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Rousettus Madagascariensis G Ecologie et population de Rousettus madagascariensis G. Grandidier, 1928 (Pteropodidae) Radosoa A. Andrianaivoarivelo To cite this version: Radosoa A. Andrianaivoarivelo. Ecologie et population de Rousettus madagascariensis G. Grandidier, 1928 (Pteropodidae). Biodiversit´e et Ecologie.´ Universit´e Rennes 1, 2012. Fran¸cais. <tel-00700678> HAL Id: tel-00700678 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00700678 Submitted on 23 May 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 sous le sceau de l’Université Européenne de Bretagne pour le grade de DOCTEUR DES UNIVERSITÉS DE RENNES 1 (Mention : Biologie) Ecole doctorale Vie Agro Santé (VAS) ET D’ANTANANARIVO (Option Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales) Présentée par Radosoa A. Andrianaivoarivelo Préparée à l’unité de recherche UMR 6553 ECOBIO « Ecosystème Biodiversité Evolution » et au Département de Biologie Animale, Université d’Antananarivo Thèse soutenue à la Station Biologique de Paimpont (35380) Intitulé de la thèse : le 26 janvier 2012 devant le jury composé de : Ecologie et population Stéphane AULAGNIER Professeur, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse / rapporteur de Rousettus Hajanirina RAKOTOMANANA Professeur, Université d’Antananarivo / examinateur madagascariensis G. Nelly MENARD Directrice de recherche, CNRS, Rennes / examinateur Grandidier, 1928 Noromalala RAMINOSOA Professeur, Université d’Antananarivo / examinateur (Pteropodidae) Jean-Marc PONS Maître de conférences, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris / examinateur Eric J. PETIT Maître de Conférences, Université Rennes 1 / co-directeur de thèse Steven M. GOODMAN Docteur, MacArthur Field Biologist, Field Museum/ co-directeur de these (invité) Stéphanie Carrière Docteur, Chargée de Recherche, IRD, Montpellier/ Rapporteur (invitée) i i PREFACE Les travaux de cette thèse ont été menés en cotutelle entre l’UMR 6553 ECOBIO, laboratoire de l’Université de Rennes 1 et du CNRS (France) et le Département de Biologie Animale (Option Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales) de l’Université d’Antananarivo (Madagascar), sous la supervision du Dr Eric J. Petit et du Dr Steven M. Goodman, respectivement. La collecte de données, les analyses en laboratoire ont été réalisés avec plusieurs équipes de chercheurs. Aucune partie de cette thèse n'a été soumise pour un degré ou toute autre qualification auprès d’autres universités. i REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail a été effectué en cotutelle entre le Département ECOBIO, Option Biologie, Université de Rennes 1 et le Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo. Il a été dirigé par Eric J. Petit (Université de Rennes 1) et Steven M. Goodman (Université d’Antananarivo). Je les en remercie sincèrement. J’adresse encore ma profonde gratitude à Eric J. Petit pour m’avoir accueilli au sein de son laboratoire et qui m’a énormément aidé et soutenu dans toutes mes démarches pour mon inscription à l’Université de Rennes 1 dans le cadre de cette cotutelle et pour l’obtention de mon visa d’entrée en France. Un hommage à Olga Ramilijaona, mon premier encadrant qui s’est beaucoup investi dans ces travaux de thèse et qui malheureusement n'est plus là pour voir le travail achevé. Je remercie Hajanirina Rakotomanana, Jean-Marc Pons, Nelly Menard, Noromalala Raminosoa Andriamampionona, membres du jury pour le temps qu’ils ont accordé à l’évaluation de mon travail et pour avoir lu les quelques 174 pages qui suivent celle-ci. Merci à Stéphane Aulagnier et Stéphanie Carrière pour avoir participé à ce jury en tant que rapporteurs. J’espère avoir été à la hauteur. Je remercie Paul A. Racey qui a su éveiller en moi, dès mes débuts dans la recherche (vers l’année 2000), une véritable passion pour les chauves-souris. Grâce à lui, j’ai été initié à la recherche et à la conservation des chauves-souris malgaches. Il m’a permis d’entreprendre plusieurs séjours à l’extérieur pour approfondir mes connaissances et m’a sans aucun doute apporté, à travers les centaines d’heures passées ensemble, sur le terrain ou au bureau, une vision plus approfondie de la complexité de la biologie des chauves-souris. J’exprime ici mon admiration pour Richard K. B. Jenkins, ancien Directeur de Madagasikara Voakajy. Ecouter, observer, comprendre, retranscrire avec à-propos sont ses maîtres mots. Qu’il reçoive l'expression de toute ma reconnaissance pour m'avoir conseillé lors de la rédaction des différents chapitres de cette thèse, et pour avoir donné de son dynamisme et de ses compétences scientifiques afin de trouver les fonds nécessaires à mes recherches. Il m’a accordé du temps pour assister à des ateliers, des conférences et des formations aussi bien à Madagascar qu’à l’extérieur pour renforcer mes capacités et me donner les compétences nécessaires à mes travaux de doctorat et à mon développement professionnel. Les équipes de Madagasikara Voakajy et de Lamin’asa Fiarovana Ramanavy ont aussi grandement participé aux collectes des données sur terrain, particulièrement la capture de ii milliers de chauves-souris. Je pense notamment à Amyot F. Kofoky, Andrinajoro R. Rakotoarivelo, Daudet Andriafidison, Fanja H. Ratrimomanarivo, Félicien H. Randrianandrianina, Irma Raharinantenaina, Julie Razafimanahaka, Mahefatiana Ralisata, Noromampiandra Razafindrakoto, Roseline L. Rampilamanana, Tojo Mihangihajason, Tsibara Mbohoahy et Victor Rakotomboavonjy, sans oublier les infatigables chauffeurs Rado Andriamihaja et Olivier M. Randrianarimanana. Je n’oublierai jamais les moments difficiles passés ensemble sur le terrain, la nuit avec les chauves-souris agitées, à récupérer à des endroits escarpés et parfois dangereux. Je pense et remercie tout spécialement Andrinajoro R. Rakotoarivelo, Félicien H. Randrianandrianina, Haingo Rabe, Roseline L. Rampilamanana et Victor Rakotomboavonjy qui nous ont entre autre accompagnés à Maromizaha (Commune Andasibe) pendant plusieurs nuits pluvieuses sur des pentes glissantes pour suivre les déplacements des chauves-souris par radio-télémétrie et pour le courage dont ils ont fait preuve. Ils ont tous eu un rôle important dans la réussite de ces missions et se sont démenés pour que l’on puisse faire le maximum, au prix de leur sommeil. Merci à Mahefatiana Ralisata avec qui j'ai partagé le bureau chez Madagasikara Voakajy, pour nos conversations, scientifiques ou pas et aux bons souvenirs que tu m’as laissés. J’aurais beaucoup aimé capturer les Myzopoda aurita à tes côtés. Avec moi tu aurais eu la chance de capturer les femelles de cette espèce. J'adresse à Noromampiandra Razafindrakoto tous mes remerciements pour sa précieuse collaboration à la détermination taxinomique des échantillons des plantes collectés sur les terrains et les graines accompagnant les fecès de Rousettus madagascariensis . Merci à Tefimanana dit Faralahy, pour avoir accepté de rester seul dans la petite toile de tente pour garder un œil sur la camera de surveillance des animaux visiteurs des fruits et le moniteur, le fou à lier avec qui j’ai passé d’excellents moments, celui qui a promu la dégustation d’une matavikely (Rousettus madagascarisnsis) grillée, morte après sa capture. Merci à ceux qui ont contribué directement ou indirectement à la réussite de ces missions de terrain. Assurer la logistique est un métier difficile où réussir signifie passer inaperçu. En cela, j’exprime donc toute la reconnaissance que méritent le personnel administratif de l’organisation Madagasikara Voakajy, notamment Mhy Andriamampionona, Hubert Ratsimbazafy et Nathalie Rampilamanana pour leur sens de l’improvisation et leurs efforts constants pour faciliter le bon déroulement des missions et de l’administration. Merci à l’équipe Vahatra pour les précieuses données qui ont complétées les bases utilisées. Christophe Rahaingonirina et Sylvestre Raharimbola, membres de l’association iii Mbarakaly nous ont beaucoup aidés pour atteindre les trois gîtes, faisant partie des plus difficiles à acceder des gîtes de Rousettus madagascariensis. Je remercie les très accueillants et sympathiques guides locaux en particulier Ravony, Rakotondranaivo et Andisonina qui travaillent respectivement à Sahavoa, Ambohimanjaka (Commune Tsaravinany), et Antsahahety (Commune Ampasimaneva). J'exprime toute mon amitié à Edward E. Louis, de l’ONG « Madagascar Biodiversity Partner » (MBP), conservationniste-généticien du Centre de Recherche et de Conservation du Zoo de Omaha (CRC Omaha Zoo) pour m’avoir proposé et aidé à venir à Nebraska (EU). Je lui suis reconnaissant pour la patience dont il a fait preuve envers moi lors des études sur la génétique de population au laboratoire. Il m’a permis de réaliser au total quatre voyages aux Etats-Unis, sans oublier mon voyage de retour à Madagascar qu’il a payé pour que je puisse assister aux funérailles de mon père (02-03 septembre 2007). Malgré ce sombre moment, je garderai des souvenirs impérissables de ces expériences qui ont contribué à mon développement personnel. Many thanks Susie S. McGuire et Garry D. Shore, employés du laboratoire du CRC Omaha Zoo pour les conseils et
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