HE ARTS and CRAFTS MOVEMENT and RELIGION: a CRUSADE and HOLY WARFARE AGAINST the AGE an Analysis of the Artifacts by William
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HE ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT AND RELIGION: A CRUSADE AND HOLY WARFARE AGAINST THE AGE An Analysis of the Artifacts by William Morris and Johan Thorn Prikker ANNET VAN DER MEER THE ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT AND RELIGION: A CRUSADE AND HOLY WARFARE AGAINST THE AGE AN ANALYSIS OF THE ARTIFACTS BY WILLIAM MORRIS AND JOHAN THORN PRIKKER ANNET VAN DER MEER Master thesis submitted to obtain the degree of master of arts Research master Religion and Culture Faculty of theology and religious studies University of Groningen Main supervisor: Dr. Mathilde van Dijk, University of Groningen Second supervisor: Dr. Justin Kroesen, University of Bergen Co-reader: Prof. dr. Todd Weir, University of Groningen August 2017 Table of contents ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .............................................................................................................................................. v INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER ONE: THE ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT .............................................................................. 6 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................................................................20 CHAPTER TWO: WILLIAM MORRIS .................................................................................................................... 22 § 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................24 § 2.2 Influences ............................................................................................................................................................28 Youth and education ............................................................................................................................................ 29 High Church theology and the Oxford movement ............................................................................... 31 Ruskin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Kingsley ....................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Friends.......................................................................................................................................................................... 35 § 2.3 Religious ideas and their consequences .............................................................................................40 The role of the artist and the purpose of art ............................................................................................ 41 The Middle Ages ..................................................................................................................................................... 43 Socialism ..................................................................................................................................................................... 44 § 2.4 Religious art .......................................................................................................................................................52 Stained-glass windows and the protection of Christian heritage.................................................. 53 Textiles ......................................................................................................................................................................... 57 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................................................................58 ii | Table of contents CHAPTER 3: JOHAN THORN PRIKKER ............................................................................................................. 60 § 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................62 § 3.2 Influences ............................................................................................................................................................66 Tachtigers ................................................................................................................................................................... 67 Eastern Religions..................................................................................................................................................... 69 Symbolism and Les Vingt ................................................................................................................................... 72 The Arts and Crafts movement and Gemeenschapskunst................................................................. 74 Mysticism .................................................................................................................................................................... 77 Anarchism and Paul Verlaine ............................................................................................................................ 81 Theosophy: Willem Leuring, Peter Behrens and Mathieu Lauweriks............................................ 84 § 3.3 Religious ideas and their consequences .............................................................................................86 State and church ..................................................................................................................................................... 87 Mysticism .................................................................................................................................................................... 91 § 3.4 Religious art .................................................................................................................................................... 100 Paintings and drawings .....................................................................................................................................101 Textiles .......................................................................................................................................................................102 Monumental art ....................................................................................................................................................103 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................. 109 CHAPTER 4: COMPARISON AND CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................110 Religion and the Arts and Crafts movement ..........................................................................................111 Arts and Crafts in the context of religious worship and religious themes ..............................112 Morris and Thorn Prikker: religious influences, ideas and references .......................................114 Political convictions and the role of the artist .......................................................................................115 Table of contents | iii Morris and Thorn Prikker: representatives of the A & C movement?........................................117 The philosophical-mystical wing of the Arts and Crafts movement...........................................118 Ecclesial commissions.........................................................................................................................................119 Vehicles of new ideas: pluralism and the Arts and Crafts movement........................................119 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................................................................................124 LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................................................... I APPENDICES: IMAGES AND POEMS ................................................................................................................... IV Abbreviations Museums and libraries BMAG Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery, United Kingdom FM The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, United Kingdom FAM Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America GTM German Textile Museum, Krefeld, Germany HT The Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens, San Marino, United States of America KMM Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, The Netherlands KOL Kolumba, Museum of the Archdiocese of Cologne, Germany KWM Kaiser Wilhelm Museum, Krefeld, Germany LOC Library of Congress, Washington DC, United States of America NPG National Portrait Gallery, London, United Kingdom V&A Victoria and Albert Museum, London, United Kingdom WMG William Morris Gallery, Walthamstow, London, United Kingdom Other app. Appendix ARC The Ashgate Research Companion SPAB Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings SDF Social-Democratic