Microbial Identification Databases for Biolog Systems
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The Role of Earthworm Gut-Associated Microorganisms in the Fate of Prions in Soil
THE ROLE OF EARTHWORM GUT-ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS IN THE FATE OF PRIONS IN SOIL Von der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte D i s s e r t a t i o n von Taras Jur’evič Nechitaylo aus Krasnodar, Russland 2 Acknowledgement I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Kenneth N. Timmis for his guidance in the work and help. I thank Peter N. Golyshin for patience and strong support on this way. Many thanks to my other colleagues, which also taught me and made the life in the lab and studies easy: Manuel Ferrer, Alex Neef, Angelika Arnscheidt, Olga Golyshina, Tanja Chernikova, Christoph Gertler, Agnes Waliczek, Britta Scheithauer, Julia Sabirova, Oleg Kotsurbenko, and other wonderful labmates. I am also grateful to Michail Yakimov and Vitor Martins dos Santos for useful discussions and suggestions. I am very obliged to my family: my parents and my brother, my parents on low and of course to my wife, which made all of their best to support me. 3 Summary.....................................................………………………………………………... 5 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................……... 7 Prion diseases: early hypotheses...………...………………..........…......…......……….. 7 The basics of the prion concept………………………………………………….……... 8 Putative prion dissemination pathways………………………………………….……... 10 Earthworms: a putative factor of the dissemination of TSE infectivity in soil?.………. 11 Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………. 16 2. Materials and Methods.............................…......................................................……….. 17 2.1 Sampling and general experimental design..................................................………. 17 2.2 Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)………..……………………….………. 18 2.2.1 FISH with soil, intestine, and casts samples…………………………….……... 18 Isolation of cells from environmental samples…………………………….………. -
Tesis Doctoral 2014 Filogenia Y Evolución De Las Poblaciones Ambientales Y Clínicas De Pseudomonas Stutzeri Y Otras Especies
TESIS DOCTORAL 2014 FILOGENIA Y EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS POBLACIONES AMBIENTALES Y CLÍNICAS DE PSEUDOMONAS STUTZERI Y OTRAS ESPECIES RELACIONADAS Claudia A. Scotta Botta TESIS DOCTORAL 2014 Programa de Doctorado de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología FILOGENIA Y EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS POBLACIONES AMBIENTALES Y CLÍNICAS DE PSEUDOMONAS STUTZERI Y OTRAS ESPECIES RELACIONADAS Claudia A. Scotta Botta Director/a: Jorge Lalucat Jo Director/a: Margarita Gomila Ribas Director/a: Antonio Bennasar Figueras Doctor/a por la Universitat de les Illes Balears Index Index ……………………………………………………………………………..... 5 Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………………... 7 Abstract/Resumen/Resum ……………………………………………………….. 9 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………. 15 I.1. The genus Pseudomonas ………………………………………………….. 17 I.2. The species P. stutzeri ………………………………………………......... 23 I.2.1. Definition of the species …………………………………………… 23 I.2.2. Phenotypic properties ………………………………………………. 23 I.2.3. Genomic characterization and phylogeny ………………………….. 24 I.2.4. Polyphasic identification …………………………………………… 25 I.2.5. Natural transformation ……………………………………………... 26 I.2.6. Pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance …………………………….. 26 I.3. Habitats and ecological relevance ………………………………………… 28 I.3.1. Role of mobile genetic elements …………………………………… 28 I.4. Methods for studying Pseudomonas taxonomy …………………………... 29 I.4.1. Biochemical test-based identification ……………………………… 30 I.4.2. Gas Chromatography of Cellular Fatty Acids ................................ 32 I.4.3. Matrix Assisted Laser-Desorption Ionization Time-Of-Flight -
Multilayered Horizontal Operon Transfers from Bacteria Reconstruct a Thiamine Salvage Pathway in Yeasts
Multilayered horizontal operon transfers from bacteria reconstruct a thiamine salvage pathway in yeasts Carla Gonçalvesa and Paula Gonçalvesa,1 aApplied Molecular Biosciences Unit-UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal Edited by Edward F. DeLong, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, and approved September 22, 2019 (received for review June 14, 2019) Horizontal acquisition of bacterial genes is presently recognized as nisms presumed to have facilitated a transition from bacterial an important contribution to the adaptation and evolution of operon transcription to eukaryotic-style gene expression were eukaryotic genomes. However, the mechanisms underlying ex- proposed, such as gene fusion giving rise to multifunctional pro- pression and consequent selection and fixation of the prokaryotic teins (6, 23, 24), increase in intergenic distances between genes to genes in the new eukaryotic setting are largely unknown. Here we generate room for eukaryotic promoters, and independent tran- show that genes composing the pathway for the synthesis of the scription producing mRNAs with poly(A) tails have been dem- essential vitamin B1 (thiamine) were lost in an ancestor of a yeast onstrated (22). In the best documented study, which concerns a lineage, the Wickerhamiella/Starmerella (W/S) clade, known to bacterial siderophore biosynthesis operon acquired by yeasts be- harbor an unusually large number of genes of alien origin. The longing to the Wickerhamiella/Starmerella (W/S) clade, the bacte- thiamine pathway was subsequently reassembled, at least twice, rial genes acquired as an operon were shown to be functional (22). by multiple HGT events from different bacterial donors involving Thiamine, commonly known as vitamin B1, is essential for all both single genes and entire operons. -
Table S1. Primers Used for PCR Amplification
Table S1. Primers used for PCR amplification Name Primer Sequence (5’-3’) Gene target Taxon target Reference First PCR round DGGE analysis FGPH19 TACGGCAARGGTGGNATHG nifH Diazotrophic (Simonet et al. 1991) POLR ATSGCCATCATYTCRCCGGA nifH Diazotrophic (Poly et al. 2001) 799F AACMGGATTAGATACCCKG 16S rRNA Bacteria (Chelius and Triplett 2001) 1492R TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT 16S rRNA Bacteria (Chelius and Triplett 2001) F203α CCGCATACGCCCTACGGGGGAAAGATTTAT 16S rRNA Alphaproteobacteria (Gomes et al. 2001) F948β CGCACAAGCGGTGGATGA 16S rRNA Betaproteobacteria (Gomes et al. 2001) F243HCG GGATGAGCCCGCGGCCTA 16S rRNA Actinobacteria (Heuer et al. 1997) BACF GGGAAACCGGGGCTAATACCGGAT 16S rRNA Firmicutes (Garbeva et al. 2003) Second PCR round DGGE analysis POLF-GC CGCCCGCCGCGCCCCGCGCCCGGCCCGCCCCCG nifH Diazotrophic (Poly et al. 2001) CCCCTGCGAYCCSAARGCBGACTC AQER GACGATGTAGATITCCTG nifH Diazotrophic (Poly et al. 2001) F968-GC CGCCCGGGGCGCGCCCCGGGCGGGGCGGGGGC 16S rRNA Bacteria (Heuer et al. 1999) ACGGGGGGAACGAAGAACCTTAC R1401 CGGTGTGTACAAGACCC 16S rRNA Bacteria (Heuer et al. 1997) qPCR analysis POLR ATSGCCATCATYTCRCCGGA nifH Diazotrophic (Poly et al. 2001) POLF TGCGAYCCSAARGCBGACTC nifH Diazotrophic (Poly et al. 2001) 6S-27F AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG 16S rRNA Bacteria Bulgari et al., 2014 338R GCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT 16S rRNA Bacteria Bulgari et al., 2014 Table 2. Primers used for Ion Torrent pyrosequencing analysis. Primer Primer sequence (5´-3´) Reference 967F-PP CNACGCGAAGAACCTTANC (Jünemann et al. 2012) 967F-UC1 CAACGCGAAAAACCTTACC (Jünemann et al. 2012) 967F-UC2 CAACGCGCAGAACCTTACC (Jünemann et al. 2012) 967F-UC3 ATACGCGARGAACCTTACC (Jünemann et al. 2012) 967F-AQ CTAACCGANGAACCTYACC (Jünemann et al. 2012) 1046R CGACAGCCATGCANCACCT (Jünemann et al. 2012) 1046R-PP CGACAACCATGCANCACCT (Jünemann et al. 2012) 1046R-AQ1 CGACGGCCATGCANCACCT (Jünemann et al. 2012) 1046R-AQ2 CGACGACCATGCANCACCT (Jünemann et al. 2012) Table S3. Alpha diversity indices. Statistical analysis of the total endophytic and diazotrophic endophytic bacterial community associated with sweet sorghum cv. -
Cystic Fibrosis Mice Develop Spontaneouschronic Bordetella
ISSN 2470-3176 SciO p Forschene n HUB for Sc i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h Journal of Infectious Pulmonary Diseases Research Article Volume: 3.2 Open Access Received date: 11 Oct 2017; Accepted date: 28 Cystic Fibrosis Mice Develop Spontaneous Oct 2017; Published date: 02 Nov 2017. Chronic Bordetella Airway Infections Citation: Darrah R, Bonfield T, LiPuma JJ, Litman P, Hodges CA, et al. (2017) Cystic Fibrosis Mice Darrah R1*, Bonfield T2, LiPuma JJ3, Litman P1, Hodges CA4, Jacono F5 and Develop Spontaneous Chronic Bordetella Airway Drumm M6 Infections. J Infect Pulm Dis 3(2): doi http://dx.doi. org/10.16966/2470-3176.128 1Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio, USA 2Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio, USA Copyright: © 2017 Darrah R, et al. This is an 3Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann open-access article distributed under the terms Arbor, Michigan, USA of the Creative Commons Attribution License, 4Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and Cleveland Ohio, USA reproduction in any medium, provided the original 5Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and Louis Stokes VA Cleveland Medical author and source are credited. Center, USA 6Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio, USA *Corresponding author: Rebecca Darrah, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio, USA, Tel: 216-368-4911; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Chronic pulmonary disease and infection is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). -
Bordetella Petrii Clinical Isolate Isolates of This Species Have Been Previously Reported from 4
routine laboratory protocols. Initial susceptibility testing Bordetella petrii using disk diffusion indicated apparent susceptibility of the isolate to erythromycin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, and Clinical Isolate piperacillin/tazobactam. The isolate was resistant to amox- icillin, co-amoxiclav, tetracycline, clindamycin, ciproflo- Norman K. Fry,* John Duncan,* Henry Malnick,* xacin, and metronidazole. After initial sensitivity results, a Marina Warner,* Andrew J. Smith,† 6-week course of oral clarithromycin (500 mg, 8 hourly) Margaret S. Jackson,† and Ashraf Ayoub† was begun. We describe the first clinical isolate of Bordetella petrii At follow-up appointments 3 months and 6 months from a patient with mandibular osteomyelitis. The only pre- after antimicrobial drug therapy ceased, clinical and radi- viously documented isolation of B. petrii occurred after the ographic findings were not unusual, and the infected area initial culture of a single strain from an environmental healed successfully. Despite the successful clinical out- source. come, the isolate was subsequently shown to be resistant to clarithromycin in vitro (Table). Improvement of the 67-year-old man visited an emergency dental clinic, osteomyelitis may also have been facilitated by the biopsy Awhere he complained of toothache in the lower right procedure, during which a sequestrum of bone was mandibular quadrant. Examination showed a root-filled removed. lower right canine tooth that was mobile and tender to per- The gram-negative bacillus (designated strain cussion. The tooth was extracted uneventfully under local GDH030510) was submitted to the Health Protection anesthesia. The patient returned after several days with Agency, Centre for Infections, London, for identification. pain at the extraction site. A localized alveolar osteitis was Preliminary tests results were consistent with those diagnosed, and local debridement measures were institut- described for members of the genus Bordetella. -
Download/Issues/Mining/Reference Guide to Treatment Technologi Es for MIW.Pdf
Removal of Soluble Selenium in the Presence of Nitrate from Coal Mining-Influenced Water by Frank Nkansah - Boadu BSc., Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, 2003 MASc., The University of British Columbia, 2013 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Chemical and Biological Engineering) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) December 2019 © Frank Nkansah - Boadu, 2019 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: Removal of Soluble Selenium in the Presence of Nitrate from Coal Mining-Influenced Water submitted by Frank Nkansah-Boadu in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Chemical and Biological Engineering Examining Committee: Susan Baldwin, Chemical and Biological Engineering Supervisor Vikramaditya Yadav, Chemical and Biological Engineering Supervisory Committee Member Troy Vassos, Adjunct Professor, Civil Engineering Supervisory Committee Member Anthony Lau, Chemical and Biological Engineering University Examiner Scott Dunbar, Mining Engineering University Examiner ii Abstract Biological treatment to remove dissolved selenium from mining-influenced water (MIW) is inhibited by co-contaminants, especially nitrate. It was hypothesized that selenium reducing microorganisms can be obtained from native mine bacteria at sites affected by MIW due to the selection pressure from elevated selenium concentrations at those sites. Enrichment of these microorganisms and testing of their capacity to remove dissolved selenium from actual coal MIW was the objective of this dissertation. Fifteen sediments were collected from eleven different vegetated or non-vegetated seepage collection ponds and one non-impacted natural wetland. -
Metal Transformation by a Novel Pelosinus Isolate from a Subsurface Environment
INL/JOU-08-14091-Revision-0 Metal Transformation by a Novel Pelosinus Isolate From a Subsurface Environment Allison E. Ray, Peter P. Sheridan, Andrew L. Neal, Yoshiko Fujita, David E. Cummings, Timothy S. Magnuson August 2018 The INL is a U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory operated by Battelle Energy Alliance INL/JOU-08-14091-Revision-0 Metal Transformation by a Novel Pelosinus Isolate From a Subsurface Environment Allison E. Ray, Peter P. Sheridan, Andrew L. Neal, Yoshiko Fujita, David E. Cummings, Timothy S. Magnuson August 2018 Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415 http://www.inl.gov Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517 fmicb-09-01689 July 25, 2018 Time: 20:42 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: xx July 2018 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01689 1 58 2 59 3 60 4 61 5 62 6 63 7 64 8 65 9 Metal Transformation by a Novel 66 10 67 11 Pelosinus Isolate From a Subsurface 68 12 69 13 Environment 70 14 71 15 Allison E. Ray1,2, Stephanie A. Connon1,3, Andrew L. Neal4†, Yoshiko Fujita2, 72 5 2† 1 16 David E. Cummings , Jani C. Ingram and Timothy S. Magnuson * 73 17 74 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, United States, 2 Bioenergy Technologies, Idaho 18 3 75 Edited by: National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, United States, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, 19 4 5 76 Pankaj Kumar Arora, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, United States, Department of Biology, Point Loma 20 77 Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Nazarene University, San Diego, CA, United States 21 University, India 78 22 79 Reviewed by: The capability of microorganisms to alter metal speciation offers potential for 23 80 Ramprasad E.V.V., the development of new strategies for immobilization of toxic metals in the 24 University of Hyderabad, India 81 25 Bärbel Ulrike Fösel, environment. -
Microvirgula Aerodenitrificans Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., a New Gram-Negative
International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1 998), 48, 77 5-782 Printed in Great Britain Microvirgula aerodenitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., a new Gram-negative bacterium exhibiting co-respiration of oxygen and nitrogen oxides up to oxygen-saturated conditions Dominique Patureau, Jean-Jacques Godon, Patrick Dabert, Theodore Bouchez, Nicolas Bernet, Jean Philippe Delgenes and Rene Moletta Author for correspondence : Dominique Patureau. Tel : + 33 468 42 5 1 69. Fax : + 33 468 42 5 1 60. e-mail : [email protected] lnstitut National de la A denitrifier micro-organism was isolated from an upflow denitrifying filter Recherche Agronomique, inoculated with an activated sludge. The cells were Gram-negative, catalase- Laboratoire de Biotechnolog ie de and oxidase-positivecurved rods and very motile. They were aerobic as well as I'Environnement (LBE), anoxic heterotrophsthat had an atypical respiratory type of metabolism in Avenue des Etangs, 111 00 which oxygen and nitrogen oxides were used simultaneously as terminal Narbonne, France electron acceptors. The G+C content was 65 mol%. Our isolate was phenotypically similar to Cornamonas testosteroni, according to classical systematic classificationsystems. However, a phylogenetic analysis based on the 16s rRNA sequence showed that the aerobic denitrifier could not be assigned to any currently recognized genus. For these reasons a new genus and species, Microvirgula aerodenitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed, for which SGLYZT is the type strain. Keywords: Microvirgula aerodenitriJicansgen. nov., sp. nov., co-respiration of oxygen and nitrogen oxides, Proteobacteria, fluorescent in situ hybridization, oligonucleotide probes I INTRODUCTION denitrifying filter. It exhibits an atypical behaviour towards oxygen and nitrate (16), since it is able to co- The denitrifiers are facultative anaerobic bacteria that respire oxygen and nitrogen oxides and produce N,. -
Table S5. the Information of the Bacteria Annotated in the Soil Community at Species Level
Table S5. The information of the bacteria annotated in the soil community at species level No. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The number of contigs Abundance(%) 1 Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus cereus 1749 5.145782459 2 Bacteroidetes Cytophagia Cytophagales Hymenobacteraceae Hymenobacter Hymenobacter sedentarius 1538 4.52499338 3 Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadales Gemmatimonadaceae Gemmatirosa Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis 1020 3.000970902 4 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas indica 797 2.344876284 5 Firmicutes Bacilli Lactobacillales Streptococcaceae Lactococcus Lactococcus piscium 542 1.594633558 6 Actinobacteria Thermoleophilia Solirubrobacterales Conexibacteraceae Conexibacter Conexibacter woesei 471 1.385742446 7 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas taxi 430 1.265115184 8 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas wittichii 388 1.141545794 9 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas sp. FARSPH 298 0.876754244 10 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sorangium cellulosum 260 0.764953367 11 Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Myxococcales Polyangiaceae Sorangium Sphingomonas sp. Cra20 260 0.764953367 12 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas panacis 252 0.741416341 -
Use of Endophytic and Rhizosphere Bacteria to Improve
Use of Endophytic and Rhizosphere Bacteria To Improve Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Industrial Soils by Autochthonous Betula celtiberica Victoria Mesa, Alejandro Navazas, Ricardo González, Aida González, Nele Weyens, Béatrice Lauga, Jose Luis R. Gallego, Jesús Sánchez, Ana Isabel Peláez To cite this version: Victoria Mesa, Alejandro Navazas, Ricardo González, Aida González, Nele Weyens, et al.. Use of Endophytic and Rhizosphere Bacteria To Improve Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Indus- trial Soils by Autochthonous Betula celtiberica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, 2017, 83 (8), 10.1128/AEM.03411-16. hal-01644095 HAL Id: hal-01644095 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01644095 Submitted on 11 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY crossm Use of Endophytic and Rhizosphere Bacteria To Improve Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Industrial Soils Downloaded from by Autochthonous Betula celtiberica Victoria Mesa,a Alejandro Navazas,b,c Ricardo González-Gil,b Aida González,b Nele Weyens,c Béatrice Lauga,d Jose Luis R. Gallego,e Jesús Sánchez,a Ana Isabel Peláeza a Departamento de Biología Funcional–IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain ; Departamento de Biología http://aem.asm.org/ de Organismos y Sistemas–IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spainb; Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgiumc; Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie (EEM), CNRS/Univ. -
Electronic Supplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019 Electronic Supplementary Information Microbial community and antibiotic resistance profiles of biomass and effluent are distinctly affected by antibiotic addition to an anaerobic membrane bioreactor Ali Zarei-Baygi*, Moustapha Harb#,*, Phillip Wang*, Lauren Stadler^, and Adam L. Smith*† * Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA # Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lebanese American University, 309 Bassil Building, Byblos, Lebanon ^ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA †Corresponding author (Adam L. Smith) Phone: +1 213.740.0473 Email: [email protected] Number of pages: 15 Number of figures: 6 Number of tables: 6 S1 Quantification of antibiotics by LC-MS For antibiotics quantification, 10 mL samples were collected for each sampling time point from the influent and effluent of the AnMBR. Both collected samples and standard solutions were filtered through 0.2 µm PTFE syringe filters (Whatman) using 10 mL syringes with Luer lock tips and stored in certified 2 mL amber LC vials (Agilent) at 4 ºC refrigerator for no more than 3 days prior to analysis. Stock solutions of sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin were prepared in HPLC-grade methanol at concentrations of 20 mg/L and stored at -20 ºC. Ampicillin stock solution was prepared in HPLC-grade water at 4 mg/L due to its lack of solubility in methanol and stored at 4 ºC. For each antibiotic, a six-point standard calibration curve was constructed within the appropriate range (i.e., 0.1-30 µg/L to target effluent antibiotics and 30- 400 µg/L to target influent antibiotics).