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Larrea Tridentata Life-History Characteristics of the Creosotebush, Larrea tridentata •- ' - /ffl ^'•s<f*id • w^m^^r^ Z&SBH&*Z^WSa&:" - '• *mi 'N-">&5A&S*INP\- J NEW MEXICO SI All IMVl.Rsl |\ A AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULI.l ll\ 526 CON I 1 VIS \( knowlcdgincnts 2 Introduction 3 Methods 4 Description ol experimental areas 4 Fi nit production 5 Carpel fill 5 Viability 5 Influence ol site on (reosotebush establishment 5 Influence of soils on emergence and early growth of creosotebush seedlings 6 Influence of range condition on creosotebush establishment 6 Natural field establishment 6 Growth and maturation 7 Death loss and borei damage 7 Results and discussion 7 Fi uil production 7 Carpel fill 11 Seed viability and longevity 12 Influence of site on creosotebush seedling emergence 11 Influence of soil on emergence, damping-off, and growth of creosotebush seedlings 14 Influence of range condition on creosotebush establishment 16 Natural establishment ol < reosotebush as influenced 1>\ proximity and number of seed source plants and soil stability 21 Growth and Ii nit production ol naturally established creosotebush seedlings 24 Death, borer damage, and down (IKay in creosotebush 26 Summary and conclusions 29 Literature cited 31 October 1968 Las Cruces, New Mexico Acknowledgments Work reported herein was done under a New Mexico State University Agri­ cultural Experiment Station project contributing to Western Regional Co-op­ erative Project W-25, "Ecology and Improvement of Brush Infested Range- lands." Financial support from the regional project is acknowledged. In addi­ tion, acknowledgment of aid in the work is given to the following co-workers at New Mexico State University: Miss Elizabeth McSwain, State Seed Analyst, for use of facilities; Dr. Eugene Staffeldt, Professor of Biology, for aid in evaluation of damping-off damage to seedlings; Dr. Thomas E. Smith, former Professor of Botany and Entomology, for microbiological examination of creosotebush crowns; Dr. Gerald L. Nielson, State Department of Agriculture, for aid in identification of insect larvae; Dr. M. D. Finkner, Professor of Biometrics, for aid with statistical analyses; and Dr. }. U. Anderson, Associate Professor of Agronomy, for identification of soils. Life-History Characteristics of the Creosotebush, Larrea tridentata K. A. Valentine and J. B. Gerard1 Creosotebush {Larrea tridentata soil (Cooperridei and Hendricks, 6; (DC.) Coville) aggressively invades Gardner, 10; Leithead, 14). Jardine desert plains grassland in Aii/ona. and Hunt (12) reported extensive New Mexico, and western Texas. areas ol black grama (Bouteloua erio- Gardner (10) recorded invasion ol poda (I'orr.) Torr.) grassland on the grassland along the Rio Grande Val fornada Experimental Range, as ley in southern New Mexico and shown In range survey in 1915. These pointed out that it takes the form of areas were entirely replaced by creo­ frontal advances along the margins ol sotebush by 1934, a scant 20 years later. the largei creosotebush communities C.infield (I) recorded basal cover of and ol single plants and then small bl.uk giam.i ol 1,127 square centime­ outlier stands at varying distances ters pei square metei (11.27 percent) from the main bodies of the larger for the period 1925-27 on a remnani communities. Yang (21) recorded in­ of this grassland. Average herbage vasions of grassland on upland plains yield of black grama, clipped to stub­ adjacent to the Rio Grande Valley. ble heights ol one and two inches, Buffington and I In bel (2), using 1858 was 768 pounds pel acre foi the same General Land Office survey records years. Bv 1940, the last ol this remnant and recent observations, reported in­ stand had disappeared, leaving the crease ol creosotebush on the Jornada site dominated bv creosotebush with Experimental Range in southern New little or no herbaceous ground cover. Mexico from (il 1 a< res ol moderatel) I bus the shilt from productive and invaded range (creosotebush compris protective perennial grass cover to the ing 15 to 55 percenl ol the perennial creosotebush type may be rapid and vegetation) in 1858 to 12,388 acres of extreme. heavily invaded range (55 to 1 *>*> per­ Accompanying the reduction in cent ol the vegetation) in 1963. Dick- perennial grass cover is a great loss in Peddie (8) found from these earl) grazing capacity ol the range. Paulsen General Land Office survey records and Arcs (15) reported a decrease in that level and gently rolling land in capacit) from 7.1 to 3.7 animal-unit southern New Mexico generally was veais pei section ovei a 25-year period covered with grama grass and that in a creosotebush-tarbush (Flourensia creosotebush was restricted to foot­ cernua DC.) pasture on the Jornada hills and outlying well-drained knolls. Experimental Range. They attributed Damage to grassland range follow­ ing invasion by creosotebush takes the form of reduced perennial grass cover and yield and increased erosion of the loss in capacity to continuous en­ whether by grazing management or croachment of the brush. While this other range management practices, was a large loss in capacity, it does not and the choice of control methods represent the loss which generally ac­ also depend, or should depend, upon companies the full development of these same and other autecological the creosotebush community. This characteristics. The work reported commonly attained development here was designed to determine cer­ brings about the loss of practically tain of these characteristics which 100 percent of original grazing ca­ have a bearing on the invasion of pacity. grassland range by creosotebush and The capacity of any noxious plant on the control of creosotebush on in­ species to invade and dominate a vaded rangeland. More specifically, range and the time and spatial pat­ the objectives of the work were to de­ terns involved are in large part re­ termine fruit and seed production, lated to the autecological characteris­ viability, establishment, and growth tics of that species, especially its fruit­ characteristics of creosotebush. These ing, dissemination, establishment, are, of course, only a few of the many growth, and competitive characteris­ characteristics which constitute the tics. The susceptibility to control, complete autecology of the species. Methods June, and an average maximum of Description of Experimental Areas 56°F is reported for January. Ex­ tremes of —20° and 109°F have been The field work was done on or near recorded at the Jornada Experimental New Mexico State University's Agri­ Range headquarters (16, 17). Depar­ cultural Experiment Station Ranch tures from mean annual and mean in Dona Ana County. The ranch lies growing season precipitation are fre­ on the southern part of the Jornada quent and marked, and drought is Plain and in the bordering hills and common. mountains between the plain and the Soils of the southerly part of the Rio Grande River on the west. This plain on which the experiment sta­ part of the plain is nearly level to tion ranch is located are mainly sandy gently undulating and varies in eleva­ loams underlain by indurated calcium tion between 4300 and 4400 feet (20). carbonate at depths varying from a The climate of the area is arid. few inches to 30 inches and more. Paulsen and Ares (15) report the 38- The vegetation of the lower Jor­ year average annual precipitation at nada Plain consists of grass and brush the Jornada Experimental Range types. The grass types consist in the headquarters, representative of the main of the black grama-mesa drop- central southern part of the plain, to seed (Sporobosns flexuosus (Thurb.) be 9.02 inches. An average of 4.74 Rydb.) climax and various succes- inches, slightly over half the annual sional stages of this climax indirectly total, falls during July, August, and resulting from the extremely damag­ September, the main growing season ing drought of the early 1950's. To- on the range. An average maximum bosa (Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth.)- temperature of 97°F is reported for burro-grass (Scleropogon brevifolius l'hil) types dominate the more re was collected neai the University cam­ stinted lowland swales on the plain. pus, about 20 miles south of the The brush types consist in the main ranch. Aftei collection, all material of separate stands of mesquite (Pro- was dusted with DDT to control in­ sopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. var. glan- sects and stored in the laboiatoiv in dulosa) and creosotebush, but ovei paper bags. Tests were conducted in limited areas these two species occur the New Mexico State Seed Labora- in mixed stands. tory, in 17 C constanl temperature, humidified germinators. Foui lots of Mi i II pels ea( h were used in ea( h test. Fruit Production I he carpels were placed in pen i dishes on standard germination blot- Fruit production was determined tei papei moistened with distilled on plants in the creosotebush vegeta­ water. 'I'he carpels were dusted with tion type and in grassland, both on Spergon to control fungus growth. the station ranch. Groups of 10 full- I he tests were i un foi 60-day pei iods. grown plants each were delineated at After each test, the carpels with no three locations in each of these vege­ germinated seed were opened to de­ tation types. Each fall from 1955 to termine whether any seed was present. 1962, except 1956, a typical branch Germination percentage was com­ was collected from each plant, the puted on the basis ol the filled carpels. fruits were removed and counted, and the branch was oven-dried and weighed. Fruit production is reported Influence of Site on Creosotebush as number per 100 grams of branch Establishment weight. Upon completion of these determinations, all leaf-bearing Ihis experiment was conducted to branches and portions of branches of determine the influence of site char­ each plant in the several groups were acteristic on establishment of creoso­ dipped, oven-dried, and weighed loi tebush.
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