Gladius, I (1961), pp. 17-29 A. Rahman Zaky ISSN 0435-029X

INTRODUCTIONINTRO13UCTION TO THE STUDY OF ISLAMICISLAMIC ARMS AND ARMOURLWMOUR

By Dr. A. Rahman Zaky.Zaks.

Types of IslamicIslamic SwordsSwords

Early Islamic weapons ofof anyany archaeologicalarchaeological value areare comparativelycomparatively very few. TheThe earlierearlier swordsswords areare allall straight,straight, mostly double edged.edged. CurvedCurved sabressabres do not become common common until circacirca 1500, neverthe­neverthe- lessless thethe Mongol typetype startedstarted to become aa fashionfashion in somesome Moslem provinces duringduring thethe 13th13th cent.cent. Here, we mention somesome known types.types.

Flyssa TheThe nationalnational swordsword ofof thethe tribestribes ofof Morocco.Morocco. ItIt has aa long single­single- edgededged blade, straightstraight onon thethe backback andand with aa veryvery longlong point. ItIt isis widestwidest atat aboutabout thethe centrecentre ofof percussion, narrowingnarrowing inin anan easyeasy curvecurve toto about about halfhalf thisthis width width andand thenthen wideningwidening againagain toto nearlynearly itsits maximum atat thethe hilt. The blades areare frequentlyfrequently engravedengraved andand in­in- laidlaid with brass. The hilts areare smallsmall with oneone sided sided pommel andand have no guards.

Kaskara TheThe swordsword carriedcarried byby thethe BaghirmiBaghirmi (W.(W. A.A. Sahara).Sahara). ItIt isis straight,straight, twotwo edgededged blade withwith aa plain cross-guardcross-guard such such asas isis used inin thethe Sudan.Sudan. SomeSome KaskarasKaskaras have finefine oldold EuropeanEuropean oror OrientalOriental bladesblades whichwhich areare highlyhighly valued. valued. Occasionally;Occasionally; thethe chapeschapes andand hilts areare coveredcovered withwith gold.gold.')I)

Khanda Among thethe oldestoldest andand mostmost typicaltypical ofof IndianIndian swords.swords. Itit hashas a a broadbroad straightstraight blade,blade, usually usually widening towardstowards thethe point. Some­Some- timestimes itit isis double-edged;double-edged; but,but, itit generallygenerally hashas aa strengtheningstrengthening plateplate withwith ornamental ornamental borders borders onon thethe backback forfor aa considerable considerable partpart ofof itsits length.length. TheThe hilthilt has has aa broadbroad plateplate guardguard andand widewide fingerfinger guardguard whichwhich joinsjoins thethe largelarge roundround flatflat pommel.pommel. SometimesSometimes therethere isis aa spikespike onon thethe pommel.pommel. TheThe Khanda Khanda isis thethe nationalnational sword sword ofof Orissa,Orissa, butbut veryvery generallygenerally usedused byby bothboth Rajputs Rajputs and and thethe MahrattasMahrattas inin India.India. (Fig.(Fig. 1,1, toto thethe rightright onon top).top).

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Fig.Fig. 1.1. AA selectionselection ofof OrientalOriental swordsswords andand da.Q,qers,daggers, particnlarlyparticularly fromfrom PersiaPersia andand India.India. PersianPersian shield.shield. (Coli.(Coll.E. E.A. A. Christenscn,Christensen,Copenl1a.l}en. Copenhagen. Amlresf'nAndresen fol.).tot.).

Qilij.Qilij. KilijKilij ItItis is thethe typicaltypical TurkishTurkish sabre.sabre. TheThe bladeblade isis broader,broader, shortershorter and and lessless curvedcurved thanthan thethe PersianPersian shamshir,shamshir, thethe backback hashas aa fairfair curvecurve nearlynearly parallelparallel toto thethe edge,edge, whilewhile inin thethe Turkish,Turkish, thethe curvecurve ofof thethe backback stopsstops eighteightor orten ten inchesinchesfrom from thethepoint; point;the theblade blade thenthenwidens widens

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outoutabruptly abruptlyand andextends extendsto tothe thepoint point nearlynearly inin aastraight straight lineline withwith aasharp sharpedge edgeon onthe theback. back.The Thekilij kilij cancanbe be usedused forfor aa thrust,thrust, thoughthough notnot veryvery effectively.effectively. TheThe shape shape ofof thethe kilijkilij is is ofof Central-AsiaticCentral-Asiatic origin,origin,yet yet ititwas wasextensively extensively usedused inin thethe 15th/16th15th/16th cent.cent. (Fig.(Fig.2 2c). c).

E

I 'I ", i' , li: \ (I

Fig.Fzg.2. 2.fl- a-b: b:yataguns; yatagans;c: c:qilij; qilij;d: d:sail saif fromfrom Morocco;Morocco; e:e:Arab Arab.'In!! saif (,~traight(straightswo1·d). sword).

TheThehilt hiltis isusually usuallypistol-shaped pistol-shaped andandmade made ofof twotwo piecespieces ofof horn,horn, bone,bone,ivory ivoryor orstone, stone,fastened fastenedto tothe theflat flattang. tang.The Theguard guardis isstraight, straight, slimslimcrossbar crossbarwith with ballsballs oror acornsacorns onon thethe ends.ends. TheThe curve curve ofof thethe bladebladeis issuch suchthat thatthe theback backof of thethescabbard scabbard atatthe thetop top mustmust bebe openopen ininorder orderto toadmit admitit. it.The Theopening opening isisoften often closedclosed byby aa spring spring oror aa hingedhingedplate. plate.The Thesling slingloops loopsare aregenerally generallyon onopposite opposite sidessidesof of thethe scabbardscabbard andand itit isis hunghung inin frontfront ofof thethe wearerwearer with with thethe edgeedge upwardsupwardsby by cords.cords. TheThekilij kilijtype typewith witha aslighter slightercurve curvehas hasanother another name name- -pall pallashash ororpalache. palache.It Itmay maybe bethe thePolish Polishsabre sabreof of thethe17th 17thcent. cent.

NimshaNimsha AnAn ArabArab short short sabresabre with with aa knuckleknuckle guardguard rectangularrectangular atat thethe

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basebase withwith droppingdropping quillonsquillons onon thetheopposite opposite side. side.It Itis is usedused inin Morocco.Morocco. (Fig.(Fig.3 3b). b).

? # j

.;,01 ;~ ~ I . \

J.: \ , \

a

F·ig.Fig.3. S.a: a:pulouar; pulouar;b: b:nimsha; nirnshtr;c: c:sdmitar scimitaror or8hamshil·. sharnshir

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Pulouar An Indian sword with a curved blade. The hilt has short quillons curving towards the blade, a hemishperial pommel and no counter guard. It is a variety of the talwar. (Fig. 3 a).

Qama. Khama The national sword of Moslem Georgia, probably the ongmorigin of the Cossack kindjal. Qamas vary in size and length. The hilts are covered with embossed silver, frequently set with coral. (Fig. 1, to the left, almost in the middle).

Quaddara A Persian broad sword like a long kindjal, which is employed in the Caucas. It has broad, straight double-edged blade, with nearly parallel sides for the greater part of its length, and a very long, sharp, point. The hilts are straight in the grip with broad pommels.

Sabre A sword sharpened only on one side of the blade which is nearly always slightly curved, the sharpened edge being on the outside. Often the point of the blade is sharpened on both sides, but this does not make the sabre a double-edged weapon. The sabre is in-in­ tended mainly for cutting, but is also effective for thrusting

SailSaif An Arab sword, a rather broad-bladed and sometimes with a pe-pe­ culiarly hooked pommel. The size varies greatly. It is found in most countries in which the Arabs have lived, and each has its own variety. Early Arab chroniclers used to mention two kinds of swords: Saif anith, which was made of iron, and Saif fulath or muzakka, wich was made of steel. Mostly the sword "Saif«sSaif<(is an Arab common word of a sword, and it does not refer to a certain type. (Fig. 2 d and e).

Scimitar A curved sword, chiefly originated in Asia, but used in Europe after the Crusaders and the Mongols campaigns in Eastern Europe. The same name is applied to "Shamshir«.)Shamshirc<.

Shamshir The strongly curved Persian sc:~":·::.SL?':-_~. It is purely a cutting weapon, the point being practically c;:!-sst,~:! :ss owing to the extreme curvature. The blades are narroT::narro...: l;;I:,;:t t, rather thick, and are usually inscribed

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withwith thethe namename ofof thethe makermaker oror ownerowner andand sometimessometimes thethe date.date. TheThe shamshirshamshir beganbegan toto existexist circacirca thethe 15th/16th15thil6th centurycentury inin Persia.Persia. TheThe hilthilt isis simple simple andand light light with with aa cross-guardcross-guard andand aa pommelpommel projectingprojecting atat oneone side.side. PersianPersian shamshirshamshir bladesblades areare frequentlyfrequently usedused inin Turkey, Turkey, Syria,Syria, EgyptEgypt and and India India where where theythey areare generallygenerally re­re- mounted inin thethe stylesstyles charateristic charateristic ofof thesethese countries. countries. ShamshirShamshir means thethe tailtail ofof thethe lion.lion. (Fig.(Fig. 33 c,c, fig fig 44 mostmost ofof thethe sabressabres have have shamshirshamshir blades).blades).

Fig.Fig. 4.4. A seriesseries ofof qilijesqilijes andand shamshirsshamshirs withwith pistol-shapedpistol-shaped !/rips.qrips. Quillol!sQuillons andand mountingsmountings ofof silver.silver. (Coli.(Coll. E.E. A. CChristensen,hristensen, Copenhagen.Copenhagen. AndresenAndresen fot.).fot.).

Shashqa;Shashqa; ChachkaChachka TheThe sword adoptedadopted by by mostmost ofof thethe racesraces ofof thethe Caucas.Caucas. ItIt hashas aa straightstraight blade, oror oneone very slightlyslightly curvedcurved towardstowards thethe point,point, andand aa hilt without anyany guard,guard, nearly always always ofof silversilver nielloniello andand some­some- timestimes gilded. gilded.

SholelShotel ItIt isis thethe AbyssinianAbyssinian sword.sword. ItIt hashas aa double-edgeddouble-edged bladeblade ofof dia-dia-

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mond section curved almost in half circle. The blade is about thirtythirty inches in a straight line from hilt to point and about forty around the curve. It has a simple wooden hilt without a guard.

Sword. Damascus This is not applied to a certain type, but it was so called, because Damascus was the place where caravans from the East and West met and exchanged their products. Fine swords from Persia or In-In­ dia were brought there to thethe markets, therethere theythey were sold toto other Islamic countries or to Europe. The term ))Damascuscc»Damascus" is also applied to swords or steel blades which have a unique technique of >>watering((.»watering". The manufacture isis said to have started during the tenth century, but there is no proof of this. It certainly originated in India. This has nothing to deal with >>Damasceningcc»Damascening" which is the tech-tech­ nique of decorating a metal by inlaying another.

Takouba The Taureg sword of the African Sahara. It is a straight bladed and single-edged sword with no guard. There is a crosspiece below the pommel which gives the cruciform effect.

Talwar.Ta/war. Tu/war. Tulwar. Tulwaur.Tu/waur. Tarwar The Indian sword of a certain class. It includes practically most of the curved swords used in India;India; but those of very marked cur-cur­ vature are frequently called by their Persian type named Shamshir. The Talwar isis the commonst sword inin India; the blades vary in size, curvature and quality. The hilts generally have short, heavy quillons and disk pommels. (Fig. 1, to the right of the top).

Yatagan A kind of sabre with an incurved blade, once very popular inin Turkey. The curved line of thethe blade coincides with the action of thethe wrist in cutting. The hilt has no guard and the pommel spreads out in largelarge wings. The tangtang is flat and thethe twotwo pieces forming thethe grip are rivetedriveted toto it. The hilt is often made of silver. The yatagan has become a weapon characteristic of Turkey as thethe kilij but the type has a distant and ancient origin. (Fig. 1, toto thethe left,left, in upper half, fig. 2 a - b). Notes 1) Stone, G. C.: A glossary of thethe armour in all countries and use of arinsarms and armour inin all countries and inin all times.times. Portland, Maine 1934. See also: A. Rahman Zaky: The sword in thethe Moslim world. (In Arabic). Cairo 1957, with literature. Idem,Idem. The sword in Islamic art, Bull. of thethe College of Arts, Baghdad,Baghdad. Iraq, I, 1959. 23

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Types of Islamic Helmets

Islamic helmets exhibited inin arms museum collections enable us to determine the development of their shape, at least between the 14th and 17th centuries. In Egypt, Qalqashandi, an Arab scholar (1355-1418)(1355-1410) distinguished two different types of helmets: a) the baida, protecting the head but not the neck or ears, and b) the mighfar, offering such protection - in camail. At the same time there was an older type of helmets in use, covering the ears and the back of the head, but not in mail. This helmet lasted from the eighth to the fourteenth century at least. It is known that the Arabs had a great variety of helmets, the use of which flourished greatly during the crusades; they were ornamented with bosses, plates, crests and visors. An authenticauthe~tic early specimen of an early Mameluke helmet is ex­ex- hibitedh;oited inin the Royal Museum of Arms and Armour of Porte de HalHa1 in Bruxelles, which once belonged to Sultan Mohammad en-Nasser

Fig. 5. EgyptiunEgyptian steel helmet of sultan MohamnzndMoham.·m.arl en-Nas­en-NUS- ser. 13th1;nh cent. (Porte de Hal,H al, Bruxelles).

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ibn Qalaoun (died 1290). It is fairly tall, conical, iron cap.cap, with a camail and two plume sockets, without ear guards or peak and probably originally without a nasal either. (Fig. 5). ItIt isis richly decoratedde.:orated with gilt arabesques and an inscriptional band in gilt re­re- lief.')lief. l ) It is 19 ems.cms. wide. Its Arabic inscription reads as follows: ))Glory»Glory to our Signeur, the Sultan, King en-Nasscr,en-Nasser, the learned,learned. the just, the combatant, the conqueror, the victorious, Sultan of Islam and Moslems, the protector of the world and religion, Moham­Moham- mad, son of Sultan and King al-Mansour, scimitar of thethe world and religion, Qalaoun. Glory to him and victory.«victory.(( The Arabic inscription on the nasal reads as follows: ))The»The desire of Allah«;Allaha; another phrase reads: »Victory,)Victory from Allah ...... (c« Those Mamelukes did not use face guards either under thethe Ayyu­Ayyu- bide (1171-1250) or the Mameluke dynasties, although they sawsaw such helmets on the heads of Crusaders and Mongols. Under the Circassian Mamelukes (1382-1517) twotwo main types

l ia. h

FiiJ.Fzq. 6. SIGelSteel helmet of sultan Barsabay.Barsubciy. 15th cGnt.cent. (Louvre,(Louvre, Paris).Parzs). Fiq.Fzg. 7. SfeGISfeel lwlmelhelmet ofOS sultan Qnn&uahQansuah Gl-Ghori.el-Ghorz. 16th16th (:mlt.cent. (IVlnseo(N!useo Stib­Stzb- hcrt,bcl-t, Florence).

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ruledruled thethe fashion.fashion. The typetype of thethe helmet of MohammadMohammad ibnibn Qalaoun became much taller;taller; itit receivedreceived ear and neckneck guards made of one plate of metal each and thethe nasal,nasal, togethertogether with the peak, became an essential part of it.it. That type isis best illustratedillustrated by a helmet of 2 Sultan BarsabdyBarsabay of Egypt (1422-1438)(1422-1438) inin thethe Louvre Museum".Museum ). ItIt isis 38 crns.ems. highhigh (that(that isis twicetwice as talltall as thethe Brussels helmet of ibnibn Qalaoun, and isis decorateddecorated withwith gilt inscriptionsinscriptions and ornamenk3)ornaments.3) (Fig.(Fig. 6). AtAt thethe Tower collection inin London, therethere isis an Egyptian, XVth century steelsteel helmet,helmet, itit isis parcel-gilt and inlaidinlaid withwith silver.silver. ItsIts ArabicArabic inscriptionsinscriptions are benedictorybenedictory and eulogistic. ItIt isis 27.3 crns.ems. 4 high.4)high. ) AnotherAnother type,type, thethe so-calledso-called turbanturban helmethelmet (worn(worn over turbans)turbans) was also usedused byby thethe Mamelukes,Mamelukes, although thethe only publishedpublished helmetshelmets of thisthis typetype mademade beforebefore 1517 A. D.D. (as(as farfar as we know),know), andand bearingbearing historicalhistorical inscriptionsinscriptions areare thosethose of thethe OttomanOttoman Sultan BayzidBayzid (1482-1512)(1482-1512) andand ofof FarrukhFarrukh YasdrYasar of Shir~an.~)Shirvan.~) Towards thethe endend ofof thethe MamelukeMameluke period,period, aa fairlyfairly lowlow or shallowshallow helmethelmet withoutwithout thethe conicalconical toptop (quanas)(quanas) butbut withwith earear andand neckneck guardsguards asas wellwell asas peakpeak andand nasalnasal whichwhich oftenoften terminatedterminated inin aa fleur-fleur­ de-lys,de-Iys, becamebecame dominant;dominant; itit isis bestbest illustratedillustrated byby thethe latestlatest databledatable MamelukeMameluke helmet,helmet, thatthat ofof thethe emiremir (general)(general) Khairbak,Khairbak, thethe lastlast MamelukeMameluke GovernorGovernor ofof Aleppo,Aleppo, whowho betrayedbetrayed EgyptEgypt toto SultanSultan SelimSelim II ofof thethe Ottomans.Ottomans. ItIt isis therethere atat TopkapuTopkapu SarayiSarayi MuzesiMuzesi inin Istanbul.Istanbul. AtAt thethe StibbertStibbert MuseumMuseum inin Florence,Florence, therethere existsexists anan EgyptianEgyptian helmethelmet inscribedinscribed withwith thethe namename ofof Sultan QansuahQansuah elel GhoriGhori (died(died circ.eirc. 1516).1516). (Fig.(Fig. 7).7). ItIt bearsbears aa finefine ArabicArabic inscriptioninscription whichwhich readsreads asas follows:follows: )>Sultan"Sultan el-Malikel-Malik el-Ashrafel-Ashraf QuansuahQuansuah elel Ghori,Ghori, gloryglory toto himhim ...... X« UnderUnder thosethose CircassiansCircassians leatherleather chinchin strapsstraps andand bucklesbuckles werewere usedused forfor fastening.fastening. TheThe helmethelmet andand thethe wholewhole suitsuit ofof armourarmour ofof SultanSultan Toman-BayToman-Bay (1516-1517),(1516-1517), thethe lastlast ofof thethe CircassiansCircassians inin Egypt,Egypt, areare inin thethe Hermit-Hermit­ ageage (U.S.S.R.).(U.S.s.R.). InIn Turkey,Turkey, thethe earliestearliest helmetshelmets werewere conicalconical withwith plate,plate, mailmail oror paddedpadded neckneck guards.guards. FromFrom thethe 14th14th toto thethe 16th16th centurycentury TurkishTurkish helmetshelmets werewere oftenoften veryvery largelarge andand elaboratelyelaborately flutedfluted andand decorated.decorated. TheyThey werewere wornworn overover turbans,turbans, hencehence werewere calledcalled turbanturban helmets.helmets. OverlappingOverlapping thesethese inin timetime andand continuationcontinuation inin use,use, laterlater werewere ogival,ogival, ogeeogee andand conicalconical helmets.helmets. ToTo SultanSultan MohammadMohammad II,11, thethe conquerorconqueror ofof Constantinople,Constantinople, isis at-at­ tributedtributed somesome genuinegenuine helmets.helmets. MostMost ofof thesethese areare exhibitedexhibited inin Istan-Istan­ bulbul museums.museums. InIn Madrid,Madrid, atat thethe InstitutoInstituto dede ValenciaValencia dede DonDon Juan,Juan,

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there is a fine helmet inscribed with the name of this Sultan (1430­(1430- 1481); its weight is about 2.755 kilos. kilo^.^)6) (Fig. 8).

11

Fig.Fi.fj. 8. '1'urkiNhTurkish steel helmet of MoharnmadMohammad II,11, 15th cent. (Inst. de Valell­Valen- cia de Don Juan, Madrid). Fig.Fi.fj. 9.f). Helmet of sultan BayaxidBayaziclll, 11, 15th cent. (Musee (lede l'Annlie.Z'Armde, Paris).

The Army Museum in Paris possesses five Turkish helmets of different types,types, among these one which once belonged to Sultan Bayazid II (1481-1512) son of Sultan Mohammad 11. (Fig. 9). At thethe Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, the helmet of the Turkish minister Mohammad Sokolowitsch (died 1579) is exhibited among thethe Oriental arms7arms7 (Fig. 10). A splendid fluted Turkish hel­hel- met isis inin thethe Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. It bears the date A. H. 997. (A. D. 1588/89)1588189) and the inscription WazzrWazir Hasan Pasha (the Govenor of Yemen).xYemen).H The Persians were the best armourers in the East and worked not only inin their own country but also in Turkey and India. The commonest helmet in Persia was the "KulahnKulah Khud.«Khud.~It is

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Fig.Fig. 10. TurkishTurkzsh steelsteel helmethelmet ofof yTandgrand ministermznister M Mohnm-oham­ madmad Sokololl'i.tsch,Sokolo~ztsch,10110 who dieddzed 1;;79.1579. Kunsthistori,schesKunsthistorisches Mu­Mu- seum,seum, Vienna).Vaenna).

bowl-shaped,bowl-shaped, eithereither lowlow andand flat, flat, oror highhigh and and pointed,pointed, usually usually withwith aa spikespike on on thethe toptop andand two two oror three three plumeplume holders holders onon thethe front.front. ItIt hashas aa sliding sliding nasal nasal withwith bothboth ends ends expanded expanded into into plates.plates. When When notnot in in useuse thethe nasalnasal couldcould bebe fastened fastened upup outout ofof thethe wayway byby aa linklink andand hook,hook, oror byby aa screw.screw. TheThe neckneck guardsguards maymay bebe ofof paddedpadded cloth, cloth, butbut areare usuallyusually ofof mail,mail, sometimessometimes rivetedriveted butbut gene­gene- rallyrally ofof openopen linkslinks withwith patterns?atterns inin brassbrass andand coppercopper links.")linksg) AA finefine exampleexample ofof laterlater PersianPersian helmetshelmets isis inin thethe BritishBritish Museum.Museum. ItIt isis aa hemisphericalhemispherical steelsteel helmet,helmet, mademade forfor Shah'Shah 'AbbasAbbas the the GreatGreat (1587-1629)(1587-1629) andand dateddated A.A. H.H. 1035/1625-6103511625-6 A.A.D. D. ItIt isis carvedcarved andand in­in- laidlaid withwith gold,gold, inscribedinscribed withwith thethe namename ofof thethe Shah,Shah, andand decorateddecorated superblysuperbly withwith arabesquesarabesques andand goldgold inlaidinlaid religiousreligious inscriptions.inscriptions. TheThe spike,spike, socketssockets andand thethe nasal,nasal, allall areare inscribed.inscribed.lO)10) (Fig.(Fig. 11).11). TheThe WallaceWallace Collection Collection inin LondonLondon possessespossesses aa varietyvariety ofof PersianPersian helmets.helmets. OneOne ofof these,these, hashas twotwo plume-holders plume-holders inscribed inscribed withwith the the namesnames ofof ShahShah AbbasAbbas andand ShahShah lsmail;Ismail; betweenbetween themthem isis a a sliding sliding nasalnasal withwith cone-shapedcone-shaped ends.ends. TheThe surface surface ofof thethe helmethelmet isis bright­bright- enedened andand divideddivided intointo narrownarrow compartmentscompartments radiatingradiating fromfrom thethe top.top. TheThe inscriptionsinscriptions atat thethe toptop areare thethe attributesattributes ofof AllahAllah andand coupletscouplets ofof PersianPersian poetry,poetry, asas areare thosethose roundround thethe base.base. TheThe namename ofof thethe

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Fig.Fig. 11. PeTsian Persian helmet,helmet, 'inlaid inlaid withwith gold.gold. DatedDated A.A. H.H. 1035/1625-61035/1625- A.A. D.D. (BTit.(Brit.Mns.,Mus., London).London).

armourerarmourer isis inscribedinscribed roundround thethe centrecentre andand alsoalso thethe date date (A.(A.H. H. 1062)1062) which correspondscorresponds toto 16511651(11). (").

Notes

1) G.G. Macoir: Le Muspc Musee royalroyal d'dlArmesArmes etet d'd'ArmuresArmures dede lala Porte dede HalHa1 a Bruxelles, pI.pl. p.p. 45. 45. 2.) G. Migeon: L'Orient Musulman. Vol. Annes,Armes, etc.,etc., p.p. 17,17, p.p. 18. 3) A. Mayer: Saracenic Arms andand Armour. (Ars(Ars Islamica.Islamica. 1943).1943). 4) TowerTower CollectionColIection (15-685).( 15-685). 5)5) A shortshort note issuedissued byby thethe ArmyArmy MuseumMuseum inin Istanbul.Istanbul. 6)6) CatalogoCatglogo dede las AnnasArmas deldel InstitutoInstituto dede Valencia dede DonDon Juan.Juan. 1927.1927. pp.pp. 13-17.13-17. 77 August GroszGrosz andand Bl'uncBruno Thomas: Thomas: KatalogKatalog del' der Waffensammlung Waffensammlung inin Del'Der Neuen Burg.Eurg. Wien 1936,1936, p.p. 93.93. 8) Stephen V. Grancsay:Grancsay: TheThe GeorgeGeorge C.C. StoneStone Bequest. (Bulletin(Bulletin ofof thethe Metropolitan Museum ofof Art. 1937.1937. Vol XXXII,XXXII, pp.pp. 54-58). 54-58). 9) G. C. Stone: A glossaryglossary ofof thethe construction,construction, decoration,decoration, andand useuse ofof arms and armour. 1934,1934, pp.pp. 51·-52.51-52. 10) D. Barrett: IslamicIslamic Metalwork inin thethe British Museum London.London. 1949.1949. 11) Na.2336.No. 2336. Wallace ColJectlon.Collection, London.

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