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Néstor García Canclini and Cultural Policy in Latin America

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Néstor García Canclini and Cultural Policy in Latin America 1 Néstor García Canclini and cultural policy in Latin America Bruno Peron Loureiro Department of Film, Media and Cultural Studies Birkbeck College, University of London Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Arts Management, October 2014 Supervisor: Dr Lorraine Lim Co-supervisor: Dr Tim Markham Examiner: Dr Carla Figueira Examiner: Dr Mark Dinneen This thesis was sponsored by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), which is a Brazilian government research agency. 2 I, Bruno Peron Loureiro, declare that the work presented in the thesis Néstor García Canclini and cultural policy in Latin America is my own. __________________________ 3 ABSTRACT Néstor García Canclini and cultural policy in Latin America Bruno Peron Loureiro Abstract This thesis examines Néstor García Canclini´s relationships with various non-academic institutions in Latin America (focusing on Mexico) during the 1990s and the 2000s. It emphasises the shortage of communication between scholars and non-academic policy- making institutions through its study of García Canclini´s cultural policy activism. By investigating García Canclini’s activities with various Latin American non-academic institutions (and particularly those from Mexico), this thesis argues that he not only conceptualises and proposes cultural policy; he also conducts cultural policy. Through his discussion of cultural issues with bureaucrats, legislators, policy-makers, politicians, private managers and newspaper editors, this thesis evaluates his most important engagements to present how cultural policy can move from being an institutionally- oriented instrument to an intellectually-oriented operation. This thesis raises key theoretical debates such as the role of intellectuals in Latin America, cultural policy institutional development, cultural spaces, national development, urban studies, the cultural industries, globalisation and identities, and the multiplicity of cultural policy-makers. In addition, analyses of García Canclini´s academic and conceptual developments as well as a study of the extensive networks he formed beyond academia show how he utilised his extra-academic activities in Latin America to encourage cultural issues through his cultural policy activism. This thesis concludes that García Canclini broke university boundaries through his cultural policy operation without ever speaking from a position other than that of an academic. Keywords Néstor García Canclini; cultural policy; Latin America; institutions 4 To my grandfather José Loureiro Botas Neto ( † ), for his lessons for life. 5 CONTENTS Introduction.............................................................................................................. 1 Methodology............................................................................................................ 14 Chapter 1: A conceptual background to culture and cultural policy................. 22 Introduction......................................................................................... 22 1.1. An approach to intellectuals, culture and cultural policy....................... 23 1.1.1. Modes of an intellectually-oriented cultural policy operation.......... 23 1.1.2. Common inspirations for an inclusive definition of culture............. 30 1.1.3. Covert and implicit political meanings of cultural policy................ 40 1.2. Major issues in Latin America regarding cultural policy....................... 49 1.2.1. Key historical issues of cultural policy in Latin America................ 49 1.2.2. Key current issues of cultural policy in Latin America................... 61 Chapter 2: From philosophy at home to anthropology in exile......................... 73 Introduction......................................................................................... 73 2.1. Academic qualifications in philosophy before the exile......................... 74 2.1.1. Censorship of intellectuals and of institutions in Argentina............ 78 2.1.2. The avant-garde arts and the popular classes´ liberation................. 80 2.1.3. Socioeconomic circumstances for symbolic production.................. 87 2.2. Acclimatisation of the epistemological migrant in Mexico.................... 96 2.2.1. Educational and political contexts in Mexico for the exiles............. 98 2.2.2. The role of artisans and transformations of popular culture............. 101 2.2.3. Politics of the popular and formulations of cultural policy.............. 109 Chapter 3: Developments of García Canclini´s cultural policy......................... 114 Introduction......................................................................................... 114 3.1. Urban studies and cultural transformations in Latin America................ 116 3.1.1. Latin American urban studies and cultural policies for heritage...... 116 3.1.2. Hybrid cultures and cultural transformations in Latin America....... 125 3.2. Policies for the growth of Latin America´s cultural industries............... 133 3.2.1. Citizenship via consumption in Latin America´s development........ 133 6 3.2.2. Policies for the promotion of Latin America´s cultural spaces......... 139 3.3. The impact of globalisation in the spaces of Latin America.................. 148 3.3.1. Latin American identities in the perceptions of globalisation.......... 148 3.3.2. Cultural policy for the consolidation of wider public spaces........... 155 Chapter 4: García Canclini and Latin American institutions............................. 163 Introduction......................................................................................... 163 4.1. Institutions and practices of Latin America´s cultural policy................. 165 4.1.1. Academic rhetoric and cultural policy-making practicality............. 165 4.1.2. From national development to the multiple policy-makers.............. 173 4.2. The pervasiveness of cultural policy in Mexican institutions................. 186 4.2.1. Consejo and cultural policy institutional models in Mexico............ 188 4.2.2. Cultural policy as an implicit issue in Mexican institutions............. 200 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 217 Bibliography............................................................................................................. 231 Appendix I: García Canclini and institutions....................................................... 260 Appendix II: Quotations in other languages........................................................ 299 Appendix III: Style Guide...................................................................................... 314 1 INTRODUCTION Studying Latin America involves understanding cultural encounters, combinations and exchanges between different people that converge to form identities and nationalities. Darcy Ribeiro´s1 thoughts on Brazil as a new civilisation and José Vasconcelos´s2 on the creation of a universal race are examples of work that address the aforementioned issues. Indeed, debates about modernisation and paths of modernity have peculiarities in Latin America. While its policy-makers hesitate on whether they should prioritise indigenous traditions, African heritage or European ideas in building modern nations, there is little disagreement on the need to understand local and national phenomena within a global perspective. For this reason, Latin America connects with other regions (but especially North America and Western Europe) in international relations and this interplay determines some of its key cultural issues and modernisation processes. Latin America is an extensive region in the American continent comprising eighteen countries which were at one point of time or another under French, Portuguese or Spanish colonisation: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, French Guyana and Venezuela. Although it is also possible to include in Latin America certain countries from the Caribbean islands such as Cuba, Haiti and Dominican Republic, this work generally refers to the continental ones mentioned above to convey a clear idea of what Latin America is in terms of its territory. It is also important to emphasise that this thesis employs authors and makes analyses of certain aspects and processes which concern especially Mexico, Argentina, Brazil and Chile. Furthermore, at the beginning of both sections ‘Key historical issues of cultural policy in Latin America’ and ‘Key current issues of cultural policy in Latin America’, I outline Latin America in a particular way regarding both its geographical spaces (which I just mentioned in this paragraph) and ideological spaces (anthropology, coloniality and modernity). The development of institutions that consolidate Latin America´s multiple modernities is not excluded from modernisation processes, although many of Latin America´s institutional developments are not in accordance with the majority of its 1 His key book in this matter is RIBEIRO, Darcy. The Brazilian people: The formation and meaning of 2 VASCONCELOS, José. The cosmic race: A bilingual edition. Translated and annotated by Didier T. Jaén. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. 2 people´s3 culture and education. Yet the ideas that emerge in Latin America to improve the majority of people´s life quality, the feasibility of social change, the efficiency of the state and the result
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