History of Photography: Monographs Author Index 1
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Introduction 1
1 1 Introduction . ex arte calcinati, et illuminato aeri [ . properly calcinated, and illuminated seu solis radiis, seu fl ammae either by sunlight or fl ames, they conceive fulgoribus expositi, lucem inde sine light from themselves without heat; . ] calore concipiunt in sese; . Licetus, 1640 (about the Bologna stone) 1.1 What Is Luminescence? The word luminescence, which comes from the Latin (lumen = light) was fi rst introduced as luminescenz by the physicist and science historian Eilhardt Wiede- mann in 1888, to describe “ all those phenomena of light which are not solely conditioned by the rise in temperature,” as opposed to incandescence. Lumines- cence is often considered as cold light whereas incandescence is hot light. Luminescence is more precisely defi ned as follows: spontaneous emission of radia- tion from an electronically excited species or from a vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment. 1) The various types of lumines- cence are classifi ed according to the mode of excitation (see Table 1.1 ). Luminescent compounds can be of very different kinds: • Organic compounds : aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, anthracene, phenan- threne, pyrene, perylene, porphyrins, phtalocyanins, etc.) and derivatives, dyes (fl uorescein, rhodamines, coumarins, oxazines), polyenes, diphenylpolyenes, some amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine), etc. + 3 + 3 + • Inorganic compounds : uranyl ion (UO 2 ), lanthanide ions (e.g., Eu , Tb ), doped glasses (e.g., with Nd, Mn, Ce, Sn, Cu, Ag), crystals (ZnS, CdS, ZnSe, CdSe, 3 + GaS, GaP, Al 2 O3 /Cr (ruby)), semiconductor nanocrystals (e.g., CdSe), metal clusters, carbon nanotubes and some fullerenes, etc. 1) Braslavsky , S. et al . ( 2007 ) Glossary of terms used in photochemistry , Pure Appl. -
The History of Solar
Solar technology isn’t new. Its history spans from the 7th Century B.C. to today. We started out concentrating the sun’s heat with glass and mirrors to light fires. Today, we have everything from solar-powered buildings to solar- powered vehicles. Here you can learn more about the milestones in the Byron Stafford, historical development of solar technology, century by NREL / PIX10730 Byron Stafford, century, and year by year. You can also glimpse the future. NREL / PIX05370 This timeline lists the milestones in the historical development of solar technology from the 7th Century B.C. to the 1200s A.D. 7th Century B.C. Magnifying glass used to concentrate sun’s rays to make fire and to burn ants. 3rd Century B.C. Courtesy of Greeks and Romans use burning mirrors to light torches for religious purposes. New Vision Technologies, Inc./ Images ©2000 NVTech.com 2nd Century B.C. As early as 212 BC, the Greek scientist, Archimedes, used the reflective properties of bronze shields to focus sunlight and to set fire to wooden ships from the Roman Empire which were besieging Syracuse. (Although no proof of such a feat exists, the Greek navy recreated the experiment in 1973 and successfully set fire to a wooden boat at a distance of 50 meters.) 20 A.D. Chinese document use of burning mirrors to light torches for religious purposes. 1st to 4th Century A.D. The famous Roman bathhouses in the first to fourth centuries A.D. had large south facing windows to let in the sun’s warmth. -
The Techniques and Material Aesthetics of the Daguerreotype
The Techniques and Material Aesthetics of the Daguerreotype Michael A. Robinson Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Photographic History Photographic History Research Centre De Montfort University Leicester Supervisors: Dr. Kelley Wilder and Stephen Brown March 2017 Robinson: The Techniques and Material Aesthetics of the Daguerreotype For Grania Grace ii Robinson: The Techniques and Material Aesthetics of the Daguerreotype Abstract This thesis explains why daguerreotypes look the way they do. It does this by retracing the pathway of discovery and innovation described in historical accounts, and combining this historical research with artisanal, tacit, and causal knowledge gained from synthesizing new daguerreotypes in the laboratory. Admired for its astonishing clarity and holographic tones, each daguerreotype contains a unique material story about the process of its creation. Clues from the historical record that report improvements in the art are tested in practice to explicitly understand the cause for effects described in texts and observed in historic images. This approach raises awareness of the materiality of the daguerreotype as an image, and the materiality of the daguerreotype as a process. The structure of this thesis is determined by the techniques and materials of the daguerreotype in the order of practice related to improvements in speed, tone and spectral sensitivity, which were the prime motivation for advancements. Chapters are devoted to the silver plate, iodine sensitizing, halogen acceleration, and optics and their contribution toward image quality is revealed. The evolution of the lens is explained using some of the oldest cameras extant. Daguerre’s discovery of the latent image is presented as the result of tacit experience rather than fortunate accident. -
Color Photography
Class ^.n\^>4 Book JfeB PRESENTED BY Scanned from the collections of The Library of Congress AUDIO-VISUAL CONSERVATION at Tht LIBRARY of CONGRESS * or Packard Campus for Audio Visual Conservation www.loc.gov/avconservation Motion Picture and Television Reading Room www.loc.gov/rr/mopic Recorded Sound Reference Center www.loc.gov/rr/record COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY A LIST OF REFERENCES IN THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY COMPILED BY WILLIAM BURT GAMBLE Chief of the Science and Technology Division WITH INTRODUCTION BY E. J. WALL Associate Editor of "American Photography'' NEW YORK 1924 / COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY A LIST OF REFERENCES IN THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY WILLIAM BURT GAMBLE Chief of the Science and Technology Division WITH INTRODUCTION BY E. J. WALL Associate Editor of "American Photography" NEW YORK 1924 NOTE This list includes books and periodical articles available in the Reference Depart- ment of The New York Public Library on June 1, 1924. They may be consulted in the Central Building at Fifth Avenue and Forty- second Street. No attempt has been made to cite references to patent records. REPRINTED OCTOBER 1924 FROM THE BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY JUNE. JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER. 1924 PRINTED AT THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY form plSS [x-29-24 3c] COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY A LIST OF REFERENCES IN THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY INTRODUCTION IT is interesting to note that a print in the approximate colors of nature was obtained before photography, as we now understand it, had become an accomplished fact. J. T. Seebeck sent to the poet Goethe a note: "On the chemical action of light and colored illumination," in which he described the reproduction of a spectrum in colors on damp silver chloride. -
The Overcast
SERENDIPITY THE OVERCAST Asif Akhtar SKY How did bad weather and a chance observation of what was most likely a failed experiment, lead to the Nobel-prize winning discovery of radioactivity? In this article, the author narrates the story of Henri Becquerel’s experiments with uranium salts, describing a series of scientific investigations that arose to understand an unexpected and unusual observation, originally made by this physicist. t was the first of March 1896, and a lazy winter day in Paris. The sun hadn’t come out I of the clouds once in the last four days. The physicist Henri Becquerel, working in his laboratory, knew that on such a cloudy day, he would not be able to get any results in his on- going study. For the last few months, he had been studying the properties of phosphorescent compounds using photographic plates that were exposed to sunlight. On a sunless day, like this one, his photographic plates would remain un- exposed. This was around the time when X-rays, discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, were a popular subject of research in the global scientific community. The first X-rays to be detected had been accompanied by a form of phosphorescence in vaccum tubes. Henri was interested in investigating whether X-rays were in any way connected to naturally occurring phosphorescence. He hypothesised that to emit a penetrating radiation, like X-rays, a body had to A portrait of Antoine Henri Becquerel. Image Courtesy: Paul Nadar. Repository: luminesce. Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Accessed on: Wikimedia Commons. License: Public Domain. To prove this, Henri had planned a series of URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_ experiments where he would first expose a Antoine-Henri_Becquerel.jpg # 89 REDISCOVERING SCHOOL SCIENCE version of the periodic table, where he arranged to show. -
Chapter 1 Radiation Is Discovered
It would be impossible to run a hospital without extensive use Chapter 1 of radiation. Radiation is Discovered Introduction From the beginning of life on earth, all living things have been exposed to radiation. Life started and developed in spite of, or possibly because of, radiation. It is disquieting to people that they coexist with radiation yet it cannot be seen, heard or felt. Radiation, when broadly defined, includes the entire spectrum of electromagnetic waves: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays and atomic particles. In this book we are con- cerned with radiation having energies high enough to ionize matter. Examples are x-rays, cosmic rays, and the emissions from radioactive elements. Although the term “ionizing radiation” is in this case more precise, common usage often omits “ionizing” and this is what is done here. In this book, “radiation” means “ionizing radiation.” Prior to the reactor accidents at Three Mile Island in the United States (1979) and at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union (1986), radiation issues were addressed primarily by specialists. Now, however, radiation and biological effects are debated by the public and political leaders. They use expressions such as: radiation dose, becquerel, gray, cesium and γ-radiation. Because people are easily confused by this technical language, all too often they are left with the perception that all uses of radiation are dangerous. This book is written for those who want to understand radiation in order to make informed decisions about it in their lives. This field of science, founded at the turn of the century, has provided dramatic insights into physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. -
Becquerel, A.H
ETH Arbeitsgruppe Radiochemie Geschichte der Radioaktivität Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) Nobel Prize for Physics (1903) In full Antoine Henri Becquerel, French physicist who discovered radioactivity through his investigations of uranium and other substances. In 1903 he shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie. He was a member of a scientific family extending through several generations, the most notable being his grandfather Antoine-César Becquerel (1788-1878), his father, Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel (1820-91), and his son Jean Becquerel (1878-1953). Education and training After his early schooling at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Henri received his formal scientific education at the École Polytechnique (1872-74) and engineering training at the École des Ponts et Chaussées (Bridges and Highways School; 1874-77). In addition to his teaching and research posts, Becquerel was for many years an en- gineer in the Department of Bridges and Highways, being appointed chief engineer in 1894. His first academic situation was in 1876 as assistant teacher at the École Polytechnique, where in 1895 he succeeded to the chair of physics. Concurrently, he was assistant naturalist to his father at the museum, where he also assumed the physics professorship upon his father's death. Electricity, magnetism, optical phenomena, and energy were major areas of physical investigation during the 19th century. For several years the young man's research was concerned with the rotation of plane-polarized light by magnetic fields, a subject opened by Michael Faraday and to which Henri's father had also contributed. Henri then concerned himself with infrared radiation, examining, among other things, the spectra of different phosphorescent crystals under infrared stimulation. -
The Early History of Radioactivity (1896-1904) Thesis Presented For
The Early History of Radioactivity (1896-1904) Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Field of History of Science by Stephen Brian Sinclair Department of History of Science and Technology Imperial College of Science and Technology University of London May 1976 2 ABSTRACT Both the beginning and end of this history are ostensibly well defined. Becquerel's quiet discovery of uranium rays came to fruition in the appearance of the first standard textbooks on radioactivity, with their claims for an independent subject area. One may see in the intervening period the progressive construction of a new bridge between physics and chemistry founded on a coherent theory of atomic transmutation and disintegration. My examination of the scene from the viewpoints of several interested parties reveals an alternative picture comprising complex linked series of discoveries, experiments and hypotheses of various levels. At the moving boundaries of research the results and conclusions of individuals were always subject to reinterpretation in their adoption by others. This study thus proceeds in the light of three main considerations. These are, firstly, parallel investigations in radioactivity by different workers; secondly, contemporary related areas of physical science such as X-rays, cathode rays, corpuscular theory; and thirdly, the relevant concepts developed earlier, during the nineteenth century. The introductory chapter concentrates upon the last of these, considering some long-standing hopes and unanswered questions concerning, for example, the unification of matter, ether, and electricity, and the relations between the chemical elements. This forms an essential part of the background to radioactivity. Chapter two describes the opening of the radiochemical field by the Curies, following Becquerel's original discovery, and discusses the blending of these results with Rutherford's earliest radiation studies. -
Power Technologies Data Book
September 2002 • NREL/TP-620-31622 Power Technologies Data Book Compiled by L. Goldstein Prepared under Task No. AS61.2040 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: [email protected] Available -
Aristocratic Culture and the Pursuit of Science: the De Broglies in Modern France
Aristocratic Culture and the Pursuit of Science: The De Broglies in Modern France Isis 1997 Nye, Mary Jo Department of History, Oregon State University Originally published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society and can be found at: http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=isis Citation: Nye, M. J. (1997, September). Aristocratic Culture and the Pursuit of Science: The De Broglies in Modern France. Isis, 88(3), 397-421. Available from JSTOR website: http://www.jstor.org/stable/236150 Aristocratic Culture and the Pursuit of Science The De Broglies in Modern France By Mary Jo Nye* ABSTRACT Louis de Broglie received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929 following experimental confirmationof his theory of the wave properties of the electron. De Broglie was an anomaly among twentieth-centuryphysicists: he was a prince by birthwho would become the seventh duc de Broglie. What did it mean to be an aristocratin an age of science? This essay explores aristocraticculture in France in the early twentieth century and examines the family life, education, scientific practices, and social values of Louis de Broglie, his brotherMaurice, who was a distinguishedexperimental physicist, and their sister Pauline, who became a well-known novelist and literary scholar after her scientific interests were discouraged. DE BROGLIE IS A FAMILIARNAME in the history of quantumphysics, identified with the original theory of the wave nature of the electron and with the equation X = hlmv, in which the wavelength X is associated with Planck's quantum of action constant h and the electron's momentum mv. -
A Brief History of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Before the Emergence of Quantum Theory Bernard Valeur*,† and M Ario N
ARTICLE pubs.acs.org/jchemeduc A Brief History of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence before the Emergence of Quantum Theory Bernard Valeur*,† and Mario N. Berberan-Santos*,‡ † Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, 292 rue Saint-Martin, F-75003 Paris, and Institut d’Alembert, Laboratoire PPSM, ENS-Cachan, 61 Avenue du President Wilson, F-94235 Cachan Cedex, France ‡ Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Tecnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal ABSTRACT: Fluorescence and phosphorescence are two forms of photoluminescence used in modern research and in practical applications. The early observations of these phenomena, before the emergence of quantum theory, highlight the investigation into the mechanism of light emission. In contrast to incandescence, photoluminescence does not require high temperatures and does not usually produce noticeable heat. Such a “cold light” was the object of an interesting controversy in the 19th century: does it fit into thermodynamics? The early applications, such as the fluorescent tube, fluorescence analysis, and fluorescent tracers, are described. KEYWORDS: General Public, Upper-Division Undergraduate, Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, History/Philosophy, Textbooks/Reference Books, Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Quantitative Analysis hotoluminescence, the emission of light arising from ’ WHAT IS PHOTOLUMINESCENCE Pexcited electronic states following absorption of light, is The term luminescence comes from a Latin root (lumen = important in many -
A Centenary, G.Lippmann, Nobel Prize of Physics 1908 for Colour Photography
a centenary, g.lippmann, Nobel prize of Physics 1908 for colour photography [Doi 10.1051/epn:2008601] P.ranson, r.ouillon and j.-P.Pinan-Lucarré Physique des milieux denses, IMPMC, CNRS UMR 7590, Université P & M Curie, 140 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France features ne century ago, on December 10 (1908), the Royal Swedish illustrate this article come from this laboratory, which closed with the OAcademy of Sciences awarded the Nobel prize for physics creation of the University Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI) in 1968. to Professor Gabriel Lippmann of the Sorbonne for his interfer- The best known among the collaborators and students of Lipp- ence-based method to reproduce colours by photography. mann at Sorbonne were the Nobel Prize winners Pierre Curie (Physics, 1903) and Maria Sklodowska-Curie (Physics 1903 and the basis of colour photography Chemistry 1911). Since ancient times, man has wanted to keep images of his sur- rounding environment on various recording media. These images 1810-1848 the earliest colour recording processes [2] are first “imprinted” in the human retina through the light com- In 1666, Isaac Newton has shown that white light is made up from ing from the objects and analyzed by the brain. Following this idea, a continuous set of monochromatic components, whose various man tried to produce faithful copies of these images using the arts visible colours from purple to red are displayed under dispersion of sculpture, drawing, painting and, since a century ago, the art of by a glass prism. The first attempts to record and fix these "ho- photography.