sponsors: The Center of Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Oregon The Confucius Institute, University of Oregon The College of Arts and Sciences, University of Oregon The Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, University of Oregon The conference would not have been successful without the help and hard work of many individuals. I am grateful to Marjorie K.M. Chan of Ohio State University, who was a great resource to me during the organizing process, sharing experience and patiently providing advice and encouragement. I would like to thank colleagues on the NACCL-23 Scientific Committee who carefully reviewed abstracts despite their busy schedule. The committee members are Susan Guion Anderson (University of Oregon), Marjorie K.M. Chan (Ohio State University), Ying Chen (University of Oregon), Scott DeLancey (University of Oregon), Agnes Weiyun He (Stony Brook University), Zhuo Jing-Schmidt (University of Oregon), Vsevolod Kapatsinski (University of Oregon), Lizhen Peng (Zhejiang University), Chaofen Sun (Stanford University), Hongyin Tao (UCLA), Liang Tao (Ohio University), and Janet Zhiqun Xing (Western Washington University). I owe a special thank you to Lori O’Hollaren, the assistant director of the Center of Asian and Pacific Studies at the University of Oregon, who managed the administration and logistics of the conference with great care and efficiency. Her professionalism, experience, attention to detail, and her positive energy are very much appreciated. I thank Yifang Zhang who joined Lori in the organizing process, working hard to ensure a successful conference. I also had a wonderful group of scholars and students volunteering for the conference. They are Dr. Lan Dai (Co-director of the UO Confucius Institute), Rong Hu, Galen Ettlin, Yingying Gu, Linda Konnerth, Ying Chen, Hideko Teruya, Katherine Thompson, and Tianqi Yang. Their hard work is very much appreciated. Zhuo Jing-Schmidt, Ph.D. October 2011, Eugene vi Proceedings of the 23rd North American Conference on Chinese Lingusitics (NACCL-23), 2011. Volume 2, edited by Zhuo Jing-Schmidt, University of Oregon, Eugene. Pages 1-14. 3 LThe Semantic Constraints on the VERB+zhe Nouns in Mandarin Chinese I-Hsuan Chen University of California, Berkeley The suffix –zhe can attach to a verb stem to form a VERB+zhe ‘one who is/does X’ noun. Zhe is compatible with different aktionsarts, but there is a distinct difference in productivity. The VERB+zhe nouns adhere to three constraints. First, the semantic completion is obligatory when the verb stems are transitive. Second, the referents of VERB+zhe nouns must be human. Third, the VERB+zhe nouns are episodically linked to their verb stems. 1. Introduction The issue addressed here concerns the semantic constraints on the words formed by the combination of a verb stem and the suffix –zhe in Mandarin Chinese. The VERB+zhe nouns are used to refer to ‘one who is/does X’. The –zhe nouns are used mostly in formal contexts. Colloquially, de ren ‘person who…’ can be used to replace zhe. Zhe is regarded as a word formation suffix, not a bound root1. A bound root, -yuan ‘person whose job is …’ for example, is entailed by –zhe, which means –zhe has the more general meaning. The meanings of words formed with a bound root are more lexicalized, while the words formed with the suffix –zhe have a derivational meaning related to the stems. In brief, the suffix -zhe is more productive than a bound root. Packard (2000) claims that –zhe causes a shift in grammatical role to something like ‘agent’. More specifically, -zhe can affix to nouns, adjectives, and verbs to indicate the characteristics of agency or property (Packard 2000)2. The examples are shown in (1). (1a) denotes someone who is a writer, (1b) refers to someone who has the property of being fat, and (1c) describes a runner. 1 Whether –zhe is a suffix or a bound root remains controversial. Here I adopt the argument in Packard (2000) that –zhe is a word formation affix because there is a clear contrast between –zhe and the bound root, -yuan, which means ‘person whose job is X’. Words formed with –yuan tend to have meanings which are more lexicalized and fixed, while words formed with –zhe carry more of a sense of being derivationally related to the stems to which –zhe is affixed. 2 Packard (2000) defines –zhe as ‘one who does/is X’, but this interpretation cannot capture all the –zhe nouns. For instance, san-zhe three-zhe can mean either three people or three objects. This issue will be addressed in Section 4. 1 CHEN: SEMANTIC CONSTRAINTS (1) a. NOUN + zhe b. ADJECTIVE + zhe bi zhe feipang zhe pen zhe ‘writer’ obese zhe ‘one who is fat’ c. VERB + zhe pao zhe run zhe ‘runner’ In this paper, my focus will be on the combination of verbs and –zhe, as in (1c). Noun/adjective-zhe will not be included in my discussion. In terms of verbs, the suffix –zhe can attach to (i) a verb on the lexical level, (ii) a verb with an aspect marker, and (iii) a verb plus a resultative verb complement (RVC), as in (2). (2a) is the most productive template for the VERB+zhe nouns. (2) a. a verb on the lexical level + zhe taopao-zhe escape-zhe ‘one who escaped’ b.
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