176 2005-01
Title: Performance Characteristics of Quality Control Material KKU-Hb for Thalassemia Diagnosis
Authors: Siripakorn Sangkitporn*, Sutudsanee Vimolsarte**, Boonnipa Songkharm***, Khwanchai Wangkahat****, Ativet Savetadul*****, Phanthipa Sriviroonchote******, Amara Yowang*******, Ornchira Supangwiput*, Somchai Sangkitporn*
Affiliations: *National Institute of Health **Regional Medical Science Center Khonkaen ***Regional Medical Science Center Udonthani ****Regional Medical Science Center Ubonratchathani *****Regional Medical Science Center Trang ******Regional Medical Science Center Suratthani *******Regional Medical Science Center Chiangrai
Source: Journal of Health Science 2005; 14: 24-33
Language: Thai with English abstract
Abstract:
The accurate and reliable measurement of hemoglobin separation and determination is essential for thalassemia diagnosis. The validation of quality control material KKU-Hb by characterization of their homogeneity and their stability in storage during April to June 2004 was described. HPLC and LPLC instruments were used for hemoglobin separation and Hb A2 determination. Results of homogeneity study showed that KKU-Hb had small coefficient of variation ranging between 1.43-4.58% and 4.27-5.56% for intralaboratory study and interlaboratory study, respectively. These materials could be stored at –6oC for 2 months without significant decrease in Hb A2 level (t-test, p>0.05). In conclusion, the validation, homogeneity and stability of KKU-Hb support their use as quality control material for measurement of hemoglobin separation and determination by HPLC and LPLC instruments.
177 2005-02
Title: Development of Laboratory Network for the National Prevention and Control Program of Thalassemia
Authors: Suphan Srithamma*, Siripakorn Sangkitporn*, Somchai Sangkitporn*
Affiliations: *Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health
Source: Journal of Health Science 2005; 14: 34-44
Language: Thai with English abstract
Abstract:
Laboratory network is crucial in a national prevention and control program of thalassemia. Throughout Thailand, 13 laboratories of the Department of Medical Sciences have undergone a capacity building program forming a national network for hemoglobin (Hb) separation and determination and α-thalassemia 1 diagnosis. During 2001-2004, the service, measured in terms of number of samples, expanded threefold from 4,027 to 12,840. Under internal and external quality assurance program, its reliability was maximized. Within 4 years, reliable, efficient and effective laboratory service and co-operation were established as a supporting mechanism of the national prevention and control program of thalassemia.
178
2005-03
Title: Molecular characterization of alpha- and beta-globin genes in Thailand by fluorescence- based DNA sequence analysis
Authors: Siripakorn K. Sangkitporn*, Sawitree Duangrueng*, Somchai Sangkitporn*
Affiliations: *National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Source: International Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Applied Molecular Biology 2005; 355: S166
Language: English
Abstract:
The thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies are the most common inherited human diseases. Up to now more than 500 mutations concerning with thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies have been reported. In this study we have used fluorescence-based DNA sequence analysis coupled with advanced analysis software to rapid detection of alpha- and beta-globin gene mutations in Thai patients. 23 differents mutions of beta-globin gene and 4 different mutations of alpha-globin gene have been identified in 956 patients. Among these 23 beta-globin gene mutations, 12 of them (–31, -30, -28, codon 17, codon 19, codon 35, codon 43, codon 41- 42, codon 71-72, IVS 1# 1, IVS 1# 5 and IVS 2 # 654) lead to beta-thalassemia and the others 11 mutations lead to abnormal Hb (Hb E, Hb C, Hb Tak, Hb Pyrgos, Hb S, Hb G Makassar, Hb Hope, Hb J-Bangkok, Hb Tacoma, Hb Korle-Bu and Hb Dhonburi). For 4 alpha-globin gene mutations, 2 of them lead to alpha-thalassemia 1 (SEA deletion and Thai deletion) and the others two mutations lead to abnormal Hb (Hb CS and Hb Q- Thailand). This fluorescence-based DNA sequence analysis is a rapid and reliable method for detection of point mutations and small deletions or insertions in both heterozygous and homozygous states. In conclusion this approach is particularly effective for identification of alpha- and beta-globin gene mutations that finally support the prevention and control of thalassemia in our country.
179
2005-04
Title: Maternal serum screening for Down syndrome in Thai pregnant women
Authors: S. Sangkitporn*, S. Lamlerkittikul*, S.K. Sangkitporn*, V. Chandeying*
Affiliations: *National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Source: Clin Chim Acta 2005; 355: S316
Language: English
Abstract:
Down syndrome is one of the most important causes of mental retardation in the population. The main aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the sensitivity of maternal serum screening (triple test) to identify women at an increased risk for an affected pregnancy and to reduce the incidence of invasive amniocentesis procedures. Triple test involes combining the maternal age risk with the risks associated with the concentrations of maternal serum alpha- fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol, and human chorionic gonadotropin that are measured by a chemiluminescence immunoassay method. The study consisted of 1000 pregnant women, attending antenatal care unit, Hat Yai Center Hospital. The gestational range for the study group was 14-19 weeks. 171 of these women were considered at increased risk for Down syndrome and 141 of them had an amniocentesis. Among 199 pregnant women over 35 years of age, 93 of them were triple test positive. The results of karyotyping show that there were 4 cases with trisomy 21, 1 case with 47 XXX and 1 case with chromosome translocation. All these chromosome abnormalities were detected in pregnant women over 35 years of age. In conclusions, the use of triple test as a screening tool in our population could reduce the number of amniocenteses, while no cases of Down syndrome would be missed.
180
2005-05
Title: Probable person-to-person transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1)
Authors: Ungchusak K*, Auewarakul P, Dowell SF, Kitphati R**, Auwanit W**, Puthavathana P*,Uiprasertkul M, Boonnak K, Pittayawonganon C, Cox NJ, Zaki SR, Thawatsupha P**, Chttaganpitch M**, Knontong R, Simmerman JmM, Chunsuttiwat S
Affiliations: *Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Thai Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand ** National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Source: N Engl J Med. 2005 Jan 27; 352(4): 333-40. Epub 2005 Jan 24
Language: Thai with English abstract
Abstract:
During 2004, a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus caused poultry disease in eight Asian countries and infected at least 44 persons, killing 32; most of these persons had close contact with poultry. No evidence of efficient person-to-person transmission has yet been reported. We investigated possible person-to-person transmission in a family cluster of the disease in Thailand. METHODS: For each of the three involved patients, we reviewed the circumstances and timing of exposures to poultry and to other ill persons. Field teams isolated and treated the surviving patient, instituted active surveillance for disease and prophylaxis among exposed contacts, and culled the remaining poultry surrounding the affected village. Specimens from family members were tested by viral culture, microneutralization serologic analysis, immunohistochemical assay, reverse-transcriptase-polymerase- chain-reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, and genetic sequencing. RESULTS: The index patient bacame ill three to four days after her last exposure to dying household chickens. Her mother came from a distant city to care for her in the hospital, had no recognized exposure to poultry, and died from pneumonia after providing 16 to 18 hours of unprotected nursing care. The aunt also provided unprotected nursing care; she had fever five days after the mother first had fever, followed by pneumonia seven days later. Autopsy tissue from the mother and nasopharyngeal and throat swabs from 181 the aunt were positive for influenza A (H5N1) by RT-PCR. No additional chains of transmission were identified, and sequencing of the viral genes identified no change in the receptor-binding site of hemagglutinin of other key features of the virus. The sequences of all eight viral gene segments clustered closely with other H5N1 sequences from recent avian isolates in Thailand. CONCLUSIONS: Disease in the mother and aunt probably resulted from person-to-person transmission of this lethal avian influenza virus during unprotected exposure to the critically ill index patient. Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.
182
2005-06
Title: Molecular characterization of the complete genome of human influenza H5N1 virus isolates from Thailand
Authors: Puthavathana P*, Auewarakul P*, Charoenying PC*, Sangsiriwut K*, Pooruk P*, Boonnak K*, Khanyok R*, Thawachsupa P**, Kijphati R**, Sawanpanyalert P**
Affiliations: *Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand ** National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Nonthaburi ,Thailand
Source: J Gen Virol. 2005 Feb; 86(Pt 2): 423-33
Language: Thai with English abstract
Abstract:
The complete genomes of three human H5N1 influenza isolates were characterized, together with the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from two additional human isolates and one chicken isolate. These six influenza isolates were obtained from four different provinces of Thailand during the avian influenza outbreak, in Asia from late 2003 to May 2004. All six Thailand isolates contained multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site in the HA gene. Amino acid residues at the receptor-binding site site of the five human viruses were similar to those of the chicken virus and other H5N1 viruses from Hong Kong. The presence of amantadine resistance in the Thailand viruses isolated during this outbreak was suggested by a fixed mutation in M2 and contirmed by a phenotypic assay. All genomic segments of the Thailand viruses clustered with the recently described genotype Z. The Thailand viruses contained more avian-specific residues than the 1997 Hong Kong H5N1 viruses, suggesting that the virus may have adapted to allow a more efficient spread in avian species.
183
2005-07
Title: Human disease from influenza A (H5N1), Thailand, 2004
Authors: Puthavathana P, Ungchusak K, Hanshaoworakul W, Chunsuthiwat S, Sawanpanyalert P*, Kijphati R*, Lochindarat S, Srisan P, Suwan P, Osotthanakorn Y, Anantasetagoon T, Kanjanawasri S, Tanupattarachai S, Weerakul J, Chaiwirattana R, Maneerattanaporn M, Poolsarathitikool R, Chokephaibulkit K, Apisarnthanarak A, Dowell SF
Affiliations: Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand National *National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Nonthaburi ,Thailand
Source: Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Feb; 11(2): 201-9
Language: English
Abstract :
Influenza A (H5N1) is endemic in poultry across much of Southeast Asia, but limited information exists on the distinctive features of the few human cases. In Thailand, we institute nationwide surveillance and tested respiratory specimens by polymerase chain reaction and viral isolation. From January 1 to March 31, 2004, we reviewed 610 reports and identified 12 confirmed and 21 suspected cases. All 12 confirmed case-patients resided in villages that experienced abnormal chicken deaths, 9 lived in households whose backyard chickens died, and 8 reported direct contract with dead chickens. Seven were children <14 years of age. Fever preceded dyspnea by a median of 5 days, and lymphopenia significantly predicted acute respiratory distress syndrome development and death. Among hundreds of thousands of potential human cases of influenza A (H5N1) in Asia, a history of direct contact with sick poultry, young age, pneumonia and lymphopenia, and progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome should prompt specific laboratory testing for H5 influenza.
184
2005-08
Title: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) practice in Japan, Department of Psychiatry, Bangkok Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Worrawat Chanpattana*, Kasuki Kojima*, Bary Alan Kramer**, Aim Intakorn***, Satoshi Sasaki*, Rungrueng Kitphati****
Affiliations: *Depertment of Psychiatry, Bangkok Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand **Department of Psychiatry, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California ***Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand ****Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Source: The Journal of ECT 2005 Sep; 21(3): 139-144
Language: English
Abstract:
Since its introduction in 1938 in Italy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has become the major somatic treatment used in many countries around the world. The use of ECT expanded during the 1940s. The introduction of psychotropic drugs resulted in a sharp decrease in the use of ECT. During the 1970s, the interest in ECT as a treatment for patients resistant to pharmaceutical therapy returned. Although guidelines for the administration of ECT have been suggested there are marked variations in ECT standards and practice between countries and between institutions in each country. ECT was first performed in Japan at Kyushu University Hospital in 1939. Since then, the procedure has been widely used. Modified ECT in Japan was first reported in 1958. During the 1960s, the use of ECT in Japan decreased by 50%, and has continued to decrease for more than 30 years. Kramer and Pi reported in 1990 that the rate of ECT use in Japan was low compared with other countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Only 2 ECT surveys have been published in English language literature since then. Ishimoto et al reported ECT practice at Tokushima university hospital between 1975 and 1997. There were only 185 patients (6% of all inpatients) who received ECT. The patients treated with ECT were diagnosed with schizophrenia 185 (n=132; 71.4%), psychogenic reaction (n=25; 13.5%), manic- depressive (n=12; 6.5%), and atypical psychosis (n=9; 4.9%), among other diagnoses (n=7; 3.8%). An indigenously built ECT device (C1, Sakai) was used. Bilateral electrode placement and unmodified ECT was used exclusively in all patients. Motohashi et al reported a questionnaire survey of ECT practice in Japan between 1997 and 1999. The questionnaire was completed by 46 of 56 hospitals surveyed. The rate of ECT use was low. Forty- two hospitals treated 36 patients or fewer per year with ECT, and 25 of these treated 5 patients or fewer with ECT annually. Modified ECT was exclusively used in 15 hospitals; unmodified ECT was exclusively used in 9. Twenty-two hospitals used both modified and unmodified ECT in which the percentage of usage of unmodified ECT was between 1% and 90%. Only sine-wave ECT devices were used because brief-pulse devices were regarded as experimental at the time of a survey. Bilateral ECT was used in almost all hospitals. The most common diagnoses of patients who received ECT were depression, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective ECT were depression, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder, but no details are provided. We hypothesized that there might be a substantial variation in ECT standards and practice in Japan. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of ECT practice of institutions providing psychiatric care in Japan. Only by knowing practice patterns can standards of care be successfully developed and implemented.
186
2005-09
Title: Detergent: The Novel Household Weapon to Get Rid of Mosquito and Insect Vectors
Authors: Kasin Suphapathom*, Phubeth Ya-Umphan*, Pungasem Paeporn*, Sunaiyana Sathantriphop*, Pongsakorn Mukkhun*
Affiliation: *Chemical Control Section, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Source: Disease Control Journal 2005 (in press)
Language: Thai
Abstract:
Soap, that is made from sodium/potassium salt of fatty acid, can be categoried as a general household detergent just as dish-washing detergent, shampoo and powder laundry detergent which have anionic surfactant property. Besides the fundamental benefit of removing dirt from surface, soap water has been referred to for its insecticidal activity for more than 200 years. Today, countries in Europe, America and Australia make use of this property of soap by producing many kinds of insecticidal soap products that can get rid of insect pests of home ornamental plants. Nevertheless, in Thailand, the concept of using anionic surfactant of various diseases, is still new. Entrusted with the duty, and realizing the people’s tendency in overspending on pesticides and neglecting other methods for insect vector control, the Chemical Control Section, Medical Entomology Group, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences has experimented, applied and developed the simple prepared general household detergents as a weapon against mosquito and other insect vectors around the house. This may prevent epidemics borne by insect vectors before wide spread to the nearby community. Consequently we expected to change insecticides and turn to using novel household weapon in controlling insects for good health, safe from insect-borne diseases, and for life long clean environment in which to live in.
187
2005-10
Title: Characterization of clinical isolates of pathogenic Nocardia strains and related actinomycetes in Thailand from 1996 to 2003
Authors Natteewan Poonwan*, Nanthawan Mekha*, Katsukiyo Yazawa**, Sudaluck Thunyaharn***, Ademar Yamanaka****, Yuzuru Mikami**
Affiliations: *National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Soi Bamrasnaradura, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand **Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan ***Department of Clinical Pathology, Pramongkutklao Army Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand ****Department of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Source: Mycopathologia 2005; 159(3): 361-8
Language: English
Abstract:
In Thailand from 1996 to 2003, 171 strains of pathogenic aerobic actinomycetes from clinical specimens were isolated. Of those strains, 134 were mycolic acid containing actinomycetes, including 96 strains of Nocardia species. Others included 10 strains of Gordonia, 14 strains of Rhodococcus, and 22 strains of Mycobacterium. One strain each of the genera Tsukamurella and Corynebacterium were also isolated. Also identified were 27 strains of non-mycolic acid containing actinomycetes. Our identification studies of 96 strains of Nocardia species showed that significant pathogens in Thailand were N. beijingensis (18 strains), N. cyriacigeorgica (13 strains), and N. farcinica (34 strains); the most prevalent species was N. farcinica (35.4%). We also isolated four strains of N. asiatica, five strains of N. asteroides sensu stricto, four strains of N. nova, seven strains of N. otitidiscaviarum, eight strains of N. transvalensis, and two strains of N. pseudobrasiliensis.
188
2005-11
Title: Nocardia cyriacigeorgica is a significant pathogen responsible for nocardiosis in Japan and Thailand
Authors: Akiko Kageyama*, Yasutaka Hoshino*, Katsukiyo Yazawa*, Natteewan Poonwan**,Nobuyoshi Takeshita*, Satoshi Maki*, Yuzuru Mikami*
Affiliations: *Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan **Mycology Section, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Source: Mycopathologia 2005; 160 (1): 15-9
Language: English
Abstract:
Nocardia cyriacigeorgica is a recently described species. During routine diagnostic testing of 121 clinical isolates, we found that about one fourth of the strains from Japan (19 isolates) and Thailand (8 isolates), which were identified in our laboratories as N. asteroides, in fact belong to N. cyriacigeorgica. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infection due to N. cyriacigeorgica in Japan and Thailand, and the third report of infection anywhere in the world. Although N. cyriacigeorgica is usually differentiated from other Nocardia species by utilization of glucose and gluconate, we found that it can also be differentiated by a characteristic synergistic effect between imipenem (IPM) and tobramycin (TOB).
189
2005-12
Title: Specific IgM and IgG responses in primary and secondary dengue virus infections determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Areerat Sa-ngasang*, Surapee Anantapreecha*, Atchareeya A-nuegoonpipat*, Sumalee Chanama*, Sasitorn Wibulwattanakij**, Kasarin Pattanakul**, Pathom Sawanpanyalert*, Ichiro Kurane***
Affiliation: *National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences **Sawanpracharak Hospital, Nakhon Sawan, Thailand ***Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
Source: Epidemiology and Infection 2005
Language: English
Abstract:
IgM- and IgG-capture ELISAs are widely used as diagnostic tests for confirmation of dengue virus infection. The positive rate of anti- dengue IgM and IgG detection was examined in primary and secondary dengue virus infections in the setting of a provincial hospital using IgM- and IgG-capture ELISAs. Disease day 1 was defined as the day of onset of symptoms. In total, 232 plasma samples were collected from 106 confirmed dengue cases consisting of 12 primary and 94 secondary infections. In primary infection, anti- dengue IgM was detected in 4 out of 5 samples collected on disease day 5 and in all the 21 samples collected on disease day 6 or later. Specific IgG was detected in 2 out of 5 samples collected on day 12, and in 5 out of 6 samples collected on disease days 13-15, but was not detected in samples collected on disease day 10 or earlier. In secondary infection, IgM was not detected in the samples on disease days 2 and 3, but detected in 20 out of 79 samples collected on days 4- 6, in 44 out of 65 on disease days 7-11 and in 40 out of 51 samples on disease days 12-14. In contrast, specific IgG was detected in 21 out of 60 samples on disease days 4 and 5, in 13 out of 19 on disease day 6, in 62 out of 65 on disease days 7-11 and in all the samples collected on disease day 12 or later. The result indicate that seroconversion rates of IgM and IgG are different between primary and secondary infections, and suggest that detection of specific IgM and IgG is 190 necessary for determining dengue virus infection and for differentiating primary and secondary dengue infections.
2005-13
Title: Detection of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus-specific IgM in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum Samples from JE Patients
Authors: Sumalee Chanama*, Walailuk Sukprasert*, Areerat Sa-ngasang*, Atchareeya A-nuegoonpipat*, Somchai Sangkitporn*, Ichiro Kurane** and Surapee Anantapreecha*
Affiliation: *National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences **Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005; 58(5): 294-296
Language: English
Abstract:
Detection of Japanese enchephalitis virus (JEV)-specific IgM by IgM-capture enzymed-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM-capture ELISA) has been accepted as the standard for serological diagnosis. In the present study, we analyzed the time course of the positive rate of JEV-specific IgM in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from confirmed JE patients. Serum and CSF samples were obtained from 155 JE cases for diagnostic purposes at hospitals in Thailand from 2002 to 2004. The levels of specific IgM were assessed by IgM-capture ELISA in the 171 serum and 156 CSF samples. Anti-JEV IgM was detected in 26 of 44 serum samples collected on days 1-4 of the disease period, in 31 of 44 samples collected on days 5-8, in 23 of 26 samples collected on days 9-12, and in all the samples collected on day 13 or later. Specific IgM was detected in 60 of 66 CSF samples collected on days 1-4 of illness, and in all the CSF samples but one collected on day 7 or later. The results indicate that the detection of JEV-specific IgM in CSF by IgM-capture ELISA is a reliable laboratory diagnostic method for confirmation of JE throughout the disease period, while the detection of IgM in serum samples is a reliable method on day 9 or later.
191
2005-14
Title: Serological and virological features of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever in Thailand from 1999 to 2002
Authors: Surapee Anantapreecha*, Sumalee Chanama*, Atchareeya A-nuegoonpipat*, Sirirat Naemkhunthot*, Areerat Sa-ngasang*, Pathom Sawanpanyalert *, Ichiro Kurane**
Affiliation: *National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences **Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
Source: Epidemiology and Infection 2005; 133: 503-507
Language: English
Abstract:
Serological and virological features of dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) in Thailand were analysed in 2715 patients from 1999 to 2002. The illness was caused by DEN-1 in 45%, DEN-2 in 32%, DEN-3 in 18% and DEN-4 in 5% of patients. Almost all of the DHF cases caused by DEN-2 and DEN-4 were in secondary infection, while approximately 20% of the DHF cases caused by DEN-1 and DEN-3 were in primary infection. Male:female ratio and age distribution were not different among four serotypes in primary and secondary infections. These results indicate that DEN-1 and DEN-3 induce DHF in both primary and secondary infections, and suggest that DEN-2 and DEN-4 in Thailand are less likely to cause DHF in primary infections.
192
2005-15
Title: Safety of Derris scandens Hydroalcoholic Extract in Healthy Volunteers
Authors : Pranee Chavalittumrong*, Sadudee Rattanajarasroj* , Busarawan Sriwanthana**, Pranee Chantapet** ,Sirima Pattamadilok**, Paijit Warachit***
Affiliations : *Medicinal Plant Research Institute **National Institute of Health *** อธิบดีกรมวิทยาศาสตรการแพทย Department of Medical Sciences 88/7 Soi Bamrasnaradura, Tivanond Rd., Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Source: Journal of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine 2005; 3(1): 17-26
Language: English with Thai abstract
Abstract:
A phase 1 trial was performed in 12 healthy volunteers to primarily investigate safety of Derris scandens as well as to preliminary assess its effects on immune system. The volunteers received 400 mg/day of D. scandens hydroalcoholic extract (200 mg b.i.d.) for 2 months. No major side effects were reported from any of the subjects throughout the study. It was found that any significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters were within normal limits. A significant rise in the frequencies of subjects with increasing amounts of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 after administration was shown. Our results suggested that the hydroalcoholic extract of D. scandens at the dose of 400 mg/day given to normal volunteers for 2 months was safe and could induce the secretion of cytokines that might help in modulating immune responses.
193
2005-16
Title: Immunomodulatory effects of Gynostemma Pentaphyllum Makino on human immune cells
Authors : B. Sriwanthana*, W. Threesangsri*, W. Wanavichet*, P. Chavalittumrong**, J. Bansiddhi**, Y. Techadamrongsin**
Affiliations : *National Institute of Health **Medicinal Plant Research Institute Department of Medical Sciences. 88/7 Soi Bamrasnaradura, Tivanond Rd., Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Source: ISHS Acta Horticulturae 608 2005; 6: 165-169
Language: English
Abstract:
Use of herbs as health and/or dietary supplements has increased worldwide. The most common usage of botanicals is to improve the immune system. Water extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino was studied for its effects on lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer (NK) cell activity. Lymphocyte proliferation of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to G. pentaphyllum extract was increased at concentrations of (in ng/mL) 1, 10, 100, and (in µg/mL) 1, 5, 10 and 100. Aqueous extract of G. pentaphyllum reduced lymphocyte proliferation at 1 µg/mL, suggesting immunomodulating activities on human immunocompetent PBMC.
194
2005-17
Title: Heterosexual transmission of Novel CRF01_AE and Subtype B Recombinant Forms of HIV Type 1 in Nothern Thailand
Authors: Nuanjun Wichukchinda*, Teiichiro Shino**, Jirawan Srisawat* , Archawin Rojanawiwat*, Panita Pathipvanich***, Pathom Sawanpanyalert*, Koya Ariyoshid,****, and Wattana Auwanit*
Affiliations: *National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi, Thailand **AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo,Japan ***Day Care Center, Lampang Hospital, Lampang, Thailand ****Present address, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
Source: AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 2005; 21: 734-73/8
Language: English
Abstract:
The increased proportion of CRF01_AE/subtype B recombinant infections among injecting drug users raised a concern that such recombinant forms may also spread in a heterosexual population in Thailand. Using the BootScan method, we analyzed pol gene sequences among 114 heterosexually infected individuals in northern Thailand, who were tested for a drug-resistance genotype between July 2000 and July 2001. Two individuals were suspected of carrying a recombinant HIV-1. Thus we analyzed a nearly full- length HIV genome in the two individuals and their spouses. An identical recombinant form of CRF01_AE and subtype B was found in one couple, indicating that this recombinant virus was heterosexually transmitted. Interestingly, this recombinant form had multiple breakpoints in the core protein of Gag and both infected individuals had a high CD4+ cell count without antiretroviral therapy. CRF-1/subtype B recombinant forms exist in a heterosexual population in northern Thailand. Some recombinant virus may be associated with a slow rate of HIV disease progression. 195
2005-18
Title: A Health Program for Personnel in National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences
Authors: Rungrueng Kijphati*, Archawin Rojanawiwat*, Raywadee Butraporn*, Juthamas Siripanee*, Supsitchaya Themserekul*, Noppavan Janejai*, Karun Suthivarakom*, Pranee Chantapet*, Wilai Chalermchan*, Wattana Auwanit* and Prathom Sawanpanyalert*
Affiliations: *National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Tiwanond Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Source: Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences 2005; 47(2): 77-85
Language: Thai with English abstract
Abstract:
The National Institute of Health (NIH), Department of Medical Sciences, which is the reference laboratories of Thailand and South East Asia region is responsible for research and development in terms of investigation, prevention and control of disease in Thailand. The staffs who mostly work in the laboratory have the high risk to infections, chemicals, radiation and occupational injuries. The purpose of this study were to develop and evaluate a personnel health program including health promotion, diseases prevention, and preventive medicine services in the NIH. The study was a participatory action research, which was carry on from January 1st 2003 to December 31st 2003. The personnel health and safety problems were analyzed and a personnel health program, composed of personal health promotion, bio-safety education and examination for new personnel, immunization, surveillance system of occupational injuries and illnesses, preventive medicine services, and emergency medical services, was objectively performed. It can be concluded that the health program for personnel in NIH was important to proceed and continually develop. The purpose of this publication is to demonstrate a model of a personnel health program that may be applied in other setting.
196
2005-19
Title: Coordinating System for Testing and Laboratory Surveillance for Bird Flu, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health
Authors: Suphan Srithamma*, Somchai Sangkitporn*, Pranee Thawatsupha*, Wattana Auwanit*,Malinee Chitakanpitch*, Sunthareeya Waicharoen* And Rungrueng Kitphati*
Affiliations: National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Tiwanond Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Source: Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences 2005; 47 (2): 124-138
Language: Thai with English abstract
Abstract:
The National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health are the reference centers for diagnostic identification and control of endemic diseases. After the endemic of bird flu, the Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health has set up collaborative system for analysis and surveillance of bird flu utilizing the laboratory approach to maximize the systematic laboratory protocol. The center had analyzed samples of 517 patients suspected of bird flu infection. We found negative results in 510 patients using viral isolation and IFA method and positive results in 7 patients. Using RT-PCR H5N1 and real time RT-PCR H5N1 for analysis of patient’s samples yielding negative and positive results of 508 and 9 patients respectively. It was evaluated that the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of RT-PCR technique were 100, 99.6 and 99.6, respectively. Establishment of systematic guidelines for laboratory protocol starting from sample collection, analytical methodology, data interpretation, reporting of results, and setting up of laboratory networking to enhance the speed of surveillance and control of diseases since the endemic will adversely impact the health of people and economy of the country as a whole.
197
: 2005-20
Title: Serum Total Homocysteine Levels and Metabolic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Panisa Getngern*, Pranee Chantapet*, Pratana Satitvipawee**, Somsak Sinsatienporn***, Ubon Boonrod***
Affiliations: *Division of Clinical Biochemistry, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Nonthaburi, 11000 **Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 ***Division of Internal Medicine, Pathumthani Hospital, Department of Medical Services, Pathumthani, 12000
Source: Thai Journal of Health Research 2005; 19(2)
Language: English with Thai abstract
Abstract:
Serum total homocysteine levels (tHcy), an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and its relation to metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were determined. Sample population was 135 patients with 2 diabetes without any diabetic complications who attended the diabetic clinic at Pathumthani Hospital and 79 non-diabetic from the population in Pathumthani. Fasting blood samples were obtained in order to determine the level of tHcy, glycated hemoglobin, glucose and lipid profile. Regarding to the degree of glycemic control assessed by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), type 2 diabetics were defined to good or fair control (HbA1c ≤ 8.0%, n = 67) and poor control (HbA1c > 8.0%, n = 68). The correlations between tHcy levels and glycated hemoglobin and lipid levels were investigated. The results indicated that serum tHcy levels were significantly higher in patients with type 2 diabetes than in the non-diabetes. Eleven percent (15 of 135) of these patients had moderate hyperhomocysteinemia (15-30 µmol/l). There were no significant differences of tHcy levels in the subgroups of type 2 diabetes, correlation analysis demonstrated that there was a little significantly correlation between tHcy levels and age (r = 0.39; p < 0.001) and there was not significantly correlated with both hemoglobin A1c and lipid levels. In conclusion, increased serum tHcy 198 levels were found in type 2 diabetic patients without any diabetic complications as compared with non-diabetic subjects. Improved glycemic control did not reduce tHcy levels and there were no associations between tHcy levels and metabolic control. 2005-21
Title: Variable numbers of TTC repeats in Thai Clinical isolates of Mycoabcterium leprae: Use in strain differentiation and tracking of leprosy transmission
Authors: Benjawan Phetsuksiri*, Sopa Srisungngam*, Janisara Rudeeanaksin*, Prapaporn Supapkul*, Sukanya Wattanapokayakit*, and Patrick J. Brennan**
Affiliations: *Thai National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand **Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Source: Proceeding: 40th US-Japan Conference on Tuberculosis 2005; 227
Language: English
Abstract:
The genetic diversity of Mycobacterium leprae isolates from Thai leprosy patients was investigated using the TTC repeat and the tandem repeat in the rpoT gene as genetic markers. M. leprae DNA of clinical isolates was obtained from skin biopsies of multibacillary patients living in remote areas and in suburban Thailand where leprosy is in low prevalence. In M. leprae strains of 55 multibacillary patients, the TTC repeat region showed variations of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24 and 25 repeats. It was found that the most common repeats of TTC in Thai clinical isolates are 15, 16 and 19. All isolates contained three copies of GACATG repeat in the rpoT gene and no variation in copy number was found. The application of TTC repeats in tracking of leprosy transmission in one family where three leprosy patients were identified revealed a single strain of M. leprae harboring 15 copies of TTC repeat. This preliminary study indicates that the TTC region may be useful as a genetic marker for strain differentiation and for epidemiological investigation of leprosy.The application of other different genetic markers may enhance discrimination of M. leprae strains.
199
2005-22
Title: Genotypic detection of rifampicin resistance by mini-PCR single strand conformational polymorphism
Authors: Benjawan Phetsuksiri*, Sukanya Wattanapokayakit *,Janisara Ruedeeaeksin *, Sopa Srisungngam*, Dhanida Rienthong**, Sang-Nae Cho***, Masanori Matsuoka****, and Patrick J. Brennan*****
Affiliations: *Thai National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand **Bureau of AIDS, Tuberculosis and Sexual Transmitted Infection, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand ***Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea ****Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease (NIID), Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan *****Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Source: Proceeding: 40th US-Japan Conference on Tuberculosis 2005; 240
Language: English
Abstract:
Several techniques use polymerase chain reaction-based strategies to rapidly detect mutation known to confer resistance. One such method is single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. In this study, simple, rapid, and non-radioactive PCR-SSCP was developed and applied to detect mutations associated with rifampicin resistance. Detection of sequence alterations in the region of rpoB gene spanning codons of 500 to 550 for M. tuberculosis and codons of 497 to 629 for M. leprae was targeted. The techniques comprise amplification of the rpoB gene fragment, denaturation, electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in conventional mini slab apparatus, and silver staining. The predictive capability of PCR-SSCP was tested in Thai clinical isolates of 37 rifampicin -resistant and 23 -sensitive M. tuberculosis strains. All resistant strains showed SSCP profiles different from that of sensitive controls including M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Among resistant strains, mutations involving single base change in codons of 526 and 531 were frequently found. Further analysis in reference strains of M. leprae revealed that 8 of 200 8 rifampicin-resistant strains could be identified. The results indicated that recently developed mini-PCR SSCP works efficiently for rapid detection of rifampicin resistance. In addition, rifampicin resistance in M. tuberculosis isolates from Thailand involves alterations in the rpoB gene. 2005-23
Title: Biological activity of aqueous extracts of Piper retrofractrum (Piperaceae) against mosquito larvae
Authors: Uruyakorn Chansang*, Nayer S. Zahiri**, Jaree Bansiddhi***, Thidarat Boonruad***, Pratom Thongsrirak***, Jiranuch Mingmuang*** , Nipa Benjapong*, Mir S. Mulla**
Affiliations: * Division of Medical Entomology, Department of Medical sciences, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand ** Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside California 92521 USA *** Medicinal Plant Research Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Source: Journal of Vector Ecology 2005; 30(2)
Language: English
Abstract:
Extracts of nine medicinal plants were bioassayed against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Among these plants the long pepper Piper retrofractrum Vahl (Piperaceae) showed the highest level of activity against the mosquito larvae. To gain more information on pesticidal activity of P. retrofractrum, fresh fruits of this plant were dried, macerated and then mixed with water, and set for 24 hrs. The mixture was filtered after which the filtrate was dried by lyophilization. The solid materials thus obtained were kept in screw capped brown bottles in the refrigerator or freezer. For assessing the bioactivity of the plant extracts, the solid material was either dissolved in distilled water or acetone as 1% solution and bioassayed against 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti in the laboratory. Extracts of unripe (001/3) and ripe (002/3 and 001/4) fruits showed different levels of activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. Extracts 001/3 and 002/3 were slightly more active against B. sphaericus resistant strain than the susceptible strain, both from Thailand. The ripe fruit extract 002/3 was somewhat more active against Ae. aegypti than Cx. 201 quinquefasciatus. Another ripe fruit extract 001/4 recently received was more toxic to both mosquito species. Dilute solutions of the solid extract (002/3) in water and acetone, lost activity on storage at room temperature (27°C) and on storage in refrigerator (4°C), loss of activity was lower in the latter. The acetone solution of the extract of P. retrofractrum stored at room temperature also lost activity, but slower than in distilled water solution. Due to the instability of the solutions, fresh extract solutions were made in distilled water and acetone for each bioassay.
202
2005-24
Title: Sequential release and residual activity of temephos applied as sand granules to water-storage jars for the control of Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Usavadee Thavara*, Apiwat Tawatsin*, Ruthairat Srithommarat*, Morteza Zaim**, Mir S. Mulla***
Affiliations: * National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, 88/7 Tiwanon Rd., Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand ** WHOPES, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland *** Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
Source: Journal of Vector Ecology 2005 Jun; 30(1): 62-72
Language: English
Abstract:
Two long-term experiments were carried out on the release profile and efficacy of temephos 1% GR (sand granules) against Aedes aegypti larvae in water-storage containers. In the first experiment, the efficacy of temephos 1% GR enclosed and tied in a muslin cloth and placed in water at the bottom of 200 L earthen water-storage jars was studied by exposing the packets for four to nine wk in one set ofjars and then transferring them sequentially to new sets ofjars four times successively. Temephos released slowly from the granules, the magnitude of release being adequate in the initial period of two to three wk after treatment. Following this period, the efficacy of the granules increased substantially where 92-100% inhibition of emergence even at the lowest dosage of 1 g/100 L (0.05 mg/L AI) was obtained for about another five mo or longer. On removal of the packets from a given set of jars, the released residues remaining in the jars and water lasted a maximum of one to six wk post-removal depending on the magnitude of prior release into the jars. This experiment provided clear evidence that temephos is released slowly over a long period of time in water-storage jars. In the second experiment, we compared the efficacy of temephos 203 1% GR at 1 and 10 g (0.05 and 0.5 mg/L AI) per 200-L water in jars painted and unpainted on the inside. The efficacy in the painted jars, although high, was consistently lower than that in the unpainted jars, where 99-100% control of larvae was achieved at both rates for a minimum of five mo after treatment. On the basis of this experimental evidence, it is desirable to study the efficacy of lower dosages of temephos than those currently used in Ae. aegypti control programs. The use of controlled release formulations or sachets that are retrievable during cleaning and washing will be more practical and desirable. Both of these interventions will make the program more cost effective.
204
2005-25
Title: Analysis of salivary gland proteins of the mosquito Armigeres subalbatus
Authors: Padet Siriyasatien*, Kuntida Tangthongchaiwiriya*, Narisara Jariyapan*, Sakchai Kaewsaitiam*, Yong Poovorawan*, Usavadee Thavara**
Affiliations: * Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand ** National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, 88/7 Tiwanon Rd., Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Source: Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2005 Jan; 36(1): 64-7
Language: English
Abstract:
Quantitative studies of total salivary gland protein of Armigeres subalbatus mosquito revealed that the total salivary gland protein increased dramatically during the five days after emergence as adults. The amount of salivary gland protein of female and male mosquitos at day five after adult emergence were on the average 11.55 and 1.32 microg/pair gland respectively. SDS-PAGE studies showed that salivary gland protein profiles of Armigeres subalbatus demonstrated 9 major polypeptide bands of 68, 65, 60, 55, 40, 30, 28, 21, and 15 kDa. The 21 and 65 kDa bands were found only in the distal lateral region of the mosquito salivary gland and were depleted after the female mosquito took a blood meal.
205
2005-26
Title: Transovarial transmission of dengue viruses in field populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Southern Thailand
Authors: Usavadee Thavara*, Padet Siriyasatien**, Apiwat Tawatsin*, Jakkrawarn Chompoosri*, Surapee Anantapreecha*, Ratree Wongwanich***, Mir S. Mulla****
Affiliations: * National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, 88/7 Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand ** Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand *** Krabi Provincial Health Office, Krabi 81000, Thailand **** Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
Source: Presented in the 4th International Congress of Vector Ecology (SOVE),Reno, Nevada, U.S.A., 2 – 7 October 2005
Language: English
Abstract:
Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) remains one of the major mosquito-borne diseases in Thailand as well as other countries in tropical regions. The disease is caused by 4 serotypes of dengue viruses (Den-1, Den-2, Den-3 and Den-4) and transmitted to humans by two mosquito species: Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). To understand more about the epidemiology of the disease, study of the association of viruses and vectors under natural conditions was carried out employing determination of viruses in field populations of mosquito vectors in southern provinces of Thailand, where the two mosquito species are abundant and DHF incidence remains high. Attempts were made to detect dengue viruses in field- caught mosquitoes individually by Semi-Nested RT-PCR technique. The vectors were captured from 4 provinces: Krabi, Phang Nga, Phuket and Surat Thani during the period between late dry season and early rainy season in 2005. The 3 serotypes of dengue viruses: Den-2, Den-3 and Den-4 were detected in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus individual females and males. It is interesting to note that Ae. aegypti 206 larvae were positive for each the 2 serotypes: Den-2 and Den-3. Double infections of 2 serotypes of the viruses (Den-2 and Den-3) were detected in individual Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus females and males. This study thus reveals an important role of transovarial trasmission of dengue viruses in field populations of DHF vectors. The study elucidates circulation of dengue viruses in vectors in natural environment in endemic areas.
207
2005-27
Title: Field testing of repellents derived from plant essential oils against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and land leeches (Arhynchobdellida: Haemadipsidae) in Thailand
Authors: Apiwat Tawatsin*, Usavadee Thavara*, U-ruyakorn Chansang*, Pranee Chavalittumrong**, Thidarat Boonruad**, Prapai Wongsinkongman**, Jaree Bansidhi**, Mir S. Mulla***
Affiliations: * National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, 88/7 Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand ** Medicinal Plant Research Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, 88/7 Tiwanon Rd., Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand *** Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
Source: Presented in the 4th International Congress of Vector Ecology (SOVE),Reno, Nevada, U.S.A., 2 – 7 October 2005
Language: English
Abstract:
Essential oils from parts of 3 species of plants (finger root rhizomes, guava leaves and turmeric rhizomes), steam distillated and formulated as insect repellents were tested in the field on human volunteers against mosquitoes, black flies and land leeches in Thailand. For comparison, testing of a commercial plant-based repellent (Repel Care®) and deet was also included. The tests against wild mosquitoes were conducted in Bang Bua Thong District, Nonthaburi Province and at the Thap Lan National Park Headquarter, Nadee District, Prachinburi Province while those against anthropophilic black flies were conducted at the Forestry Fire Control Station in the Doi Inthanon National Park, Chomthong District, Chiang Mai Province and those against land leeches were carried out in the Khao Yai National Park, Pak Chong District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. The 3 experimental plant-based essential oil formulations provided complete protection from mosquito landing and biting for up to 9 hours (duration of the experiment), equaling the protection provided by Repel Care® and 208 deet. There was no difference in the duration of complete protection provided by the 5 repellent products. Similar results were obtained with the 5 products against black flies, providing 100% protection for 9 hours, but extent of protection declining to 82-96%, 10 hours and 11 hours post-treatment. There was no significant difference in affording protection from black fly attacks among the different products at any of the post-treatment intervals. A complete protection (100%) against land leeches for at least 8 hours was obtained from the 5 repellent products. This is the first report of repellency of plant-based repellents against black flies and land leeches. The identification and availability of cheap sources of plant-based oils such as those from finger root rhizomes, guava leaves and turmeric rhizomes providing long-lasting repellency are promising leads into commercial production of safe and effective repellents.
209
2005-28
Title: Mutation in α-glucosidase, a putative receptor for binary toxin, of Bacillus sphaericus - resistant Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand
Authors: Mongkon Audtho*, Usavadee Thavara**, Boonhiang Promdonkoy*, Apiwat Tawatsin**, Sakol Panyim***, Mir S. Mulla****
Affiliations: * BIOTEC Central Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Phaholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand ** National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, 88/7 Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand *** Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Genetics, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand **** Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A.
Source: Presented in the 4th International Congress of Vector Ecology (SOVE),Reno, Nevada, U.S.A., 2 – 7 October 2005
Language: English
Abstract:
Application of Bacillus sphaericus (BS) strain 2362 in low-income communities in Thailand rapidly triggers higher than 100,000-fold resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus to the bacteria. In this study, DNA sequences of α-glucosidase gene, which encodes for a putative receptor for the bacterial binary toxin, from both BS- susceptible and resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were analyzed. The gene from both mosquito larvae was encoded in a 1,911-bp DNA fragment and consists of 3 short introns. When mRNA was used as a template in RT-PCR, a 1,743-bp DNA fragment encoding for 580 amino acids was obtained. Comparison of α-glucosidase gene from susceptible and resistant larvae reveals 2 groups of the gene. The first group consists of Ala141 → Asp, Thr172 → Gln, and Trp339 → Stop. The second group shows several point mutation; Asp29 → Asn, Ala 95 → Asp, Ser113 → Ala, Thr172 → 210 Gln, Tyr369 → Asp, and Gly541 → Ser. Therefore, resistance mechanism of Cx. quinquefasciatus against B. sphaericus might include both point mutation and the mutations that leads to premature termination of translation.
2005-29
Title: Decrease of mosquito salivary gland proteins after a blood meal: An implication for pathogenesis of mosquito bite allergy
Authors: Padet Siriyasatien*, Kuntida Tangthongchaiwiriya*, Kanyarat Kraivichian*, Surang Nuchprayoon*, Apiwat Tawatsin**, Usavadee Thavara**
Affiliations: * Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand ** National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, 88/7 Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Source: Presented in the 4th International Congress of Vector Ecology (SOVE),Reno, Nevada, U.S.A., 2 – 7 October 2005
Language: English
Abstract:
Salivary gland protein profiles of Aedes aegypti (L) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say pre- and post-blood feeding were analyzed. SDS-PAGE studies before blood feeding of Ae. aegypti demonstrated 8 major polypeptide bands of 20, 35, 37, 42, 45 47, 70 kDa and a high molecular weight band >118 kDa, whereas those of Cx. quinquefasciatus demonstrated 9 major polypeptide bands of 20, 26, 36, 38, 45, 47, 49 kDa and 2 high molecular weight bands >118 kDa. After a blood feeding, salivary gland polypeptides of Ae. aegypti: 35, 37, 45, 47, 70 kDa and high molecular weight band >118 kDa were depleted, while the polypeptide bands of 20, 26, 36, 38 kDa were depleted in Cx. quinquefasciatus. This study indicates that these major polypeptides were introduced into vertebrate hosts during mosquito took a blood meal. Further investigation in molecular, biochemical and immunological aspects of these salivary gland polypeptides may provide information for better understanding in the role of these proteins in mosquito bite allergy.
211
2005-30
Title: Laboratory and field evaluation of the potency of Bactimos Briquets against Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Ratana Sithiprasasna*, Thanyaluk Fansiri*, Usavadee Thavara**, Apiwat Tawatsin**
Affiliations: * Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand ** National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, 88/7 Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Source: Presented in the 4th International Conference on Biopesticides, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 13 – 18 February 2005
Language: English
Abstract:
Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis is a gram-positive spore- forming bacterium produces a proteinaceous crystal (δ-endotoxin) during sporulation. The crystal is cleaved into the toxic polypeptides by specific proteases in the mid-gut of ingesting mosquito larva. The toxic polypeptides bind to the gut epithelium and cause paralysis and death within a short time. This bio-potency study of Bactimos Briquets (active ingredient: 7,000 ITU Aedes aegypti International Toxic Units [ITU]/mg Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis) against late 3rd instar larvae of the arbovirus vector Aedes aegypti has been carried out according to WHO standard protocols. The six concentrations of Bti product were used in each replicated 4 times with 25 mosquito larvae. Probit analysis was then used to determine LC50 which equated to a dosage of 0.54072 mg/L. The potency value of 515.42 ITU/mg (briquets) based on the ratio between the LC50 of International Reference Standard IPS-82 and LC50 of the Bti product was calculated. In field-simulated experiment, the product was evaluated against Ae. aegypti larvae in 4 identical glazed clay water-storage jars (200 L) at the dosage of ¼ dunk/jar and the inhibition of emergence (IE) was employed to 212 assess efficacy. It was found that the Bactimos Briquets provided excellent control (IE > 90%) for at least 8 weeks. The potential role of this product will be discussed.
2005-31
Title: Efficacy of volatile oils derived from Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus and Litsea cubeba against mosquitoes
Authors: Oramon Santiwitchaya*, Luepol Punnakunta*, Prathuengsri Sinchaisri*, Usavadee Thavara**
Affiliations: * Faculty of Environmental and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand ** National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences Ministry of Public Health, 88/7 Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Source: Presented in the 4th International Conference on Biopesticides, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 13 – 18 February 2005
Language: English
Abstract:
The volatile oils derived from three plant species, Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) and May Chang (Litsea cubeba) were extracted by hydro-distillation and evaluated for mosquito repellent activity against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions. The volatile oil yields obtained from fresh parts of Lemon grass (leaves), Citronella grass (leaves) and May Chang (fruits) were 0.64% (v/w), 1.04% (v/w) and 3.66% (v/w), respectively. Each oil was prepared as liquid formulation (non-gassed spray) at three different concentrations: 5%, 10% and 15% in ethanol (95%) and then tested against the mosquitoes in a test room at the dosage of about 0.18 - 0.2 g/m3. Assessments were carried out by comparison of mosquitoes captured by volunteers in the test area (with repellent spraying) and the controlled area (without repellent spraying). Overall, repellencies of the three volatile oils against Cx. quinquefasciatus were significantly higher than those obtained from Ae. aegypti. The repellencies of Lemon grass, Citronella grass and May Chang against Cx. quinquefasciatus were 28.2 - 68.2%, 33.3 - 80.7% and 48.1 - 76.2%, respectively; whereas those against Ae. 213 aegypti were 4.7 - 23.6%, 0 - 32.3% and 20.5 - 28.9%, respectively. There is no significant difference among repellencies obtained from the three volatile oils against Cx. quinquefasciatus as well as against Ae. aegypti. This study therefore indicated that volatile oils derived from Lemon grass, Citronella grass and May Chang were equally effective as mosquito repellent against Cx. quinquefasciatus and could be useful for protection from biting of the mosquitoes. However, the volatile oil obtained from May Chang is considered to be the most appropriate source of repellent products according to its nice smell and high yield.
214
2005-32
Title: Rodents: a major reservoir of leptospirosis in Thailand
Authors: Wimol Petkanchanapong*1, Pathom Sawanpanyalert*, Amporn Imvitaya*, Piyada Wangroongsarb*, Jureeporn Bunyawongwiroj**, Wijitr Fungladda***
Affiliations : * National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi Province, Thailand ** Nakhon Ratchasima Regional Medical Science Center, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand *** Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Source: Proceeding of The Forth Scientific Meeting of The International Leptospirosis Society 2005, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Language: English
Abstract:
The aim of the study was to survey the current extent of the infected rodents living in an endemic area, Prathai District and Chum Phuang District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province located in the Northeastern Thailand. Cultivation of leptospires from rodent kidneys and patient blood, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of rodent tissue for detection of leptospiral DNA and serologic testing of serum from patients and rodents by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) were performed in Thai National Institute of Health. A total of 1126 trapped rodents were classified into 8 species. Leptospira interrogans were found in 10 (0.9%) out of 1126 rodent samples. The infection rates of Bandicota indica, Bandicota savilei and Rattus rattus were 6.1, 0.7 and 0.7 %, respectively while all samples from Rattus exulans, Rattus losea, Mus cervicolor, Mus caroli and Sancus murinus did not reveal leptospires. Autumnalis, the most predominant serogroup isolated from B. indica (7) and B. savilei (1) and one Pyrogenes isolated from R. rattus was identified. Four out of 77 leptospirosis suspected cases in Prathai and Chum Phuang Hospital showed positive results of the serogroup Autumnalis (2) and Grippotyphosa 215 (2). B. indica did not only show the highest infection (6.1%) but also confirmed its role as a major reservoir of the serogroup Autumnalis (5.8%) which typically causes of human leptospirosis in that area and other places in Thailand. Genetic analysis of all leptospiral isolates is ongoing to investigate. 2005-33
Title: Seroepidemiological Investigations of Human and Animal Leptospirosis in a Rural Community, Nakhon Ratchasima, Northeastern Thailand
Authors: Wijitr Fungladda*1, W. Wongwit*, K Okanurak*, J. Kaewkungwal*, D. Kitayaporn * ,D. Suwancharoen **, P. Sawanpanyalert ***, W. Petkanchanapong ***,
A. Imvitaya***, J. Bunyawongwiroj ****, P. Yuthayong ****, W. Tangkanakul *****
Affiliations : * Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand ** National Institute of Animal Health, Bangkok, Thailand *** National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand **** Nakhon Ratchasima Regional Medical Science Center, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ***** Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Source: Proceeding of The Forth Scientific Meeting of The International Leptospirosis Society 2005, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Language: English
Abstract:
According to hospital-based data, reported cases of leptospirosis in Thailand increased dramatically during the years 1998-2002. Community-based information of human and animal leptospiral infections in the same area has never been investigated in Thailand. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalance and incidence of human leptospiral infections and the prevalence of animal leptospirosis in an endemic area of Nakhon Ratchasima, northeastern Thailand. A follow-up study was conducted in Prathai and Chum Phuang districts, Nakhon Ratchasima, with 2,207 villagers aged 15-70 years. The majority of the respondents were involved in agricultural occupations. In 2004, venipuncture was performed among the participants every three months, during March, June, September, and December for microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with 24 serovars of Leptospira interrogans, to determine Leptospira infection; a MAT titre of 1:100 or over was considered seropositive. Serological surveys 216 using a MAT titre cut-off point of 1:50, and urine cultures for leptospires, were performed in buffaloes, cattle, pigs, and dogs, with 100 animals in each group. Leptospiral infections in rodents were detected by cultivations of leptospires from the kidneys of 1,126 trapped rodents with serological testing by MAT, simultaneously with human surveys in the study area. The prevalence rates of human leptospiral infections from the four surveys were 31.7, 28.3, 38.5, and 48.9/1,000 population, respectively, and the cumulative incidences were 10.8, 11.5, and 16.3/1,000 population for the second to fourth surveys. The incidence rate was 35.5 cases per 100,000 person-years. Among 280 seropositive persons, 62.9% were males and 37.1% were females, with ages ranging between 17-68 years and an average of 46.6 years. The predominant (97.1%) leptospiral infection in seropositive humans was Leptospira interrogans serovar Bratislava, which was also found in dogs and pigs, at rates of 5.7 and 3.0%, respectively. The serovars found in buffaloes and cattle were pomona, ranarum, sarmin, sejroe, shermani, and tarassovi. Leptospira interrogans was found in 10/1,126 (0.9%) rodent samples. The predominant serogroup isolated from rodents was Autumnalis, and only one isolated sample was Pyrogenes. The results revealed that in this endemic area, transmission of subclinical leptospirosis in the general population occurred throughout the year. The main serovar found in humans was bratislava, which was also found in dogs and pigs in the same community. Urine cultures, for isolating serovars from dogs, pigs and other animals, are being processed to identify and confirm the maintenance hosts of leptospires in this endemic community. These results will be useful for preventing and controlling leptospirosis.
217
2005-34
Title: Epidemiology and Burden of Rotavirus Diarrhea in Thailand: Results of Sentinel Surveillance
Author: Chuleeporn Jiraphongsa*, Joseph S. Bresee**,Yaowapa Ponsuwanna***, Pipat Kluabwang****, Uri poonawangul*****, Pramote Arporntip******, Manas Kanoksil*******, Nakorn Premsri********, Utcharee Intusoma*********, and Rotavirus Surveillance Project Thailand Study Group
Affiliation: * Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control ** Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA *** National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences **** Maesod Hospital, Tak Province ***** Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi Province ****** Hadyai Hospital, Songkhla Province ******* Nongkhai Hospital, Nongkhai Province ******** Sakaeo Hospital, Sakaeo Province ********* Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005; 192: S87-S93
Language: English
Abstract:
Diarrhea remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among children in Thailand, with >1 million cases reported in 2002. In anticipation of the development of vaccines against rotavirus, we evaluated the disease burden associated with rotavirus infection in Thai children and evaluated the rotavirus serotypes now circulating in Thailand. Diarrhea surveillance was conducted at 6 Thai hospitals in different geographic areas. Community-based surveillance was conducted in Huaykrajao District, Kanchanaburi Province. During the 24 months of surveillance, 4057 children were admitted to the 6 participating hospitals, and 1950 stools samples were collected. Of these stool samples, 43% (838) were positive for rotavirus. All rotavirus-positive stool samples were evaluated to identify their serotypes; 54.8% of samples were of serotype G9, which was predominant each year. Other identified rotavirus serotypes included G2, G4, G1, and G3 (17.2%, 5.3%, 0.8%, and 0.1% of isolates, 218 respectively). Approximately one-half of the children hospitalized with rotavirus diarrhea were <1 year old. Community surveillance showed the proportion of cases of rotavirus diarrhea in the community to be much lower than that in the hospitalized population (12.2% vs. 43.0%). 2005-35
Title: Effectiveness of Bacterial Larvicide Products from Thai Strain Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
Author: Laojana Chowanadisai*, Nittaya Methawanitphong* and Narong U-mai* In: Ngo DB, Akhuest RJ, Dean DH (eds.)
Affiliation: *National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences
Source: Biotechnology of Bacillus thuringensis. Hanoi: Science and Technic Publishing House 2005; 5: 365-382
Language: English
Abstract:
In Thailand, Bacillus thurigniensis subsp. israelensis recovered from Phrae Province, exhibited larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti and recognized as a candidate strain for further development of bacterial larvicide products. The present study was therefore conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of local products of this strain against Ae. aegypti larvae under small-scale field trial. Assessment on the effectiveness of bacterial larvicide was conducted at Ban Nong Ya Prak, Tumbol Donhan, Amphoe Muang, Khon Khaen Province. The study area of totally 274 houses was divided into 6 zones. Two zones were randomly selected for application of 2 bacterial larvicide products of NIH-BC-1 and NIH- BC-2 while 2 zones as check area were treated with Mostab. Average % application coverage for the houses was 88.32. Number of water containers in the area were 1,455 containers comprising different sizes of water jars and cement tank. Ant guard was not much available in the study area. Average % application coverage for water containers was 90.24. Among the water jar in the residence, 61.11% of the jars had cover with the percentage of 60.13 and 0.98 for complete and partial cover, respectively. The bacterial larvicide products, NIH-BC-1 and NIH-BC-2 for field evaluation were prepared in tablet form. The potency of products was calculated on the basis of previous simulated field observation. 219 Preapplication parameters of Container index and Breteau index in the study zones treated with NIH-BC-1, were 30.60 and 246.67 while number of immature stages was 19.72 individual/trap/hour. CI and BI gradually fluctuated and remained at 8.97 and 63.34, respectively on the 25th day of observation. The pupae of Ae. aegypti remained zero until the 15th day after application and pupal recovery was seen on the 20th day after application. While CI and BI in the zones treated with NIH-BC-2, could be reduced from 41.82 and 331.25 to 3.96 and 30.95 within 5 days after application, respectively. The both larval indice fluctuated and remained at 7.58 and 44.05 on the 25th day of observation. Pupal density dropped and could not be trapped until the 25th day after application. In the zone treated with Mostab, pupae could not be trapped during the 5th to 15th day but recoverd on the 20th day and increased more on the 25th day of observation.
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2005-36
Title: Frequent Haemophilus influenzae type B colonization in rural Thailand
Author: Olsen SJ, Dejsirilert S, Sangsuk L, Chunsutiwat S, Dowell SF
Affiliation: International Emerging Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Thai Ministry of Public Health Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Source: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005 Aug; 24(8): 739-42
Language: English
Abstract:
In Asia, there is uncertainty regarding whether the burden of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease is great enough to warrant vaccination. In this nasopharyngeal carriage study in rural Thailand, 7% of children younger than 5 years of age carried Hib, a prevalence similar to that found in countries with high rates of Hib disease before vaccine introduction.
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2005-37
Title: Pneumococci: drug susceptibilities and preliminary epidemiological studies by penicillin binding protein genotyping
Author: Srifeungfung S, Thammawart S, Leelarasamee A, Chokephaibulkit K, Dejsirilert S, Tribuddharat C
Affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Rd, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. [email protected]
Source: Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2005 May; 36(3): 658-62
Language: English
Abstract:
A collection of 307 pneumococcal isolates form 84 children and 223 adults admitted to Siriraj Hospital were separated into two groups, penicillin-susceptible (PSSP) and penicillin-nonsusceptible (PNSP). Each group was tested for susceptibilities to 12 drugs (cefuroxime, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin and co-trimoxazole). PSSP were susceptible to cefuroxime (87.5%), amoxicillin (100%), chloramphenicol (84.7%), tetracycline (45.8%), cefotaxime (99%), ceftriaxone (99%), imipenem (99%), meropenem (100%), ciprofloxacin (76%), ofloxacin (99%), erythromycin (94.8%) and co-trimoxazole (61.5%). PNSP were resistant to most drugs, except for amoxicillin (99%), ofloxacin (99%) and ciprofloxacin (86.3%). Twenty-two pneumococcal isolates belonging to the three most common serotypes (6, 19, 23) were randomly selected for studies of the pbp2b gene with RFLP. There were 7 distinct pbp2b RFLP patterns. RFLP pattern 1 was the most predominant resistant pattern. The RFLP pattern 2 was found.
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2005-38
Title: Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Monophasic Salmonella Serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- Isolates in Thailand
Authors: P.Amavisit 1*, W.Boonyawiwat,* and A.Bangtrakulnonth**
Affiliations: *Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok,Thailand **Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2005: 2736 – 2740
Language: English
Abstract:
Duplex PCR was developed to screen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type DT104 and related strains in Thailand because a phage typing laboratory of serovar Typhimurium is not available. Of 46 isolates of serovar Typhimurium and 32 isolates of S.enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:-,15 (33%) and 30 (94%) were duplex PCR positive, respectively. All isolates were submitted for phage typing to analyze the specificity of the PCR assay. Among serovar Typhimurium isolates that yieded positive duplex PCRs, only seven isolates were phage types DT104 or U302, and eight isolates were underfined types, whereas the negative PCR isolates were either other phage types, including DT7, DT12, DT66, DT79, DT166, DT170, DT193, and DT208 or an underfined type. The serovar Typhimurium and serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates that were duplex PCR positive were further subtyped by using XbaI PFGE to reveal their genetic relatedness. All serovar Typhimurium phage type DT104 strains had indistinguishable chromosomal patterns. The isolates of phage type U302 and most of the serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates that were duplex PCR positive yielded similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. The patterns of PCR – negative isolates distinctly differed from the patterns of PCR- positive isolates. A total of 26% of all isolates had a dominant R- 223 type ACSSuTG that was not found in the isolates of phage type DT104.
2005-39
Title: Epidemiologic Features of Bacterial Infections among Patients with Acute Diarrhea in Hospitals
Authors: Suwanna Thepsoontorn*, Soawapak Hinjoy-, Aroon Bangtrakunnonth**, Therasak Chuknum*,Yongjua Loasirithaworn*
Affiliations: * Bureau of Epidemiology ** National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences
Source: Journal of Health Science 2005; 14: 182-93
Language: English
Abstract:
Acute diarrhea was one of the most important diseases in Thailand; and its morbidity rate had been ranked the highest since 1985. This cross-sectional hospital based study was conducted to describe the epidemiology of diarrhea diseases and types of causative bacteria during February 2004 – January 2005. Administered questionaire was employed in an interview to collect data on selected variables from patients with diarrhea attending 4 hospitals. There were 1,778 diarrhea cases participating in the study. Most of them were children aged under 5 years (35.2%) and falling sick during summer. of these, 373 (32.7%) ate either leftovers or semi- raw food. The median of incubation period was 10 hours. Salmonella spp. (39.9%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (33.1%) Escherichia coli (18.0%), Shigella spp. (2.5%), and Vibrio cholerae El Tor Inaba (1.8%) were identified in specimens drawn from them. Patients with renal failure and chills indicated higher possibilities of having bacterial infections 3.2 (95%CI = 1.2-8.6) and 2.0 (95%CI = 1.6-2.6) times more than those without the symptoms respectively. Such risk was 1.7 (95% CI – 1.0 – 2.9) times higher among infants fed with formula than breast fed ones. Using surface water had 1.7 and 1.8(95%CI = 1.4 - 2.2) timer higher risk of getting diarrhea than 224 using tap water, rain water or under ground water. The results will be baseline data for a diarrhea prevention and control program.
2005-40
Title: Prevalence of Food – borne Pathogens Infection among Workers in Fish Ball Factories, Samut Sakhon Province, 2003
Authors: Lukkana Junram*, Waraluk Tangkanakul**, Yonjua Laosiritaworn*, Surachit Kitarun**,Yodchai Klomsila***,Somchit Chanumpron****, Chaiwat Pulsrikarn*****
Affiliations: *Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP), Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control ** Food and Water – borne Disease Section, Bureau of Genneral Communicable Diseases, Department of Disease Control *** Office of Disease Prevention and Control 4, Ratchaburi Province, Department of Disease Control **** Samut Sakhon Provincial Health Office, Ministry of Public Health ***** WHO Salmonella and Shigella Center, National Institute of Health
Source: Journal of Health Science 2005; 14: 675-82
Language: English
Abstract:
This crossectional study was carried out with the aims to define prevalence and factors associated with food-borne pathogens infection and diarrheal diseases among workers in fish ball factories, Samut Sakhon Province. The study was conducted during 1 November 2003 – 31 April 2004. Feces specimens were collected by rectal swab and cultured for food – borne pathogens. Data on factors associated with the infection were also collected. The overall prevalence of 4.5 (15/331) percent was reported. All of the infected workers were directly involved with fish ball processing and did not have any clinical manifestations of diarrheal disease. Salmonella spp. And Vibrio parahaemolyticus were identified in the specimens resulting in prevalence rates of 66.7 (10/15) and 33.3 (5/15) percent respectively. Major (71.4%) serovars of Salmonella spp. were similar to the 10 most common serovars reported in Thailand. Workers based in the Northeastern part, having diarrheal disease in family member in the previous week, consuming ready-to-eat food at home, consuming 225 half cooked food, and no daily garbage collection service increased the risk of food-borne pathogens infections and diarrheal diseases. Low prevalence of food-borne pathogens infection and diarrheal diseases Low prevalence of food – borne pathogens infecton and diarrheal diseases was reported among workers who washed their hands before meal.
2005-41
Title: Salmonella Lamphun : The first isolated new Salmonella serovar in Thailand
Authors: Mayura Kusum*, Aroon Bangtrakulnonth** ,Chaiwat Pulsrikarn** and Frank Aarestrup***
Affiliations: *Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand **WHO National Salmonella and Shigella Center, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand ***Danish Institute for food and Veterinary Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
Source: Joint International Tropical Medicine Meeting 2005
Language: English
Abstract:
The new Salmonella serovars, Salmonella Lamphun were isolated from animal feeds in Thailand in a year 2003. They belonged to group C with antigenic formula 6,8; y :1,2 and susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. The Pulsed Field Gel profile comprised of 11 DNA fractions sized 48, 65, 77,105,110,170,244,330,337,453 and 1,135 kbp. Up to April 2005, no human or animal infected by this new serovar Salmonella was reported.
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2005-42
Title: Comparison of Culture Medium Used in Selective Enrichment and Isolation Procedure for Salmonellae Detection in Retailed Raw Pork Loin
Authors: Adisorn Swetwiwathana*, Warawut Krusong*, Srirat Pornruengwong** and Aroon Bangtrakulnonth**
Affiliations: *Prcposed Faculty of Agricultural Industry. King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang **WHO Salmomella and Shigella Center Department of Medical sciences, Ministry of Public Health
Source: King Mongkut’s Agricultural Journal January-April 2005; 23(1)
Language: English
Abstract:
Fifty-five samples of pork loin marketed in retail outlets and supermarkets around Ladkrabang, Nonthaburi and Patumthani provinces were analysed for the prevalence of salmonellae by using standard conventional method as described by AOAC and USFDA. Tetrathionate (TT) broth incubated at 37o C and Rappaport- Vassiliadis (RV) broth incubated at 42o C were used as selective enrichment medium. Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate (XLD) agar, Hektoen Enteric (HE) agar incubated at 37o C and Modified Semisolid Rappaport Vassiliadis (MSRV) medium incubated at 42o C were compared as isolating medium. The results revealed that salmonellae was positive 88.0% (44 of 50 samples) and 19 serovars were isolated. The predominant serovars were S.Anatum (32.3%), S.Rissen (20.8%), S.Panama (9.4%) and S.Stanley (9.4%) respectively. Using RV broth as a selective enrichment medium gave more salmonellae positive samples than using TT broth (82.0 and 80.0% respectively), besides using TT broth could detect more variety of salmonellae than using RV broth (16 and 14 serovars respectively). Using MSRV as isolating medium gave higher 227 salmonellae detection in broth of positive sample numbers and serovars tnan those of KLD and HE respectively. In conclusion, better use more than one medium in selective enrichment and isolation steps exhibited better salmonellae positive results and could detect more serovars of salmonellae in pork loin samples.
2005-43
Title: Nomenclature Variation as a Component in Assessing the Consistency of Identification of Pseudomonads and Related Organisms
* * ** *** Authors: Micah I. Krichevsky , Paul De Vos ,Mark Segal ,Elaine J. Krichevsky **** ***** ****** Surang Dejsirilert , Patrick Gillevet ,Deborah Henry , ******* ******** ********* Jorge Lalucat , Edward Moore ,Jane Tang , ********** *********** ************ Sue Whitehead , Yuguang Zhou , Hans Yu
Affiliations: *Bionomics International, USA **University of Gent, Belgium ***Environmental Protection Agency, USA ****National Institute of Health, Thailand *****George Mason University, USA ******University of British Columbia, Research Centre, Canada *******Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain ******** The Macaulay Research Institute, Scotland, U.K *********American Type Culture Collection, USA **********British Colombia Institute of Technology, Canada ***********CAS, China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, Institute of Microbiolgy, China ************Health Canada, Canada
Source: Joint Statistical Meetings, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 10 August 2005
Language: English
Abstract:
Background: Those wanting identification of unknown bacteria need to know the reproducibility of identifications, especially to determine possible pathogenicity and to support regulatory assessments of potential hazard. Sponsored by Health Canada, 300 isolates (Phase I, 2000-2003) of Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and related genera were sent to 8 laboratories for identification. (Phase II is ongoing, 2003-2006.) The aim is to evaluate reproducibility. The laboratories varied in mission and methodologies. A serious issue in identification is the underlying nomenclatures used by 228 taxonomists, commercial or personal identification methods, public data banks, etc. We wished to separate the inconsistencies in identification due to nomenclature from variations in the laboratory data. Methods: A distributing laboratory sent randomly encoded cultures to each laboratory. Using their own methods, each laboratory submitted best estimates of the isolates’ identities with supporting data. We created databases of genera, species, subspecific identifications, identification failures and primary data. To normalize the taxon names we used the name reported by the contributor of the initial cultureand the name in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names for each Phase. We tabulated the consistency of identification across laboratories using the original names assigned and adjusted according to the official names for each of the dates certain. Results: We report: 1) The species names originally submitted for the study; 2) The species identifications originally given by the laboratories; 3) The species names changed as of Phase I; 4) The species names changed as of Phase II; 5) The invalid Phase I or Phase II names submitted by the laboratories i.e., not in the April, 2000 or April, 2003 Approved List, respectively; and 7) The names from GENBANK/EMBL vs. RDB for individual 16s RNA sequences. Conclusions: The information illustrates the profound lag in transfer to and use of nomenclatural information by the practitioners of the art of identification. The consistency of identification improved when reported names were adjusted for name changes to a date certain. The adjustments allowed differentiation of the analytical capabilities of labs and methods, unfettered by naming discrepancies.
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2005-44
Title: Using Multiply-Read Cultures to Improve Biotechnology Identification
Authors: E.H. Margosches*, M. Segal*, P. De Vos**, S. Dejsirilert***, P. Gillevet****, D. Henry*****, M. Krichevsky******, J. Lalucat*******, E. Moore******** , J. Tang*********, S. Whitehead**********, Y. Zhou***********, and H. Yu************
Affiliations: * Environmental Protection Agency, USA **University of Gent, Belgium *** National Institute of Health, Thailand **** George Mason University, USA ***** University of British Columbia, Research Centre, Canada ****** Bionomics International, USA ******* Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain; ******** The Macaulay Research Institute, Scotland, U.K *********American Type Culture Collection, USA **********British Colombia Institute of Technology, Canada ***********CAS, China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, Institute of Microbiolgy, China ************Health Canada, Canada
Source: Pseudomonas 2005, 10th Intl. Congress on Pseudomonas, Marseilles, France, 27-31 August 2005
Language: English
Abstract:
Countries oversee the production of biotechnology in order to protect human health and the environment. To support such missions, proper identification of the object of regulation is needed to ensure the correct item is evaluated. In the US, our office is responsible for promoting safer chemicals and biotechnology products through regulatory and voluntary efforts, which include the review of product properties. Reliable species identification is essential for governmental evaluation of bacteria used in biotechnology. Experience has shown that consistent identification of species of the genus Pseudomonas is difficult. This is just one of several genera; some have many species, thereby complicating identification. An international comparison of identification methods was carried out by 230 several government and other labs. Aims of the activity included determining success in species identification and which of certain methods aligned well with which species. Analysis is progressing through naive graphical comparisons, to more sophisticated statistical ones. This paper will outline some of the issues at hand and present summary analyses to illustrate the problems. 2005-45
Title: Identifying Metabolically Versatile Fluorescent Pseudomonas
Authors: M. Segal1*, P. De Vos**, S. Dejsirilert***, P. Gillevet****, D. Henry*****, E. Krichevsky******, M. Krichevsky******, J. Lalucat*******, E. Moore******** , J. Tang*********, S. Whitehead**********, Y. Zhou***********, and H. Yu************
Affiliations: * Environmental Protection Agency, USA ** University of Gent, Belgium *** National Institute of Health, Thailand **** George Mason University, USA ***** University of British Columbia, Research Centre, Canada ****** Bionomics International, USA ******* Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain ******** The Macaulay Research Institute, Scotland, U.K ********* American Type Culture Collection, USA **********British Colombia Institute of Technology, Canada ***********CAS, China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, Institute of Microbiolgy, China ************Health Canada, Canada
Source: Symposium For Agricultural Biotechnology Risk Analysis Research, Riverdale, MD USA, 29 November–1 December, 2005
Language: English
Abstract:
The fluorescent Pseudomonas include metabolically versatile taxa, some newly classified. Methods used to classify them have improved dramatically, but these methods were not designed for identifying previously named unknowns at the species level. Working collaboratively on a project sponsored by Health Canada to address a need of government and industry for accurate identification of these species, we performed a multilaboratory study of identification methods for Pseudomonas. Each of 8 labs got 301 cultures as unknowns, 88 of which were believed to be P. fluorescens, P. putida or close relatives. The labs made species- level identifications using18 different methods and combinations. 231 The fluorescent Pseudomonas were among the more difficult species to match at the species level, but there was little difficulty in placing them in Pseudomonas. It was commonplace to confuse one fluorescent Pseudomonas for another. P. fluorescens and P. putida were frequently confused, with many cultures having split identifications depending on the methods used. Other related species were often identified as either P. fluorescens or P. putida. Possible reasons for the mismatching of names include: failure of commercial methods to keep databases updated taxonomically; overall method insensitivity; problematic original identifications; “fuzzy” species definitions; chimeric genomes from gene transfer among the pseudomonads. The latter reasons are related to why these bacteria are so interesting for biotechnology. Their complex genomes can adapt to rapidly changing environments. This causes problems for taxonomies that depend on stable genomes expressing consistent characteristics.
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