Institutional Development Study

of the

Overseas Development Office

of the

Episcopal Church of the USA

and the

Church of the Province of

prepared for the

Agency for International Development

Contract # AID PDC-0250-C-00-5123-00

by

Carolyn Long Peter Pelham April 17, 1986

International Science and Technology Institute, ":wc 2033 M Street, N.W., Suite 300 Washington, D.C. 20036 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to thank all the people we met and worked with during our visits to the Church of the Province of Kenya's dioceses and Provincial Office. The Archbishop, Bishops, Development Officers and KERAWOP trainers, staff and church members we worked with were most gracious, hospitable and informative about the Church's work in development. We will also long remember the hospitality, friendship and generosity of the members of the communities and projects we visited. They made us feel very welcome and personified the true meaning of partnership in development.

We would like to particularly thank Venerable John Kago, Provincial Secretary, who served as our host in Kenya, arranged our visits to the dioceses and other meetings, and was most informative, helpful and friendly throughout our stay. Many thanks also to his secretary, Ms. Susan Mumina, who assisted us with a great many requests and arrangements, and was also very informative and helpful regarding the KERAWOP project.

Special thanks go to Ms. Victoria Mwafuga, the new Provincial Development Coordinator of the Church of the Province of Kenya, and Mr. Bruce Woodcock, Deputy Director of the Overseas Development Office of the Episcopal Church Center in New York. Foth Ms. Mwafuga and Mr. Woodcock accompanied us on most of the diocesan visits, engaged in extensive discussions and briefing sessions about the CPK and ECUSA, and were invaluable sources of information, insights and perceptions about the development efforts of the Church. Mr. Woodcock also provided a great deal of assistance with logistics, travel and other arrangements. We owe them both a debt of gratitude for their expertise, assistance and good humor.

Lastly, we wish also to thank Ms. Jane Watkins, Director of the Overseas Development Office of ECUSA, and Ms. Kirsten Laursen, Program Office of the ODO, for their assistance, information and friendly cooperation throughout the study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary......

Introduction...... *..****.****************** Church of the Province of Kenya...... I Episcopal Church of the USA ...... 1. Kenya Development Context ...... 2 History of Development Activities by the CPK...... 3 Theological and Philosophical Basis of Development ...... 5 ECUSA Matching Grant with CPK ...... 9 UCLA Training ...... 0...... 0...... 0 Development Officer Activities, May, 1985 - January, 1986...12 Kenya Rural Area Women's Project ...... 14 Provincial Development Coordination Office ...... 18 Assessment of the Matching Grant ...... 20 Assessment of the CPK's Institutional Development Capacity....24 Recommendations ...... **. a...... 25 Suimmary ...... so...... so...... 26

Appendix I: Persons Consulted on ECUSA/CPK Study Appendix II: Methodology for the Stud. Appendix III: Bibliography/Other Resources Consulted Appendix IV: Map of Kenya and Dioceses Executive Summary

This preliminary study of the Church of the Province of Kenya and the Overseas Development Office of the Episcopal Church of the USA is one of a series of Agency for International Development/Private Voluntary Cooperation evaluations of five private voluntary organizations, focusing on institutional development and dealing with three broad issues;

1) Organization and management of the PVO, and whether certain management approaches and kinds of organizations are associated with more effective projects.

2) Process and kinds of assistance provided by the International PVO to the affiliate and the relationship between the type of assistance and the way it is given, and the effectiveness of the funded activities.

3) Long-term development resulting from the PVO-funded activities, and how the organization and management of the PVO, and the process and kinds of assistance provided by the International PVO to the affiliate affect these results, positively or negatively.

It should be noted here that although the other studies in this series are evaluations, this paper is a preliminary study, and not an evaluation, of the institutional development efforts of the Church of the Province of Kenya (CPK) and the process of assistance which the Overseas Development Office of the Episcopal Church of the USA is providing through a Matching Grant, partly funded through the Agency for International Development. The Matching Grant in Kenya is slightly over a year old.

The specific purposes of the CPK study were to assess:

1) The actual and anticipated results of training provided to development officers and church women from the Kenya Rural Area Women's Program;

2) The level of organization achieved thus far in individual dioceses and at the provincial level in institutionalizing a development capacity;

3) The potential at the diocesan and provincial levels for effective institutionalization of a development capacity, given the current process.

The Church of the Province of Kenya

The Anglican Church has been in Kenya for almost 100 years, and during colonial times, engaged in development through building and running schools and hospitals. At independence, the Government of Kenya took over the schools and hospitals, but after a period of inactivity, the Church began to involve itself again in development. Efforts were undertaken in a few areas in the 1960's, but it was in the early 1970's, shortly after the formation of the present-day Church of the Province of Kenya that the current focus of development on

i community-based, self-help efforts was adopted. This took place in Maseno South, where an integrated rural development program was begun in 1974. Mt. Kenya East began a similar program in 1980, and Maseno North expanded its efforts as well.

Province-Wide Commitment to Development

A Provincial Board of Christian Community Services was formed in 1980, but the other dioceses of the province had little or no development activity until 1983, when a consultation seminar was held for all the bishops, and several representatives from each diocese. The result of this seminar was the publication of a paper setting out the Church's view of development and the approach it would follow. The paper on the theology and philosophy has since served as the Church's definitive statement on development and has guided their efforts in this field.

Matching Grant with ECUSA

It was at the time of the consultation seminar that the CPK asked thc Overseas Development Office of ECUSA for assistance in establishing . province-wide structure for development. The Matching Grant assistance was the result, with the following goals:

* Help select and train development officers for dioceses;

* Provide training in how to plan and manage community-based development programs;

o Provide technical assistance for long-range planning for development programs; o Set up and test curriculum at the UCLA Development Instituo to train both US and overseas development personnel.

Progress Thus Far

Eleven development officers and the provincial secretary received 1:ouy months of training at UCLA from January to April, 1985. Officers evaluated the program as quite useful, particularly the training received in how to work with community groups; undergoing the craiid.),p as a group which made them a team and taught them all more about Il development needs of the dioceses; and the amount of material available at UCLA about Kenya and development.

The development officers have been at work in their dioceses sincr¢ May, 1985, and have set up offices, done needs assessments, are working to establish relationships with existing development committees and create more at the various levels of the dioceses, They are also doing long-range planning, beginning to conduct workshops in parishes, and write funding proposals for projects.

Kenya Rural Area Women's Project

Another endeavor partially funded by the matching grant was to providc training in leadership, ac-tion planning for development, group facilitation skills, and design skills for a core of 15 Kenyan

ii Anglican women, and through them to 150 other women. One more workshop will be held in December, 1986, in organization development, to complete the series.

The women trained are now carrying out training workshops and working with local women's groups in planning development projects. Several are also working with development officers in combined efforts to organize and motivate local people.

The women trained through :his program have greatly increased self confidence, a high motivation to carry out training and development work, and appear to have achieved a high skill level in planning and implementing projects.

Provincial Development Coordinator

A decision taken by the bishops in November, 1986, to create a provincial development office was to be implemented in April, 1986. With funding provided by the Anglican Church of Canada, Ms. Victoria Mwafuga (who was the CPK's representative to this scudy team) was chosen to be the provincial coordinator and will assume her duties in April.

Assessment of the Matching Grant

While it is still relatively early in the grant, it can be said that the assistance provided by ECUSA is making a significant contribution to the development of an institutional capacity for development in the CPK. Particular merits of the grant follow.

e Enabler: It is allowing the province to move forward together in establishing an institutional capacity, and has provided a structure through which dioceses can learn from and help one another.

e Catalyst: The grant has stimulated a great deal of development activity in the dioceses. Awareness is being created, and internal church bodies are getting more involved in development.

e Leverage: Thus far, the grant has enabled the Church to raise additional money for development, through funding from donors, assistance from the Government of Kenya, local in-kind contributions from affluent church members, and fundraising by the local people, themselves for their own projects.

e Partnership: The CPK and ECUSA work in full partnership in the planning and management of this grant.

9 No Long-Term American Presence: There are no Americans on long-term assignment in Kenya through this grant, and the work is being carried out by Kenyans, with short-term technical assistance provided by local people, ODO staff and consultants.

p Cost effectiveness: At a very modest investment, a considerable and sustainable effort has been launched, some achievements already accomplished, with many more anticipated.

Areas Requiring Attention

iii As the grant continues, there are some areas which will neei the attention of the CPK and ECUSA.

1) Budgeting and accounting: More attention needs to be given to the proper accounting of funds at the diocesan level.

2) Reports: Reporting thus far has been inadequate, and a satisfactory method of reporting needs to be worked out which will meet grant requirements without placing an undue burden on the development officers' limited resources.

3) Transportation: This has proven to be a big problem for the development officers, most of whom do not have vehicles available for their work and often must rely on public transportation to cover vast distances in the dioceses. A solution to this problem must be found.

4) Sustainability: How the dioceses can sustain development efforts over time is an issue many of the bishops already are thinking and planning for, but it is an issue which should receive the concerted attention of all concerned with this institutional development effort.

5) Rising expectations: The amount of activity stimulated by the development officers may require greater assistance .than is now possible. CPK and ECUSA need to determine priorities for their attention and resources during the remainder of the grant.

Assessment of the CPK's Institutional Develonment Capacity

While it is early to assess the Church's institutional capacity in any uniform wa,, encouraging signs are apparent.

" The Church has been able to clearly articulate the aims and means of development.

" It is increasing its ability to enlist and engage members, volunteers, leaders, staff and large numbers of the left-out: poor, rural people; women; handicapped.

* It is nurturing and assisting the capacities of people to meet their own needs, for clean water, more income or food, or the like.

@ It is attracting professional and voluntary leadership through the dioceses and various church bodies.

* It is linking up with other local and national institutions H. order to acquire and pool resources for implementation of important projects.

The challenges facing the CPK in the future in institutional development are to build and manage a complex organization, involvinzg administrative and financial systems; gather and sustain financial, staff and other resources, without sacrificing basic autonomy; and 1.o learn from experience, correct course and errors, and build on successful projects.

iv Recommendations

The recommendations cover five areas:

1) Training: Bishops should be given a shortened form of the UCLA training. KERAWOP should receive additional resources to continue training throughout the province. Development officers should receive training in specialized areas, as needed, and from local resources. Add a stop-over in another developing country for development officers going to UCLA in the future. 2) Transportation: Solve the development officers' need for vehicles.

3) Technical Assistance and Cooperation: The new provincial coordinator can assist in identifying and providing technical assistance; stronger dioceses should help less-experienced ones.

4) Self Sufficiency: Preliminary planning by the bishops should be supported by a consultation or workshop on this topic. 5) Provincial Coord.: Should receive the UCLA training; should receive an orientation at Episcopal Church Center and in-Iroductions to donor agencies in US for potential future funding to dioceses and province.

6) Evaluation Framework: Development officers, KERAWOP women, representatives of the Provincial Board, ODO and the Provincial Coordinator should have a workshop to set goals and objectives and develop a self-evaluation framework.

v Introduction

The need in Africa for more indigenous, private institutions which can mobilize, enlist and organize people in effective development action cannot be overstated. Goran Hyden, in No Shortcuts to Progress: African Development Management in Perspective talks of an "institutional vacuum" between the central government and the people at the grassroots. This study focused on the efforts being made by the Church of the Province of Kenya to be an effective and efficient private development agency.

It must be stated at the outset that this paper is a preliminary study, and not an evaluation of the institutional development efforts of the Church of the Province of Kenya (CPK) and the process of assistance which the Overseas Development Office of the Episcopal Church of the USA is providing through a Matching Grant, partly funded through the Agency for International Development.

Church of the Province of Kenya

The Anglican Church has been active in Kenya for almost 100 years, beginning missionary work there during colonial times. The Church of the Province of Kenya was created in 1970, and it is since that time that it has become a truly African church.

While not one of the largest churches in Kenya, it is one of the most influential, and counts among its members many of the most highly educated, accomplished and influential people in the country.

There are presently eleven dioceses, each presided over by a bishop; and the province is overseen by Archbishop Manasses Kuria, who also serves as the bishop of . Four of the dioceses are quite new, with and Mt. Kenya South over two years, and Machakos and Maseno West not quite one year old. While a few of the older, more established dioceses such as Maseno South and Mount Kenya East have had development programs for twelve and six years respectively, most of the rest of the dioceses are relatively new in undertaking systematic efforts at development.

It is because of this current effort to create a development capacij in the province as a whole that the CPK turned to their sister chuxr'. in the US, the Episcopal Church, for assistance.

Episcopal Church of the USA

The Episcopal Church of the USA derived originally from the Church o( England and is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion, the family of Anglican churches around the globe. While not one of the largest churches in the US, the Episcopal Church is an influent%.L church, with substantial resources and many highly educated and accomplished members.

The Episcopal Church has been involved in humanitarian and relief w:k for several years through the Presiding Bishop's Fund for World Relicf and other effortn such as the United Thank Offering. The Overseas Development Office was created six years ago, to focus exclusively on international development work with sister churches around the world.

1 One of the activities of this office is a Matching Grant which provides funding for development assistance to Kenya, Liberia, Haiti and the Philippines. This Matching Grant is a focus of this study.

Kenya Development Context

It is important to give a few facts and factov!s which are necessary to consider when looking at the work of the Church.

Kenya has 14 million people, more than half of whom are under the age of 16 years. It also has the world's highest population growth rate at more than 4 per cent. Most Kenyans are very poor and reside in rural areas; but there is a steady and large flow of them into Nairob; and other urban centers, mainly into slums. Ninety per cent of the population is found in the southern one-third of the country; the majority are agricultural smallholders but there are pastoralists dispersed across the arid north and parts of the south. Most have a monetary income considerably less than the average per capita income of $US400 per annum and live in a subsistence economy.

Kenya has had a stable national government, a mixed economy with a capitalist-free market bias, and has fostered institutional pluralism. Despite having relative institutional abundance, compared to most parts of Africa, the Kenyan people remain underorganized to participate in the monetary economy or commerce, to provide thzir own social services and to establish their own productive and business enterprises.

There are many Christians, and in fact, the church is considered as the most important institution in development. As relates to the CPK, although the Church focuses its efforts on its parishes, efforts are made to reach non-Anglicans and non-Christians in its development work.

2 History of Development Activities by the CPK

The involvement of the Church of the Province of Kenya (CPK) in development efforts goes back to colonial times, when missionaries built and ran schools and hospitals. At independence, the Government of Kenya took over the schools and hospitals, but after a period of inactivity by the Church, it began to involve itself again in development efforts. The Diocese of was the first to involve itself in a comprehensive Christian Rural Service, including social welfare, agriculture and other devel