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State of Solid Waste

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State of Solid Waste STATE OF SOLID WASTE To reduce the rubbish everywhere. To reduce burden suitably and basically. To reduce from now and forever. To remind the environmental awareness and care eternally. THAILAND STATE OF POLLUTION REPORT 2004 47 State of Municipal Solid Waste In 2004, Thailandûs municipal solid waste has climbed higher. The total amount of solid waste around the country was approximately 14.6 million tons or 39,956 tons a day (excluding the amount of solid waste not being dropped into the bins), increasing about 0.2 million tons from the previous year. Only in the Bangkok Metropolitan area, the amount of collected solid waste was 9,356 tons while the amount of solid waste generated in the municipal area and Muang Pattaya was 12,500 tons a day. The amount of waste generated in other non-municipal areas, covering all Tambon Administration Organization areas, was 18,100 tons a day (Table 1 and Figure 1). The rising amount of solid waste might come from the population growth, expansion of communities, economic stimulus by the governmental sector, tourism promotion and development. Table 1 : The Amount of Municipal Solid Waste between 2003 - 2004 Amount of Solid Waste Percentage of Area (tons/day) Increasing Waste 2003 2004 1. Bangkok* 9,340 9,356 0.17 2. Municipal areas including Pattaya (1,145 municipalities) 12,100 12,500 3.31 2.1 Central and Eastern Regions (366 municipalities) 5,220 5,440 4.21 2.2 Northern Region (252 municipalities) 2,095 2,125 1.43 2.3 Northeastern Region (348 municipalities) 2,795 2,875 2.86 2.4 Southern Region (179 municipalities) 1,990 2,060 3.52 3. Non-Municipal Areas 17,800 18,100 1.69 Total 39,240 39,956 1.82 Remark : Numbers in the parentheses are the number of municipalities Source : Department of Public Cleansing, BMA THAILAND STATE OF 48 POLLUTION REPORT 2004 Amount (tons/day) 20,000 18,100 18,000 17,800 16,000 14,000 12,100 12,500 12,000 10,000 9,340 9,356 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Bangkok Municipalities Non-municipal Areas 2003 2004 Figure 1 : The Amount of Waste, Classified by Areas between 2003 - 2004 For solid waste generated in municipal areas, it mostly consisted of food leaving and organic waste mostly (63.57%); the second was plastic, paper, glass, metal, clothes, wood, and rubber/leather proportionally, including the other elements. (Figure 2). Wood 0.74% Rubber/Leather 0.5% Others 3.23% Clothes 1.37% Paper 8.19% Metal 2.10% Food Leavings/Organic Waste 63.57% Plastic 16.83% Glass 3.47% Figure 2 : The Components of Municipal Solid Waste througout the Country Source : Survey and Analysis Report of Municipal Solid Waste Components all over the Country, The Pollution Control Department, 2004 THAILAND STATE OF POLLUTION REPORT 2004 49 Waste in Bangkok Metropolitan Area Solid waste in the Bangkok Metropolitan area could be totally collected at 9,356 tons a day. The disposal of waste in Bangkok was contracted out to a private company with a responsibility for waste collection and transfer to landfill facilities, pursuant to public health principles, located at Kampang San District, Nakhon Pathom Province and Tambon Rachadheva, Bangpli District, Samut Prakarn Province (Figure 3). The amount of waste collected 9,356 tons/day Onnuch waste Nong Kham waste Tha Rang waste transfer station transfer station transfer station 3,634 tons/day (39%) 3,580 tons/day (38%) 2,142 tons/day (23%) Rachadheva Landfill, Kampang San Landfill, Bangpli District, Kampang San District, Samut Prakarn Province Nakhon Pathom Province 3,634 tons/day (39%) 5,722 tons/day (61%) Figure 3 : The Management of BMA Waste in 2004 Source : Department of Public Cleansing, BMA THAILAND STATE OF 50 POLLUTION REPORT 2004 Waste in Municipal Areas Solid waste generated in city or municipal areas amounted to 12,500 tons a day, which would be treated by the waste eradication system pursuant to public health principles, in 106 facilities : 103 sanitary landfill facilities and 3 incinerators (Lampoon Municipality, Phuket Municipality, and Tambon Koh Samui Municipality). By these facilities, about 5,325 tons of solid waste or 42.6% from all municipal areas around the country could be wiped out per day. However, the residue waste has not yet been treated properly proved by the existence of open dumping and open burning. Nevertheless, most sanitary waste landfills still encountered improper operation system and maintenance, shortage of skillful and experienced personnel in the operation system, as well as shortage of budgets for maintaining and running the operation system. These resulted to waste landfill system inefficiently tailored to eliminate the solid waste. In part of incinerators for burning the municipal waste set up in 3 locations, they have been obstructed by expenses of the system operation. Waste in Non-municipal Areas Solid waste generated in areas beyond the Bangkok Metropolitan area, other municipalities, and Muang Pattaya amounted to 18,100 tons a day. Provincial Administrations and Tambon Administrations were responsible for the collection and disposal of waste, but most have not provided sanitary waste disposal facilities. Consequently, waste was eliminated by open burning or uncontrolled landfills or open dumping. Only 287 Tambon Administrations (of 6,636 Tambon Administrations in total) had the sanitary waste disposal in cooperation with municipalities occupying such sanitary waste treatment system, but only 886 tons of waste could be disposed per day. For other remote areas, local people had their own methods of waste elimination. THAILAND STATE OF POLLUTION REPORT 2004 51 State of Waste Utilization Municipal Solid Waste Utilization Municipal solid waste in 2004 reached 14.6 million tons (excluding municipal solid waste that was sorted out before dropping into garbage cans), but only 3.1 million tons were recycled or 21% of all generated amount of waste (Figure 1). Solid waste delivered to the recycle process came from 0.2 million ton of organic and bioliquid fertilizer, and 2.9 million tons of ferrous metal, paper, glass, plastic, aluminum, and rubber. Recycle patterns have been encouraged by various activities such as purchase of junk, Recycle Pha Pa Project, garbage banks establishment in schools, recycled objects weekend market, waste in exchange for rice, compost and organic fertilizer production, etc. Amount of waste utilization Amount of waste generated in municipalities Amount (million tons) 20 14.6 15 14.1 14.3 14.4 10 5 2.6 2.8 3.1 0 2.2 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year Figure 1 : The Amount of Municipal Waste Utilization from 2001 to 2004 Waste Utilization in the Agricultural Sector In 2004, analysis of data (received by the Office Agricultural Economics, the Department of Livestock Development, the Land Development Department, and the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency) revealed that top ten waste materials from agricultural activities with the highest utilization potential were rice, sugarcane, corn, coconut, oil palm, cassava, peanuts, cotton, soy bean, and millet. These agricultural waste materials totaled 82.23 million tons, which could be utilized approximately 18.60 million tons or 22.62%. From such utilization, it could be separated into the utilization forms of alternative energy/fuel about 15.74 million tons, animal food, and organic fertilizer about 2.61 million tons and 0.24 million tons respectively. THAILAND STATE OF 52 POLLUTION REPORT 2004 Waste Utilization in the Industrial Sector In 2004, the amount of waste generated by the industrial sector consisted of paper, glass, plastic, ferrous metal, aluminum, and rubber approximately 14.6 million tons. About 8.3 million tons of them or 57% of all waste in the industrial sector were utilized or 14% higher than the utilization rate in the previous year. (Figure 3) Amount of waste utilization in industrial sector Amount of waste generated in industrial sector Amount (million tons) 25 20 14.6 12.4 15 11.3 11.4 10 8.3 5 5.1 5.5 5.3 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year Figure 2 : The Amount of Waste Utilization by the Industrial Sector from 2001 to 2004 Waste utilization in the industrial sector mainly involved the exchange of waste between factories and material, residue by manufacturers, importers, or distributors through waste exchange system, deposit-refund system, lucky draw through sale agents, and waste buying back from junk shop operators, etc. Waste utilization, categorized by industry, is descried below (Table 1 and Figure 3) : 1. Paper Industry - About 1.3 million tons or 38% of total waste paper in the country (about 3.4 million tons) were recycled, or 12% higher if compared to that in 2003. 2. Glass Industry - About 1.4 million tons or 64% of total glass waste in the country (about 2.2 million tons) were recycled and reused, or 15% higher if compared to that in 2003. 3. Plastic Industry - About 0.6 million tons or 21% of total plastic waste in the country (about 2.9 million tons) were recycled, or 5% lower if compared to that in 2003. 4. Iron and Steel Industry - About 4.6 million tons or 90% of total iron and steel waste in the country (about 5.2 million tons) were recycled, or 9% higher if compared to that in 2003. THAILAND STATE OF POLLUTION REPORT 2004 53 5. Aluminum Industry - About 0.33 million tons or 54% of total aluminum waste in the country (about 0.61 million tons) were recycled, or 1% higher if compared to that in 2003. 6. Rubber Industry - About 0.07 million tons or 19% of total rubber waste in the country (about 0.36 million tons) were recycled, or 1% higher if compared to that in 2003.
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