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Aamjiwnaang First Nation THIS IS EXHIBIT "P" OF THE AFFIDAVIT OF CHIEF MISKOKOMON, SWORN BEFORE ME TH e Y F AUGUST, 201 Beulah Marlon Kechego, a Commlsslonar, etc.. County of Middlesex lor Chippewas of the Thames FIrSt NatIOn Expires September 8, 2014 Authors Anthony Swift, Natural Resources Defense Council Nathan Lemphers, Pembina Institute Susan Casey-Lefkowitz. Natural Resources Defense Council Katie Terhune, Living Oceans Society Danielle Droitsch, Natural Resources Defense Council --_.. __._---,_ .. ,. FORUTUIIII:S i% ,:::"t ~ !'4~1 t1t :..ci)(1;\ili::i\!TS Thanks \0 the many people who contrihuted to the research, drafting and review of this report Any mistakes are v,holly the responsibility of the authors and review does not necessarily mean endorsement of the report We owe special thanks to Elizabeth Shope who helped shape the report, to Tara Marsden for her work on the First Nations section, and to Dawn Remington for ber work on the Special Places sectioo. The maps were designed by Carrie Robb of the living Oceans Society. Many of the pbotos in tbis report were taken on a Rapid Assessment Visual expedition (RAVE) ofthe Great Bear Rainforest-a project of tbe International League of Conservation Pbotographers (iLCP). We would like to acknowledge the substantive , edits and contributions of Gerald Amos, Cheryl Brown, Greg Brown, Susan Connolly, lim Culp, Simon Dyer, Katie Coplen, Jen , Crant. Ivlichael Jasny, Ivlike Klink, Richard Kuprewicz, Jen Lash, Ian McAllister, Josh Mogerman, Pat Moss, Nancy Nyce, Paul Paquet. Josh Paterson, Emma Point. Carrie Rohb, Jacob Scberr, James Schwab, Dave Shannon, Nikki Skuce, lise Stevens, and Caitlyn Vernon, Special recognition is also due to the many First Nations working daily to uphold their rights and protect their traditional territories from the dangers of oil spills. In addition to the author groups the Natural Resources Defense Council, the Pembina Institote, and the living Oceans Society, this report is endorsed by Dogwood Initiative, Douglas Channel Watth, ForestEthics. Friends of\>\illd Salmon, Headwaters Initiative, Pacific "V'nd. Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sierra Club Be, and West Coast Enviroomentallaw. We would also like ro thank and acknmvledge the many other groups and indh1duals in British Columbia who are working on this issue. Thanks to NRDC Members for their generous support and funding for this project. And thanks to the Wild Salmon Ecosystem Fund of the TIdes Canada Foundation's suppOrt to the Pembina Foundation, which was able to contract the sustainable energy experts at the Pembina Institute for work on this project. The 2010 Raincoast Conservation Foundation report INhafs at Stake? The Cost of ou on British Columbia's Priceless Coast helped lay the foundation for this report. About the Natural Resources Defense Council The Natural Resources Defense Council is an international nonprofit environmental organization with more than 1.3 mlllion members and online activiStS. Since 1970, our lawyers, scientists, and other environmental specialists have worked to protect the world's naturai resources, public health, and the em1ronment NUDC has offices in New York City, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, San FranCiSCO, Chicago, Montana, and Beijing. Por more information please visit www.nrdc,org, About the Pembina Institute The Pembina Institute is a national non-profit think tank that advances sustainable energy solutions through research, education, consulting and advocacy and provides policy research leadership on climate change, energy issues, green economicsJ energy efficiency and conservation, renewable energy, and environmental governance. For more information please visit www.pembina.org. About U~ing Oceans Society Based in British Columbia, the Living Oceans Society is the largest organization in Canada focusing exclusively on marine conservation, It advocates for oceans that are managed for the common good, according to science-hased poliCies that consider ecosystems in their entirety. For more information, pJease ,"sit 'wwwJivingoceans,org, NRDC Director of Communications: Phil Gutis NRDC Deputy Director of Communications: Lisa Goffredi Production: Tanja Bos © Na!.lFai Fsso:.rces ['€fense ;:OJr,C:! ard lila Pembinl Fcu:tiation, 201'" I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. .. .2 II. Tar Sands Pipelines: Gateways to Oil Spills " .. " ..... " ... "." ...... "" .. ""''', .. ,,,. " .. " .... "" ...... " .. ,,3 III. The Trouble with Tar Sands Extraction ............................. " ..... " .. """" ... "" ... " .. "" .. ",, .......... 5 IV Pipeline Safety Concerns ..... ""." ..... """ ........... """""" ............ ".,, ........ , ", ........ "" ....... """,6 V. Lands and Waters Undo, Threat... "" .. " .. " ..... " ... " .. " ... 11 VI. Dangers of Oil Tanker Traffic "."" .............. " ..... " ... "",, .... """." ... " .. ... """ ... ,, ........ 18 VII. First Nations' Concerns" " .... ,,',.,,' ""'''" .... ,,',,' .. , .. ,'''',.,''''''''" ....... ""., ... ,'" .... .20 ifill. Protecting Communities and Waters ... " .. " .. " ..... " .. " ................. " .. " .. " ..... " .. "" ................ 22 Endnotes ,,,,,"""'''''''' """" ........ " ....... """" ...... " ... """""" ..... "",, .... ,, .... ,,.,,",,. ""."" ......... "",23 The Canadian government is considering a proposal to ,< Threatening the economic well-being of the build a pipeline under mountains and across rivers that communities of British Columbia that depend on could carry more than half a million barrels of raw tar sands fisheries and forests. crude oil (known as bitumen) daily across important salmon \'. Potential devastation from a major oil spill from the rivers, coastal rainforests, and sensitive marine waters. The pipeline or an oil supertanker, which could destroy Northern Gateway pipeline, proposed by energy company economicaily important salmon habitat, as well as the Enbridge, would stretch over 1,000 kilometres to connect the habitat of Spirit Bears and grizzlies, and whales, orcas, and tar sands of Alberta with the Pacific coast of British Columbia. other marine life that depend on these rich coastal waters. From that point, the extracted bitumen would be transported by tanker to refineries in Asia, California, or elsewhere. " Harm from an oil spill to the Great Bear Rainforest that Both the extraction and transportation of tar sands oil are the province and First Nations have worked hard to a destructive business. The substance is extracted by either protect from unsustainable forestry practices and to shift strip-mioing or by a process that would heat the ground to a conservation-based economy. beneath Alberta's Boreal forests and wetlands. Tar sands oil is then refined in Alberta or piped over thousands of kilometres While the potentially devastating impacts of tar sands production are well documented, the increased risk and to refineries elsewhere. 1 potential harm from transporting bitumen is less known. ,2 The social, economic, and environmental costs of a tar sands pipeline and associated oil supertanker traffic would This report outlines the potential dangers of bitumen transportation and the risks of spills to the environment and be enormous, including: the economy in a region that depends on healthy fisheries, Compromising the lifestyles of First Nations wbo lands, and waters. depend on the region's lands and waters for their livelihoods, culture, and health. PAGE 21 The Enbridge Northern Gateway project would carry where it passes through particularly mountainous terrain. 525,000 barrels per day (bpd) of raw tar sands crude from The pipelines will cross more than 785 rivers and streams, Alberta to the B.C. coast in one pipeline and would carry, including many which are critical fish-bearing habitat, and in a second pipeline, liquid condensate from ships for will cross through the headwaters of three of the continent's use in Alberta's tar sands.3 The Northern Gateway project most important watersheds-the Mackenzie, the Fraser, would span more than one thousand kilometres, from near and the Skeena. The pipeline would follow the Morice River Edmonton, Alberta, and cross a rugged and wild landscape to up into the Coast Mountains, cross the headwaters of the Kitimat, on British Columbia's northern coast. Enbridge has Zymoetz River, and then follow the Kitimat River down to the indicated that tar sands oil, which is raw bitumen blended coastal town of Kitimat. The geology of this area is complex, with light volatile petroleum products to thin it enough to and destructive landslides are common. At Kitimat, a tank flow through a pipe, is the primary product for the pipeline farm at the edge of the water would facilitate the transfer moving west. 4 of oil to holding tanks and then into large oil supertankers. The Enbridge Northern Gateway pipeline would travel These supertankers would then traverse 185 kilometres across the mountainous border between Alberta and British of inner coastal waters, including the Douglas Channel, Columbia, through agricultural regions, and then into the before reaching open ocean in the unpredictably dangerous rugged west-central region of remote mountains, valleys, and Hecate Strait, Queen Charlotte Sound, and Dixon Entrance.' wild rivers. The proposed Northern Gateway Pipeline would There is a reason that large oil supertankers have not used be largely buried one metre below ground along the 1,172 these waters in the past: the route poses many navigational kilometre route, except
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