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Thesis Reference Thesis Political Solidarity in Times of Crisis: A multi-dimensional approach to study support for the rights and wellbeing of others FERNANDEZ GUZMAN GRASSI, Eva Abstract This dissertation centres on actors who engage in political solidarity, defend collective endeavours and support the rights of people in need. It substantiates that individuals, civil society and institutional actors enact political solidarity. Thus, political solidarity concerns a wide range of actors, practices and dispositions beyond institutional settings. Results evidence that political solidarity is conditioned by people's belonging to different groups, orienting their behaviours and attitudes towards others. Findings point to the importance of contextual factors such as multicultural policies in explaining welfare eligibility attitudes towards migrants, highlighting the role group identity dynamics plays in the allocation of welfare support and caring obligations across groups. Overall, the research concurs with previous studies showing that structural and cultural cleavages shape with whom individuals feel bounded in solidarity. As a result, progressive and inclusive political standings across groups are strongly associated with highly-educated cosmopolitan individuals sharing both left-economic and [...] Reference FERNANDEZ GUZMAN GRASSI, Eva. Political Solidarity in Times of Crisis: A multi-dimensional approach to study support for the rights and wellbeing of others. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2021, no. SdS 163 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:151977 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-1519776 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:151977 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Political Solidarity in Times of Crisis: A multi-dimensional approach to study support for the rights and wellbeing of others Thèse présentée à la Faculté des sciences de la société de l’Université de Genève et à la Classe di scienze politico-sociali de la Scuola Normale Superiore Par Eva Fernández Guzmán Grassi pour l’obtention du grade en cotutelle de thèse de Docteur ès sciences de la société mention: science politique et Dottore di ricerca in scienza politica e sociologia Membres du jury de thèse : Prof. Donatella DELLA PORTA, co-directrice de thèse, Scuola Normale Superiore Prof. Marco GIUGNI, co-directeur de thèse, Université de Genève Prof. Lorenzo BOSI, Scuola Normale Superiore Prof. Christian LAHUSEN, Université de Siegen Prof. Florence PASSY, Université de Lausanne Prof. Pascal SCIARINI, président du jury, Université de Genève Thèse No 163 Genève, le 22 février 2021 La Faculté des sciences de la société, sur préavis du jury, a autorisé l’impression de la présente thèse, sans entendre, par-là, émettre aucune opinion sur les propositions qui s’y trouvent énoncées et qui n’engagent que la responsabilité de leur auteur. Genève, le 22 février 2021 Le doyen Bernard DEBARBIEUX Impression d’après le manuscrit de l’auteur ii "I don't believe in charity. I believe in solidarity. Charity is vertical. It goes from the top to the bottom. Solidarity is horizontal. It recognises the other person. I have a lot to learn from other people." Eduardo Galeano, Patas Arriba: La escuela del mundo al revés iii Abstract This dissertation centres on actors who engaged in political solidarity, defend collective endeavours, and/or support the rights of people in need. These actors exhibit caring attitudes and practices of support for the wellbeing and rights of others, while often confronting public indifference and sometimes open hostility in the process. This dissertation posits a multi-dimensional approach to study political solidarity and to examine these actors and their practices and attitudes of political solidarity. It demonstrates that individuals, civil society, and institutional actors enact political solidarity. Thus, political solidarity concerns a wide range collective and individual actors that exhibit a range of practices and attitudes in different settings beyond political institutions. These claims on political solidarity are analysed in four stand-alone papers. Collectively, these papers conclude that in times of scarcity, i.e. in the absence of and/or with limited access to institutional solidarity schemes, individuals and civil society actors engage in political solidarity to support and defend the wellbeing and rights of vulnerable groups. Overarching findings of this research evidence that political solidarity is conditioned by individuals belonging to different groups, which orients their practices and attitudes of political solidarity towards others. Concretely, group belonging or membership translates into degrees of universal or particular caring obligations and engagements to support the rights and wellbeing of others. Furthermore, findings point to the importance of contextual factors such as multicultural policies in explaining attitudes about welfare eligibility for certain social groups such as migrants, highlighting the core role group identity dynamics plays in the allocation of welfare support and caring obligations across groups. The dynamics of group identity reveal tensions between competing solidarities across groups, shaping universal or particular orientations of care and support. These findings triangulate with recent studies showing that structural and cultural cleavages shape with whom individuals feel bounded in solidarity with. Findings concur with previous research on the interplay between cosmopolitan social dispositions favouring progressive and inclusive political standings across groups that are primarily held by highly educated individuals with both leftist positions on economic issues and libertarian orientations on cultural issues. Lastly, findings posit that independent of the diversity of actors engaging in political solidarity, civil society provision of welfare cannot be sustained solely by voluntary contributions and engagement from individuals. Ultimately, this issue challenges the long-term political and social inclusion of the most vulnerable people. iv Résumé Cette thèse porte sur les acteurs qui se sont engagés en solidarité politique en défendant les biens collectifs ou en soutenant les droits des personnes les plus vulnérables. Ces acteurs font preuve d'attitudes et de pratiques de soutien pour le bien-être et droits des autres, tout en se confrontant souvent à l'indifférence du public et parfois même à une hostilité ouverte par rapport à cet engagement. Cette thèse se centre sur la multi-dimensionnalité de la solidarité politique pour examiner ces acteurs et leurs pratiques et attitudes de solidarité politique. Elle illustre que les individus, la société civile et les acteurs institutionnels mettent en œuvre la solidarité politique. Ainsi, la solidarité politique concerne un large éventail d'acteurs collectifs et individuels et une variété de pratiques et d'attitudes dans différents contextes au-delà des institutions politiques. Ces affirmations sur la solidarité politique sont analysées dans quatre articles distincts. Elle conclut qu'en période de pénurie, c'est-à-dire qu'en l'absence ou avec un accès limité aux systèmes de solidarité institutionnelle, les individus et les acteurs de la société civile s'engagent dans la solidarité politique pour soutenir et défendre le bien-être et les droits des groupes et des individus vulnérables. Ainsi, les conclusions générales de cette thèse montrent que la solidarité politique est conditionnée par l'appartenance des individus à différents groupes, ce qui à la fois oriente leurs pratiques et attitudes de solidarité politique vers les autres. Concrètement, les appartenances aux groupes se traduisent en degrés d'engagement universel ou ciblé (particulier) dans leur soutien aux droits et au bien-être des autres. En outre, les résultats soulignent l'importance de facteurs contextuels tels que les politiques multiculturelles pour expliquer les attitudes concernant l'éligibilité à l'aide sociale de certains groupes sociaux tels que les migrants, soulignant le rôle central que la dynamique de l'identité de groupe joue dans la répartition des obligations en matière d'aide sociale et de soins entre les groupes. Les dynamiques identitaires de groupe révèlent des tensions entre solidarités concurrentes entre les groupes, qui façonnent des orientations universelles ou particulières en matière de soutien aux droits at au bien-être des autres. Ces résultats sont en accord avec des études récentes qui montrent que les clivages structurels et culturels influencent le fait que nous nous sentions plus solidaires avec certaines personnes qu’avec d’autres. De même, les résultats concordent avec des recherches scientifiques sur l'interaction entre les dispositions sociales cosmopolites et positions politiques progressistes et inclusives au sein des groupes, qui sont principalement associées à des personnes instruites ayant des orientations et des valeurs politiques de gauche et libérales. Enfin, les résultats montrent qu'indépendamment de la diversité des acteurs qui s'engagent en solidarité politique, la prestation de protection sociale par la société civile ne peut être soutenue que par les v contributions et l'engagement volontaires des individus. Cette problématique remet en question l'inclusion politique et sociale des personnes les plus vulnérables à long terme. vi Riassunto La presente tesi si concentra sugli attori coinvolti nella solidarietà politica, nella difesa dei beni collettivi, e/o nel sostegno dei diritti delle persone in difficoltà.
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