BLAS CABRERA Rector and Universal Scientist BLAS CABRERA Rector and Universal Scientist

BLAS CABRERA rector and universal scientist BLAS CABRERA rector and universal scientist

BIOGRAPHY

1878 Born in Arrecife de Lanzarote (Canary Islands).

1894 Beginning Law studies in Madrid, change to Physics, under 1931 Replaces Leonardo Torres Quevedo at the Secretary in the the influence of D. Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Nobel Prize of Me- International Comittee on Weights and Measures. dicine 1906). 1932 Creation and Direction of the “National Institute of Physics 1898 Degree in Physics-Mathematical Sciences at the Central Uni- and Chemistry”, with founds of the Rockefeller Foundation of Blas Cabrera in 1930 when he was versity Madrid 20 years. USA. His research was carried out in the Laboratory of Physical In- appointed Member of the Scientific Com- mittee of the Sixth Solvay Conference. vestigations. Until 1937. 1901 Doctor in Physical Sciences by the Central University of Madrid. Book of J.H. Van Vleck (1932) “Theory of Electric and Magnetic Suscep- First number of the “Anales de la Socie- dad Española de Física y Quimica”. Thesis: “On the diurnal variation of the horizontal component of the wind”. tibilities” Excellence Award. Assistant professor of electricity at the Faculty of Sciences. Madrid 1933 Participates in the creation of the International Summer 1903 Founder of the Spanish Society of Physics and Chemistry University of Santander. Rector in 1934 until 1936. (SEFQ) and of the Rewiev “Anales de la Sociedad Española de Física y Quimica”. The first President of the new society was José Echega- 1934 President of the Academy of Sciences of Madrid, until 1937. ray (Nobel Prize for Literature, 1904) Professor of Mathematical Physics at Faculty of Sciences of the Central University of Madrid 1934-1936 President of la “Junta de Relaciones Culturales”. Member from 1905. Blas Cabrera Felipe, director del Instituto of the Committee on International Cooperation of the League of Nacional de Física y Química en su Labo- Nations in Geneva. He was in Geneva the first days of July 1936. ratorio en 1932.

1905 Full Professor of Electricity and Magnetism at the Central 1936 Speech of entrance in the Spanish Academy (of the Langua- University of Madrid. ge), where it occupies the chair of its friend and teacher Ramón y Cajal. Discourse: “Evolution of physical concepts and language”. 1906 Married with María Sánchez Real. Beginning of the civil war in Spain. Return from Santander to 1910 Member of the” Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Na- Madrid through France. tural Sciences” being received by its President José Echegaray. Re- ception speech “The ether and its relations with matter at rest”. 1937 He is exiled in Paris where P. Zeeman who was president of the International Committee of Weights and Measures, appoints Blas Cabrera Felipe at the age of twen- 1911 Director of the new Laboratory of “Investigaciones Fisicas” him secretary of the Committee, (from 1933 to 1941). Continues ty-seven. of the “Junta de Ampliación de Estudios. JAE ” until 1931. his research in the M. Cotton laboratory. Due to his residence in Pa- ris the Republic Spanish government removes his chair in Madrid. 1912 Travel to Zurich (Switzerland), pensioned by the JAE in order to learn the new experimental methods in magnetism with Pierre Weiss. 1937-39 Participates in the organization of the VIII Solvay Con- ference titled “Elementary particles and their inter actions” whose 1915 Travels through South America with Fernando de los Ríos, celebration was delayed by disease of its president P. Langevin and Doctor Honoris causa of several Universities. Honorary Professor finally suspended by World War II.

of those of Mexico and Buenos Aires and member of the Acade- Meeting of the International Committee mies of Sciences of Lima and Bogota. of Weights and Measures in 1939.

1919 Doctor Honoris Causa by the University of Strasbourg. 1941 The government of General Franco requests his resignation as secretary of the International Committee of Weights and Mea- sures even though the position has nothing to do with the Spanish 1921 Member of the “International Committee of Weights and government. Moves to Mexico as Professor of Atomic Physics and Measures” based in Paris. History of Physics of the Faculty of Sciences of the Autonomous University of Mexico founded in 1938. Blas Cabrera1940, exile in París. 1923 Host visits Albert Einstein on his trip and stay in Spain. Crucial event for the social endorsement of physics in Spain. Blas Cabrera Einstein-Ehrenfest-Langevin-Kamerlingh- gives the speech of delivery of the Diploma of Academic to Einstein Onnes and Weiss in Leyden in 1920. 1944 Editor General of the journal “Ciencia”, edited by the Spani- in the Real Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences. sh scientists of exile.

1945 Dies in Mexico on August 1. Professor of Atomic Physics and History 1928 Sponsored by Pierre Langevin and Maurice de Broglie is of Physics of the Faculty of Sciences of appointed “Academic of Sciences of Paris”. the Autonomous University of Mexico. Elected to be part of the “Scientific Committee of the VI Solvay Conference”, on the proposal of Einstein and Marie Curie.

1929 Rector of the Central University of Madrid.

onso XIII, Albert Einstein and Blas Cabrera among others, in an act celebrated in the Real Academy of Sciences on Sunday, March 4, 1923. Cover of the newspaper ABC. BLAS CABRERA rector and universal scientist

BLAS CABRERA AND THE SANTANDER INTERNATIONAL SUMMER UNIVERSITY (UIVS)

The Santander International Summer University, (Universidad In- ternacional de Verano de Santander. UIVS), was created in 1932 1935 The Rectorate of Cabrera remained. The university planning by the Republican government, on the initiative of the minister of the courses was not modified. Most significant courses: Fernando de los Rios. • “The Evolution of the Universe” (cosmogony, geology, paleon- tology, prehistory and origin of man). ”We are going to create the aristocracy of the spirit ... The International • The cosmic rays. A. Duperier. Summer University of Santander [the UIVS], nourished with Spanish and • “Radioactivity”, by Cabrera, Palacios and Catalan. foreign teachers, with scholars who will be students selected with criteria • Third centenary of Lope de Vega. based in competence and not due to their economic resources”. • Tribute to Ramón y Cajal. • Other cultural performances, Theater (La Barraca), etc. Impulse for scientific development consequence of new “regene- rationist ideas” emerged after 1898 (Independence of Cuba and Important Closing Address by Rector Cabrera. On the need for su- Philippines, last Spanish colonies). The coincidence of the intellec- pport for the continuity of the UIVS: tual generations of 14 and 27. (Silver age of Spanish science, art and culture). “Of course, it is necessary to think that it cannot be the State that supports everything. Is it that Santander is not interested in being the meeting place The Magdalena Peninsula became, during the summers of 1933 for men who govern the knowledge of the whole world? Notes course Cabrera, 1934. Photography: Pilar Marín Collection to 1936, the European scientific focus of reference. 1936 Cabrera arrives in Santander on July 14, 1936 from Geneva, where he attended the meetings of the” Committee of Internatio- It was inaugurated in 1933 with Ramon Menéndez Pidal as the nal Cooperation” of the League of Nations. first Rector.

The palace of Magdalena, Santander, Ramón Menéndez Pidal Presidency of the University Board 15 Mem- 18 July, beginning of the Spanish Civil War. In those days very summer residence of the Kings of Spain, seized by the Republic and used as the bers among them, B. Cabrera, E. Moles and J. Palacios. tense political and social moments in the country. Even though the headquarters of the International Summer University, which Cabrera was rector of country was at war, the courses developed quite normally until the the courses of 1934.1936. Students, course 1934. end of August. Photography: Pilar Marín Collection.

Significant courses: Visit Piccard of the University of Brussels spoke on “Ascension to • “Matter and Radiations”, by Blas Cabrera, Julio Palacios and the Stratosphere”: Miguel Catalán”. • “Aerodynamics and hydrodynamics” with Piccard, the aviator • “The physical.mathematical categories”, by Blas Cabrera and Herrera, de la Cierva and Acevedo. Xavier Zubiri”. • “Isotopía en Química” Hevesy, Paneth, Catalan and Cabre- Opening ceremony of the 1933 courses in the UIVS. • International Meeting of Chemical Sciences of the IVU in Au- ra,«Electromagnetic waves», by Cabrera and Zenneck gust of 1933, in preparation for the IX International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, held in Madrid from April 5 to 11, 1934, promoted by Jose Giral (Professor of Chemistry and Concluded the courses Cabrera organized the departure of teachers Minister). Blas Cabrera participated with works in Magnetoche- and students on September 4 to Madrid passing through San Se- mistry, with his student Hans Fahlenbrach. bastian, Hendaye, Barcelona, Valencia and arrive in Madrid on 14 International Summer University in San- September. There he gives up the Rectorate of the University and tander. Course 1936. In the foreground Piccard, Cabrera and Herrera, surroun- the existence of the UIVS is concluded. ded by teachers and students. 1934 Blas Cabr era was appointed as Rector and the subject for the Courses was the “20th Century”. The program contained a After a few months and before the impossibility to continue dedi- balance between scientific and literary subjects: cated to the Science in Instituto de Fisica in Madrid and in seizing • Lectures on “The foundations of the new Physical.Mathematical the opportunity of a meeting of the “International Committee of Science” with Moles, Palacios, Terradas, Cabrera, Schrodinger Weights and Measures” stays in Paris, initially in the ”Colegio (Nobel Prize for Physics 1933), Fréchet and Grimm. de España”. In 1941, his request to be reintegrated to the Spanish • “Waves and Mechanics” by E. Schrödinger, translated into Spa- University, after the war, was rejected and he is exiled in Mexico. nish by Xavier Zubiri. Course 1934. Photography: Pilar Marín Collection. • At the same time there were also Lorca, Salinas, Miguel Maura, “After that short period, I came to Paris on the occasion of a meeting of Indalecio Prieto, Madariaga, Zubiri, Unamuno and the bullfigh- the International Committee of Weights and Measures, of which I am Se- ter Ignacio Sánchez Mejías. cretary, and here I have been totally farewell from our civil struggles, since • Theater performances with “La Barraca” (F. García Lorca) and the beginning of October 1936. First because no violence is the principal conferences on film and photography. principle of my life, and second, because I was afraid of creating difficul- ties for people close to my family who intervened in the two Españas”. BLAS CABRERA rector and universal scientist

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF BLAS CABRERA TO MAGNETISM

Blas Cabrera worked over 35 years in Physics, covering a number 2) The second factor of success was the fact that his results were of different subjects as atmospheric physics, electrostatics, elec- crucial for proving the new quantum theory of the atomic struc- trolytes, resistivity of solids and solutions, X rays, atomic structure, ture, as were Hund’s rules. Quantum theory was derived on etc. However his main contributions were in the field of magne- the basis of spectroscopic data, but Cabrera’s measurements of tism were he contributed to the early development of the quan- the Rare Earths magnetic moments confirmed the theory and Magnetic susceptibility of Sm and Eu, as tum theory of magnetism. As pointed out by the Nobel Prize JH gave the basis for the development of the quantum theory of explained by Van Vleck (continuous line) compared with experiments by Cabrera & Van Vleck, “Cabrera did the right experiment at the right time”. the magnetic susceptibilities by Van Vleck in 1932. The case of Duperier, and others (points). the Sm3+ and Eu3+ was a really hard case, as the perturbation The main subjects of Cabrera’s research in magnetism were: theory must be pushed to second order in the field to explain the experimental results. This is because of the inverted multi- plets of such ions give a mixing of states at finite temperatures, 1. DIAMAGNETISM: he studied the additive rule and the deter- a subtle fact that was explained by Van Vleck using Cabrera’s mination of atomic radii from diamagnetic susceptibility. Another results (see figure). subject was the thermal dependence of the diamagnetic susceptibility especially in the vicinity of the melting point. The susceptibility of water either heavy or common, was a case study (see the Cabrera carried out most of his research in Spain in the Laboratory figure). for Physical Research, before becoming director of the National Institute of Physics and Chemistry, which was the main research institute funded in Madrid by the Rockefeller Foundation (and 2. PARAMAGNETISM AND THE WEISS MAGNETON known as “the Rockefeller”). The Institute was at the time the ins- The Rockefeller Institute in the 40’s The paramagnetism of the Rare Earths was the main contribution of trument to first establish the modern Science in Spain, before the Blas Cabrera to the magnetism. He measured with great precision civil war stopped the progress again. After the war it gave place the susceptibility of several salts and oxides of the Rare Earths as to the Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), which at present days a function of temperature, and determined the magnetic moment is the largest institution for the development of Science in Spain. Variation of the magnetic susceptibility of water (light I and heavy II) with of the ions. He deduced an empirical expression that described ac- The role of Cabrera in pioneering the science, and in particular the temperature (up) and cover of Cabrera’s publication about diamagnetism (down). curately the susceptibility , by including the new parameter in Magnetism, in Spain has worldwide recognition. As an example χA κ the Curie Weiss law, which converts into the “Cabrera’s” equation: his biography, compiled by Ron Goldfarb, appears in one of the first issues of Magnetic Letters. , (χA + κ) (T+∆)= CA

were is the Curie constant and the Weiss constant. Selected publications of Cabrera on magnetism CA ∆

1913 Influencia del campo magnético sobre la resistencia del níquel. (ANA- Hund and Van Vleck used afterwards those magnetic moments to LES DE LA SOCIEDAD DE FÍSICA Y QUÍMICA, XI, 443). developing the Quantum Theory of Magnetism. Weiss and Cabre- 1914 Estudio magnetoquímico de las soluciones de sulfatos, cloruros y ace- ra used the same data for search a minimum common factor of tatos de níquel. (ARCHIVES DES SCIENCIES PHYSIQUES Y NATURE- all magnetic moments that was called the Weiss magneton ( ). LLES, XXXVII, 27). µW Cabrera reported his work on paramagnetism, including the de- 1917 Las propiedades magnéticas y la estructura del átomo. (SCIENTIA, termination of the value of in the 1930 Solvay Conference. The XXI, 377). µW Cabrera’s report to the Solvay Conference Weiss magneton was abandoned after the Bohr magneton, , 1922 El paramagnetismo y la estructura del átomo. (JOURNAL DE PHYSI- (upper) and statistical determination of µB the Weiss magneton (lower). was established by Quantum Mechanics on theoretical bases. QUE ET LE RADIUM, III, 443). 1923 Los magnetones de Weiss y de Bohr y la constitución del átomo. (ANALES DE LA SOCIEDAD DE FÍSICA Y QUÍMICA, XXI, 505). 3. MAGNETIC FIELD INFLUENCE ON THE RESISTIVITY OF NICKEL 1924 Variación de la constante diamagnética del agua con al temperatura. Cabrera was also a pioneer of the study of Magnetoresistance. He (ANALES DE LA SOCIEDAD DE FÍSICA Y QUÍMICA, XXII, 160). measured the change in resistivity of Nickel as a function of tem- 1924 La constante de la Ley de Curie modificada. (ANALES DE LA SOCIE- perature and magnetic field (figure). DAD DE FÍSICA Y QUÍMICA, XXII, 463). 1925 Paramagnetismo de los elementos de las tierras raras y el magnetón de Weiss. (REVISTA DE LA ACADEMIA DE CIENCIAS, XXII, 286). Impact of Cabrera’s work 1925 El magnetismo y la estructura del átomo y la molécula. (JOURNAL DE Magnetorresistance of Nickel and its Salvador Velayos, one of his first disciples, and his true follower in PHYSIQUE, VI, 241). critical behavior at the Curie temperature. the field of magnetism, indicates two main factors that contribu- 1927 La teoría del paramagnetismo. (JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE, VIII, 257). ted to the success of Cabrera’s research: 1927 Sobre el paramagnetismo de las familias del paladio y platino. (C.R. ACADEMIA DE CIENCIAS DE PARÍS, CLXXXV, 414). 1) The careful choice of the substances to measure and the care 1933 Diamagnetismo y temperatura. (C.R. ACADEMIA DE CIENCIAS DE PA- to assure its purity, as with the rare earths (RE) chemical purity RÍS, CXCVII, 379). is difficult to obtain and the mixing of different RE has a mis- 1935 Las susceptibilidades de los iones Gd+++, Tb+++, Dy+++ y Er+++ y leading effect when studying their magnetic properties. He also el magnetón de Weiss. (BOLETÍN DE LA ACADEMIA DE CIENCIAS, I, used various measuring methods for the study of each of the 1). compounds as to assure the accuracy of the results. The most 1936 Nueva instalación para la medida de la susceptibilidad magnética accurate method for determining magnetic susceptibilities at por el método de Faraday. (ANALES DE LA SOCIEDAD DE FÍSICA Y the time was the Faraday balance. He used different types of QUÍMICA, XXXIV, 5). Cabrera with his Faraday balance at the Laboratory for Physical research in Madrid. setups, as the translation balance of Föex and Forrer, and the 1944 El magnetismo de la materia. (Institución Cultural Española, Buenos torsion balance installed in the Institute of Physics and Chemis- Aires). try in Madrid (see figures). Scheme of the translation (a) and torsion (b) balances used by Cabrera for magnetic susceptibility measurements. BLAS CABRERA rector and universal scientist

BLAS CABRERA AND THE MAGNETISM IN SPAIN

“Blas Cabrera contributed to the spectacular development of Modern Scien- Other Groups ce in the world and in particular Physics, as one of the worldwide charac- Agustín del Moral (Velayos student) at Granada University and teristic phenomena of the twentieth century. Cabrera focused mainly on since 1979 in the University of Zaragoza. Issued from this group, Magnetism, Electricity and Chemistry, which at the beginning of the cen- R.Ibarra (Institute of nanotechnology of Aragon INA, created in tury reached the maximum importance for human civilization”. 2003), P. Algarabel, L. Morellon. J.M. de Teresa, Magnetostriction. Nicolás Cabrera Sánchez. S. Velayos. José Carlos Gómez-Sal (Velayos student) at Laboratoire de Mag- 1910 the Junta de Ampliación de Estudios created the Labo- netism CNRS Grenoble: Neutron diffraction, and from 1974 in Uni- ratory of Physical Investigations, of which Cabrera was appointed versity of Cantabria UC. Santander. Issued from this group, J.Blan- as director. The Laboratory had as lines of investigation: magneto- co, J.Rodriguez, L. Fernandez Barquin. chemistry, physical chemistry. Rockefeller scientists’ lunch the day of the opening of the building. Francisco Batallán (Velayos student) at Orsay, experimental low In 1932 was created the National Institute of Physics and Chemis- temperature magnetism, by Haas-Van Alphen effect. In ICMM Ma- try (The Rockefeller), with funds given by the Educational Board of drid. the Rockefeller Foundation. Javier Tejada at the Barcelona University (UB): Initially Mossbauer spectroscopy, from this group, X. Obradors, J. Fontcuberta, B. Initial group of Cabrera, Palacios, Moles, Duperier, Catalan Martinez (ICMB-CSIC), J. Rodríguez Carvajal (ILL, Grenoble), A. and Velayos, in the National Institute of Physics and Che- Labarta (UB). mistry in Madrid. Domingo González at Zaragoza University, UZ, Low temperature 6 sections in Physics and Chemistry: Electricity: (Cabrera /Direc- magnetism. From this, group J. Bartolomé, F.Palacios, R.Burriel, tor), X-ray: (Palacios), Physical Chemistry: (Moles), Spectrosco- R.Navarro, F.Bartolome, J.Campo, (ICMA-UZ). py: (Catalan), Organic Chemistry: (Madinaveitia). Electroche-

Julio Palacios Martínez, Arturo Duperier mistry: (Guzmán / Secretary). Since 1980 many more groups are active: Magnetic topics under study in Spain: Vallesa, Miguel Ángel Catalán Sañudo and Enrique Moles Ormella. National - Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Institute of Physics and Chemistry (Roc- Magnetic alloys kefeller Foundation). Nicolás Cabrera, doctoral student in the Institute, went into exile J. Rivas in Santiago de Compostela USC. First Director of Interna- - Magnetic shape memory alloys - Free or lean Rare Earth content with his father and returned to Spain in 1968 for the creation of tional Nanotechnology Laboratory of in Braga Portugal. INL , E. permanent magnets - Size effects in magnetic the Autonomous University of Madrid. Important focus of the So- Coronado in Valencia, M. Vallet (UCM), J.Gonzalez Calbet (Elec- nanostructures, mesoporous magnetic pattering lid State Physics in Spain. tron Microscopy, UCM), R. Miranda (UAM), A. Conde (U Sevilla), - Magnetic Micro and Nano wires - Magnetic nanoparticles and nanodiscs for biomedical applications: MRI, Nicolás Cabrera. M.D. Baró (UAB), P. Morales, M. Garcia Hernandez, C. Muñoz Hyperthermia, etc. - Magnetic materials for energy and (ICMM-CSIC), J.L. Martinez (ESS BILbao), J. Blanco and P. Gorria environmental applications - Complex magnetism and Strongly S. Velayos remained in Spain, was deported to Valladolid but re- (UO), J Gonzalez (UPV San Sebastian). correlated electron Systems - Low-dimensional and surface turned to Madrid and acted as the link between the old Cabrera’s magnetism - Magnetic Semiconductors and group and the new magnetism groups in Spain starting around Creation of new labs related to magnetism in Spain IMA, ICMA, Spintronics - Long Range Magnetic Order in hybrid 1970. ICMAB, ICMM, INA, INMicoelectronica. Institut Catalá de Nanos- organic /graphene systems - Superconductivity and HTc S. Velayos with a student in the laboratory. ciencia y nanotecnologia. (ICN2 Barcelona), BCMaterials Bilbao. Superconductors, vortex in superconductors During the 1970 Decade: Six initial groups focus in magne- International Nanotechnology Laboratory INL, Spain-Portugal. IM- - Magnetic polarons and plasmonic nanostructures tism in Spain. DEA. Nanoscience Madrid. DIPC. The National Facility Laboratory - Electron transport and quantum confinement in magnetic materials. of Advanced Microscopies (LMA). - Magnetization process and magnetostriction, Invar effect Salvador Velayos group at Complutense University Madrid. - Giant and Colosal magnetorresistance - Magnetocaloric effect and materials (A. Hernando, Director of Institute of Applied Magnetism “Salva- Responsibilities of Spanish scientist in International Research Cen- - Neutron and Synchrotron scattering and spectroscopic techniques in dor Velayos” created in 1989), and CSIC (F.Briones) in Madrid. ters and organizations. Magnetism - Spatially-resolved vectorial MOKE spectroscopy - Magnetic Force Microscopy Magnetization process, domain observation, Wall dynamics, thin Several international conferences have been held in Spain (Inter- - Mössbauer spectroscopy films, magnetooptics. mag, ICM, etc).

Many doctors issued from these groups generated research labs in Students of Velayos but not working in Magnetism, Juan Rojo many new centers and Universities: Alaminos, Javier Solana, Sebastián Vieira, Félix Vidal, Fran- cisco Rubio, Miguel Boyer, Miguel Ángel Aguilar… M.Tejedor - J.M.Alameda, B. Hernando (Oviedo UO) M Vazquez, J.Gonzalez (ICMM-CSIC), Nowadays In 2017 we have Researchers of 30 Laboratories asso- In the last years, about 35-40 national projects related to magnetism have been J.L. Vicent (UCM) ciated within the “Club Español de Magnetismo. funded every year, with an average total amount of 4M€ per year. C. Aroca (Univ.Politecnica de Madrid, UPM) J.M. Barandiaran (Bilbao UPV-EHU) V. Madurga, C.Gomez Polo (Pamplona UPNA) J.M. Riveiro (Ciudad Real -UCLM)

1974 Velayos visit Grenoble and in 1978 Velayos proposed Louis Neel as Doctor Honoris Causa in the Complutense Uni- versity of Madrid.

Velayos and Neel in Madrid in 1978. BLAS CABRERA rector and universal scientist

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MARTÍNEZ NAVARRO, F. y REPETTO JIMÉNEZ, E. (2005), CABRERA SANCHEZ, Nicolas (1978) Ciencia Moderna: pione- Biografías de Científicos Canarios. Blas Cabrera Felipe, Gran ros españoles-2 Blas Cabrera Felipe (1878-1945), Ensayo Bole- Canaria, Ediciones Dykinson S.L. y Oficina de Ciencia, Tec- tín Informativo Fundación Juan March. nología e Innovación. Gobierno de Canarias. MADARIAGA DE LA CAMPA, B. y VALBUENA C. (1981) La GÓMEZ OCHOA, F. y FERRER CAYÓN, J. (2015) 30 años de Universidad Internacional de Verano de Santander (1932-1936). Cursos de Verano de la Universidad de Cantabria en Laredo (1984- Madrid, UIMP. 2014), Santander, Editorial de la Universidad de Cantabria. SÁNCHEZ RON, J. M. (1988) “La Edad de Plata de la Físi- UNIVERSIDAD INTERNACIONAL DE CANARIAS “PEREZ ca española: la Física en la Junta”. En J. M. Sánchez Ron GALDÓS” (1979) En el centenario de Blas Cabrera, Las Palmas (coord.) La Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones de Gran Canaria, Editado por la Universidad Internacional Científicas a los 80 años de su creación, Vol. .1 Madrid, CSIC de Canarias “Perez Galdós”. GONZÁLEZ REDONDO, F. A. (2004) «El panorama de la TRUJILLO JACINTO DEL CASTILLO, D. (Coord.) (1995), Ex- Ciencia española entre 1898 y 1945». En F. González de posición: “Blas Cabrera: vida y obra de un científico”, Madrid, Posada, et al. (Eds.) Actas del III Simposio «Ciencia y Técni- Amigos de la Cultura Científica. ca en España de 1898 a 1945: Cabrera, Cajal, Torres Quevedo», Madrid, Amigos de la Cultura Científica. GOLDFARB, Ron B. (2013) “Blas Cabrera Felipe”, IEEE Magne- tic Letters, vol. 4, cover DOI: 10.1109/LMAG.2013.2290616

GONZÁLEZ IBÁÑEZ, C. ; MARTÍNEZ CÁCERES, R. ; SANTA- MARÍA GARCÍA, A.; TIGERAS-SÁNCHEZ, P. (Coords.) (2007) 75 años de investigación en el edificio Rockefeller: Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano: 1932-2007, Madrid, Editado por CSIC-Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR).

AGRADECIMIENTOS: COORDINACIÓN DE LA EXPOSICIÓN:

BC-Materials José Manuel Barandiarán García IEEE Magnetics José Carlos Gómez Sal Solvay Nuria García Gutiérrez Universidad de Cantabria Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo Diseño y Maquetación: Universidad del País Vasco Pizzicato Estudio Gráfico Biblioteca UIMP Pilar Marín José Luis Zárate Bengoechea