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Protecting Public Surface Transportation Against Terrorism and Serious Crime: Continuing Research on Best Security Practices

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Protecting Public Surface Transportation Against Terrorism and Serious Crime: Continuing Research on Best Security Practices MTI Report 01-07 Protecting Public Surface Transportation Against Terrorism and Serious Crime: Continuing Research on Best Security Practices September 2001 Brian Michael Jenkins Larry N. Gersten a publication of the Mineta Transportation Institute College of Business San José State University San Jose, CA 95192-0219 Created by Congress in 1991 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA/CA/OR-2001-29 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Protecting Public Surface Transportation Against Terrorism and September 2001 Serious Crime: Continuing Research on Best Security Practices 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Authors 8. Performing Organization Report No. Brian Michael Jenkins and Larry N. Gersten 01-07 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Mineta Transportation Institute College of Business—BT500 San José State University 11. Contract or Grant No. San Jose, CA 95192-0219 65W136 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered California Department of Transportation U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Sacramento, CA 95819 Research and Special Programs Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 400 7th Street, SW Washington, DC 20590-0001 15. Supplementary Notes This research was sponsored financially by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Research and Special Programs Administration and by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). 16. Abstract Assaults on public surface transportation systems have continued to take place worldwide without any indication of abatement. This study continues earlier research on best security practices. It examines security practices in effect at public surface transportation facilities in Tokyo and London—both targets of terrorist attacks—and in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Santa Clara Valley of California. It updates the chronology contained in the previous report and adds an annotated bibliography. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement terrorism, public transportation, buses, violence, safety No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 122 $15.00 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Copyright © 2001 by MTI All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001095733 To order this publication, please contact the following: Mineta Transportation Institute College of Business BT-550 San José State University San Jose, CA 95192-0219 Tel (408) 924-7560 Fax (408) 924-7565 e-mail: [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Generous assistance was provided by many agencies for the case studies in this report. In the United Kingdom, particular thanks are owed to the Department of Environment, Transport and Regions, the British Transport Police, the Metropolitan Police, and the National Terrorist Crime Prevention Unit. For the Tokyo study, the authors thank the Tokyo Rapid Transit Authority/ Agency (TEITO or Eiden Lines) and the Transportation Bureau of Metropolitan Tokyo Government (TOEI). The authors appreciate the assistance provided by Chief of Security Raymond Frank and BART Police Chief Gary Gee of the Santa Clara Valley Transportation (VTA) and the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART) respectively. The authors acknowledge the following individuals for assistance in the publication of this document. Thank you to Dr. Frances Edwards-Winslow, MTI Research Director Trixie Johnson, Research and Publications Assistant Sonya Cardenas, Graphic Designer Ben Corrales, Editorial Associates Robyn Whitlock and Irene Rush, and student graphic design assistant Shun Nelson. Protecting Public Surface Transportation Against Terrorism and Serious Crime: Continuing Research on Best Security Practices i TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ... .............................. 1 ONGOING RESEARCH ...................................2 NEWFINDINGS.........................................3 THE UNITED KINGDOM’S RESPONSE TO THE IRA’S TERRORISM CAMPAIGN AGAINST MAINLAND SURFACE TRANSPORTATION . 7 THE UNDERGROUND ...................................7 LIGHTRAIL ............................................8 LONDON’SBUSES ......................................9 UNITED KINGDOM RAIL ...............................10 THEIRA’STERRORISTCAMPAIGN ......................10 THE SECURITY ORGANIZATION ........................14 INCREASEDSECURITY ................................16 RESPONDING TO BOMB THREATS ......................20 CONCLUSION .........................................22 APPENDIX A: CHRONOLOGY OF IRA TERRORIST ATTACKS ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN ENGLAND .........................................25 APPENDIX B: BRITISH SECURE STATIONS SCHEME: MANAGE AND DESIGN TO CUT DOWN CRIME ........29 Summary ...........................................29 Design ..........................................29 Management......................................29 BestPracticesAcrossBritain............................30 GovernmentResearchFindings..........................32 PerceptionsofSafetyfromCrimeonPublicTransport.....32 Recommendations .................................32 THE VALLEY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY . 35 OVERVIEW ...........................................35 CONCERNSANDSTRATEGIES ..........................35 SECURITY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL ............37 SECURITY AND DETECTION TECHNOLOGY .............37 COMMUNICATIONSEQUIPMENTANDPROCEDURES .....39 PERSONNEL TRAINING ................................39 Mineta Transportation Institute Protecting Public Surface Transportation Against Terrorism and Serious Crime: ii Continuing Research on Best Security Practices TERRORISM? WHAT TERRORISM? BART AND VTA COMPARED .......................................40 THE BAY AREA RAPID TRANSIT DISTRICT .......41 OVERVIEW ...........................................41 MAINTAINING VIGILANCE AGAINST SURFACE TERRORISM........................................41 CRISIS MANAGEMENT STRATEGY—PERSONNEL AND PROCEDURES ......................................43 COORDINATEDRESPONSE .............................44 PREVENTIVEMEASURES ..............................44 SecurityTraining .....................................44 PsychologicalProfiles .................................45 PolicePatrols ........................................45 Stations.............................................45 Cameras ............................................46 SecurityonTrains ....................................46 SecuredPerimeters ...................................46 Vulnerability ........................................46 Needs ..............................................47 THE TOKYO, MARCH 20, 1995, SUBWAY SARIN ATTACK .....................................49 TOKYO’SSUBWAYS ...................................49 AUMSHINRIKYO ......................................50 EXPERIMENTSWITHEXOTICWEAPONS ................51 THEATTACK .........................................52 THEIMMEDIATERESPONSE............................55 FURTHERINCIDENTS ..................................58 PSYCHOLOGICALIMPACT .............................59 LESSONSLEARNED ...................................61 ISSUESRAISEDDURINGTHEATTACK ..................64 Mineta Transportation Institute Protecting Public Surface Transportation Against Terrorism and Serious Crime: Continuing Research on Best Security Practices iii A CHRONOLOGY OF RECENT TERRORIST ATTACKS AND OTHER SERIOUS INCIDENTS OF CRIME INVOLVING PUBLIC SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (JULY 1, 1997 ­ DECEMBER 31, 2000) .......................... 67 INTRODUCTION .......................................67 RECENTCHRONOLOGY................................75 CONCLUSIONS ................................ 101 HISTORICALREFERENCES ............................101 CULTURALVALUES ..................................102 GOVERNMENT ARRANGEMENTS ......................102 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY .................. 105 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............. 111 Mineta Transportation Institute Protecting Public Surface Transportation Against Terrorism and Serious Crime: iv Continuing Research on Best Security Practices Mineta Transportation Institute Protecting Public Surface Transportation Against Terrorism and Serious Crime: Continuing Research on Best Security Practices v LIST OF FIGURES 1. Targets of Attacks on Public Surface Transportation Systems (1920 - 2000) ...........................................71 2. Tacticts Used Against Public Transportation Systems (1920 - 2000) ...........................................71 3. Targets of Attacks on Public Surface Transportation Systems (July 1997 - December 2000) ..............................72 4. Tactics Used Against Public Transportation Systems (July 1997 - December 2000) ..............................72 5. Location of Attacks with Fatalities on Public Surface Transportation Systems (July 1997 - December 2000) ........... 73 6. Location of Attacks with Fatalities on Public Surface Transportation Systems (1920 - 2000) ........................ 73 7. Countries with the Most Fatalities in Attacks on Public Surface Transportation Systems (July 1997 - December 2000) ........... 74 8. Countries with the Most Fatalities in Attacks on Public Surface Transportation Systems (1920 - 2000) ........................ 74 Mineta Transportation Institute Protecting Public Surface Transportation Against Terrorism and Serious Crime: vi Continuing Research on Best Security Practices Mineta
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