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Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) Associated with Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from Iran, Including New Records

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Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) Associated with Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from Iran, Including New Records NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 9 (1): 30-44 ©NwjZ, Oradea, Romania, 2013 Article No.: 131201 http://biozoojournals.3x.ro/nwjz/index.html A contribution to the knowledge of Charipinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) associated with aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from Iran, including new records Mar FERRER-SUAY1, Jesús SELFA2, María Victoria SECO-FERNÁNDEZ3, George MELIKA4, Azam ALIPOUR5, Ehsan RAKHSHANI5*, Ali Asghar TALEBI6 and Juli PUJADE-VILLAR1 1. Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Biologia Animal, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028-Barcelona, Spain 2. Universitat de València, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Departament de Zoología, Campus de Burjassot-Paterna, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot (València), Spain 3. Universidad de León, Escuela Superior y Técnica de Ingeniería Agraria, Departamento de Ingeniería Agraria, Avda. de Portugal 41, E-24071 León, Spain 4. Pest Diagnostic Laboratory, Plant Protection & Soil Conservation Directorate of County Vas, Ambrozy setany 2, 9762 Tanakajd, Hungary 5. Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Zabol, P. O. Box: 98615-538, I. R. Iran 6. Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115 on 335, I. R. Iran *Corresponding author, E. Rakhshani, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 17. August 2011 / Accepted: 13. September 2012 / Available online: 26. December 2012 / Printed: June 2013 Abstract. The aphid-associated Charipinae (Hym., Figitidae) of Iran were investigated together with their primary-host parasitoid–aphid–plant trophic associations. Fifteen species in total were collected and identified during this study; of which Alloxysta arcuata (Kieffer, 1902), A. brevis (Thomson, 1862), A. castanea (Hartig, 1841), A. macrophadna (Hartig, 1841), A. melanogaster (Hartig, 1840), A. pusilla (Kieffer, 1902), A. ruficollis (Cameron, 1883), A. tscheki (Giraud, 1860) and A. ullrichi (Giraud, 1860) are recorded for the first time from Iran. Six previously recorded species were also found; being Phaenoglyphis villosa (Hartig, 1841), A. citripes (Thomson, 1862), A. erythrothorax (Hartig, 1840), A. fuscicornis (Hartig, 1841), A. mullensis (Cameron, 1883) and A. victrix (Westwood, 1833). A discussion about diagnostic characters is presented for all species included here. The present contribution together with recent research has revealed many new records, and indicates various faunistic complexes in this poorly investigated region. Key words: Figitidae, Charipinae, aphid hyperparasitoids, Alloxysta, Phaenoglyphis, Iran. Introduction parasitoids to disperse (van Veen et al. 2001). However, under certain circumstances they may The Charipinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figi- play a positive role in maintaining the balance be- tidae) are a group of very small wasps, which are tween population of primary parasitoid and its widely distributed throughout the world (An- host aphid (Bennet 1981, Starý 1970). Members of drews 1978). They are biologically characterized as the subfamily Charipinae are assumed to have an hyperparasitoids of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidi- important negative effect on the biological control dae) through Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneu- of aphids and psyllids pest species. They only at- monoidea: Braconidae) and Aphelinidae (Hymen- tack aphids and psyllids when they have already optera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae), and hyper- been parasitized by primary parasitoid. parasitoids of psyllids (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Eight genera are currently considered valid in through Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) the Charipinae (Carver 1993, Ronquist 1999, Pare- (Carver 1992, Menke & Evenhuis 1991). tas-Martínez & Pujade-Villar 2006, Paretas- Generally, hyperparasitoids are considered to Martínez et al. 2007b, Pujade-Villar & Paretas- be detrimental for biological control efforts as they Martínez 2006). The genera associated with aphids reduce the efficiency of primary parasitoids on are Alloxysta Förster, 1869 (cosmopolitan), their hosts in the following ways: (i) increasing Phaenoglyphis Förster, 1869 (cosmopolitan), Lytox- primary parasitoid mortality, (ii) indirectly in- ysta Kieffer, 1909 (North America), and Loboptero- creasing the growth rate of the aphid population charips Paretas-Martínez & Pujade-Villar, 2007 and (iii) increasing the propensity for primary (Nepal), while those parasitizing Psyllidae are Charipinae aphid hyperparasitoids from Iran 31 Dilyta Förster, 1869 (cosmopolitan), Apocharips coater and then visualized with a JEOL JSM 6390 scan- Fergusson, 1986 (cosmopolitan, not cited from ning electron microscope to observe fine morphological Australia), Dilapothor Paretas-Martínez & Pujade- details. Additionally, a field emission gun environmental scanning electron microscope (FEI Quanta 200 ESEM) Villar, 2006 and Thoreauana Girault, 1930 (Austra- was used for high-resolution imaging without gold- lia). Two genera, Alloxysta Förster with 111 valid coating. Wings were photographed with a ZeissTM Dis- species and Phaenoglyphis Förster with 31 valid covery V8 compound microscope equipped with an at- species, are the most widespread taxa within the tached INFINITYX-21C digital camera that fed image subfamily. These two genera are cosmopolitan but data to a notebook or desktop computer. The software are best known from the Palaearctic and Nearctic DeltaPixTM View-Pro AZ was then used to merge an im- regions. Very few studies have been done to ex- age series (typically representing 20 focal planes) into a single in-focus image. The morphological terminology pand the knowledge of this group in other regions used in this paper follows Paretas-Martínez et al. (2007a). (Carver 1993–Australia, Pujade-Villar et al. 2002– The terms for surface sculpture follow Harris (1979). The Neotropical region, Takada & Nakamura 2010– abbreviation F1–F12, represent the first and subsequent Eastern Palaearctic). In Iran, only five species of flagellomeres. The width of the forewing radial cell is Alloxysta and one of Phaenoglyphis have previously measured from the margin of the wing to the beginning been reported (Rakhshani et al. 2001, 2004, Lotfali- Rs vein. We have examined the type material of: Alloxysta zadeh 2002a,b, Lotfalizadeh & van Veen 2004, Pu- arcuata (Kieffer), Alloxysta brevis (Thomson), Alloxysta melanogaster (Hartig) and Alloxysta mullensis (Cameron), jade-Villar et al. 2007, Khayrandish-Koshkooei et difficult species that previous authors have often con- al. 2013). fused. All of the newly collected material has been depos- ited in the collection of J. Pujade-Villar (UB - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain) and in the collection of E. Material and methods Rakhshani (University of Zabol, Iran). Host associations: Under the “Material examined” Collection of specimens was carried out in different prov- section, host associations for each species are given in the inces of Iran during 2002–2010. Samples of various host following format: “primary parasitoid–aphid on plant”. plants bearing aphid colonies were collected and trans- Note that the name of the primary parasitoid is given in ferred to the laboratory, where they were subsequently underlined. maintained until parasitoid emergence. The mummified aphids, each attached to a small leaf piece, were placed separately within mesh covered; semi-transparent plastic boxes at laboratory constant conditions where they were Results maintained for 1–2 months under a temperature of 22– 26°C, relative humidity 60–70% and a 16L: 8D photope- Fifteen species of Charipinae aphid hyperparasi- riod. The emerging primary and secondary wasps were toids were identified together with their trophic collected daily from the boxes using an aspirator and di- associations from a total of 402 specimens col- rectly dropped into 96% ethyl alcohol for later examina- lected. Nine species are newly recorded from Iran, tion. Specimens were studied using light microscopy and indicated in the key by an asterisk (*). A total of 77 environmental scanning electron microscopy. One adult female of each species was selected for dissection. Micro- trophic associations involving 20 parasitoids, 28 scopic slides were made from the forewings and the rest aphid species and 38 host plant species were re- of body was gold coated in a BAL-TEC SCD 005 sputter corded from the studied regions. Key to species 1. Lower part of mesopleuron with horizontal sulcus (Fig. 5a) P. villosa (Hartig) — Lower part of mesopleuron smooth, without horizontal sulcus (Fig. 5b) 2 (Alloxysta Förster) 2- Radial cell totally or partially open along costal margin 3 — Radial cell closed 8 3. Radial cell large and expanded (3.3 times longer than wide) (Fig. 3e). Body length more than 1.3 mm *A. macrophadna (Hartig) —Radial cell medium to small in size (less than 3.3 times longer than wide). Body length less than 1.3 mm 4 4. Propodeal carinae absent (Fig. 2a) *A. ullrichi (Giraud) — Propodeal carinae clearly visible (Figs 2d–f) 5 5. Propodeal carinae forming a plate with very slightly curved sides (Fig. 2d) 6 32 M. Ferrer-Suay et al. — Propodeal carinae well defined in their upper half and forming a plate in their lower half, lateral sides curved (Figs 2e, 2f) 7 6. Head reddish brown, mesosoma and metasoma brown. Female antennae with F1 longer than pedicel, F2–F4 subequal in length. Propodeal plate with several setae at top (Fig. 2d) *A. castanea (Hartig) — Head, mesosoma and metasoma yellow. Female antennae with F1 subequal to pedicel, F1 longer than F2, F2 subequal to F3, F4 longer than F3. Propodeal
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