11GUEREE CO, Cent Efficiency Would.Be Secured If They Do Not Think I Am Best on October 14 William Kaempffer,-Mrs^-M
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' ' ., ,�- NONIMPORTATION AND THE SEARCH FOR ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE IN VIRGINIA, 1765-1775 BRUCE ALLAN RAGSDALE Charlottesville, Virginia B.A., University of Virginia, 1974 M.A., University of Virginia, 1980 A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Corcoran Department of History University of Virginia May 1985 © Copyright by Bruce Allan Ragsdale All Rights Reserved May 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: 1 Chapter 1: Trade and Economic Development in Virginia, 1730-1775 13 Chapter 2: The Dilemma of the Great Planters 55 Chapter 3: An Imperial Crisis and the Origins of Commercial Resistance in Virginia 84 Chapter 4: The Nonimportation Association of 1769 and 1770 117 Chapter 5: The Slave Trade and Economic Reform 180 Chapter 6: Commercial Development and the Credit Crisis of 1772 218 Chapter 7: The Revival Of Commercial Resistance 275 Chapter 8: The Continental Association in Virginia 340 Bibliography: 397 Key to Abbreviations used in Endnotes WMQ William and Mary Quarterly VMHB Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Hening William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large; Being� Collection of all the Laws Qf Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature in the year 1619, 13 vols. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia Rev. Va. Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence, 7 vols. LC Library of Congress PRO Public Record Office, London co Colonial Office UVA Manuscripts Department, Alderman Library, University of Virginia VHS Virginia Historical Society VSL Virginia State Library Introduction Three times in the decade before the Revolution. Vir ginians organized nonimportation associations as a protest against specific legislation from the British Parliament. -
419 CHAPTER 7 TREATMENT of a DEBTOR's HOME in FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS What Has Been Will Be Again, What Has Been Done Will Be Do
CHAPTER 7 TREATMENT OF A DEBTOR'S HOME IN FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS What has been will be again, what has been done will be done again; there is nothing new under the sun. Ecclesiastes 1:9 The Bible (New International Version 1984) 7.1 Introduction Consideration of the treatment of the home of the debtor both inside and outside of insolvency, in other jurisdictions, may prove useful as guidance may be drawn from experiences abroad. Comparative research reveals differences in treatment of a debtor's home in various jurisdictions. In systems which do provide protection for the home against the claims of creditors, there are differences in the method in, and extent to, which this occurs. Traditionally, broadly speaking, two approaches have been identified. In some jurisdictions, formal statutory "homestead exemptions", the monetary limits of which are often capped, apply both in the individual debt enforcement process and in the event of the debtor's insolvency. In others, there is no formal "home exemption", as such, but statutory provisions regulating, inter alia, the civil process, family law, insolvency law or the recognition of human rights afford a measure of protection. This occurs, for example, by the imposition of certain procedural requirements before the home may be sold, protecting the interest in the home of a spouse or partner of the debtor from creditors' claims or postponing the forced sale of the family home, in certain circumstances. In a comparative study of exempt assets, after noting the differences, in various jurisdictions, -
Financial Trading and Gambling Disorder in Spain
A CLINICAL ECONOMY OF SPECULATION: Financial Trading and Gambling Disorder in Spain JORGE NU´ N˜ EZ University of California, Davis http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6266-7052 “Did you know that a brokerage firm can lend you up to fifty times your real trading capacity?” Yes, I replied, knowing that the question was a rhetorical one. “Well, that’s what got me here,” said Silvia during our interview at the psychiatric clinic of the Catalonia University Hospital (CUH).1 Silvia was a fifty- something financial trader who had been diagnosed with gambling disorder, an entrepreneurial woman who, after quitting her job in a medium-size bank, set up shop as a freelance trader in her small hometown near Barcelona.2 When I interviewed Silvia in early 2013, she was under clinical treatment for gambling disorder and had various pending lawsuits for defrauding former clients and friends of more than half a million euros. This article concerns itself with Silvia and the clinical economy of her trans- formation from financial trader to problem gambler. In examining the medicali- zation of trading as gambling disorder during the Spanish financial crisis of 2007 to 2015, I show that the mobilization of clinical resources was not simply a matter of regulating financial markets. In the process, new lines were being drawn around the concept of proper speculation. This article develops the concept of a clinical economy of speculation, which refers to “the exchange of symptoms for diagnosis and treatments” (Davis 2010, 155) through which the category of the problem gambler is repurposed to include financial traders. -
The Laws of the Sea and the Principles of Reprisal According to the Roman
CHAPTER FIVE THE LAWS OF THE SEA AND THE PRINCIPLES OF REPRISAL According to the Roman Corpus Juris, the sea was a res nullius or a nullius territorium by natural law. This meant that it was free from any claims of ownership, and instead belonged to all.1 However, even though much medieval law was founded on the principles of the Corpus Juris, it did not mean that actions taken at sea took place in a judicial void and by default were permissible. How actions at sea were perceived judicially is, however, a delicate question. In this chapter, I shall analyse what laws regulated behaviour at sea, and how they failed to address the issues of piracy and reprisals. These reprisals were the common manner in which to justify piracy, and they took place in a juridical grey area where the king, on an ad hoc basis and strongly influenced by foreign as well as domestic policies of the realm, decided what reprisals should be authorised by him and when. This authorisation was expressed in two types of government- authorized seizures: arrest and marque. An analysis of these aspects is important, for it expresses the peculiar legal status of piracy in the Middle Ages and provides a further framework for the understanding of the status of piracy in an era characterised by weak central governments. The Law Merchant Many historians have made assumptions about the laws of the sea and how maritime, especially commercial, life was regulated. It is a matter of debate what exactly constituted the law of the sea and commercial law in regard to piracy. -
Fairness and Redistribution
Fairness and Redistribution By ALBERTO ALESINA AND GEORGE-MARIOS ANGELETOS* Different beliefs about the fairness of social competition and what determines income inequality influence the redistributive policy chosen in a society. But the composition of income in equilibrium depends on tax policies. We show how the interaction between social beliefs and welfare policies may lead to multiple equi- libria or multiple steady states. If a society believes that individual effort determines income, and that all have a right to enjoy the fruits of their effort, it will choose low redistribution and low taxes. In equilibrium, effort will be high and the role of luck will be limited, in which case market outcomes will be relatively fair and social beliefs will be self-fulfilled. If, instead, a society believes that luck, birth, connec- tions, and/or corruption determine wealth, it will levy high taxes, thus distorting allocations and making these beliefs self-sustained as well. These insights may help explain the cross-country variation in perceptions about income inequality and choices of redistributive policies. (JEL D31, E62, H2, P16) Pre-tax inequality is higher in the United support the poor; an important dimension of States than in continental West European coun- redistribution is legislation, and in particular the tries (“Europe” hereafter). For example, the regulation of labor and product markets, which Gini coefficient in the pre-tax income distribu- are much more intrusive in Europe than in the tion in the United States is 38.5, while in Europe United States.1 it is 29.1. Nevertheless, redistributive policies The coexistence of high pre-tax inequality are more extensive in Europe, where the income and low redistribution is prima facia inconsis- tax structure is more progressive and the overall tent with both the Meltzer-Richard paradigm of size of government is about 50 percent larger redistribution and the Mirrlees paradigm of so- (that is, about 30 versus 45 percent of GDP). -
Financial Reform in China:The Problematic Aspects of Protecting
Financial Reform in China: The Problematic Aspects of Protecting Creditor Rights Berry Fong-Chung Hsu*, Douglas Arner∗∗ and Qun Wan∗∗∗ Abstract Since 1979, China has been involved in an on-going process of economic reform with the goal of transforming from a centrally planned economy to a socialist market economy. As one aspect of this process of transition, China has to address issues of financial-sector and state-owned enterprise reform. With its accession to the World Trade Organization in 2003 and its related commitments to foreign competition and financial sector reform the process of transition has taken on new urgency. In its process of enterprise and financial reform, China has used a policy of gradualism and legislative forbearance, i.e. a certain ambiguity and flexibility in legislating and interpreting policy through law. This paper discusses how this policy is application in addressing the non-performing loan (NPL) problems, a substantial component is related to property rights. In addressing the NPL problems, four asset management companies were created. They are state-owned, non-banking financial institutions with power to manage enterprises. In disposing the vast volume of financial assets (a substantial of which are real estate related), the property right issues under Chinese law have to be addressed. These include the validity of transfer of property (e.g. loans sold by the mortgagees), creditor rights (e.g. problems of transferred mortgages), corporate law concerns (e.g. issues related to creditor rights, equity rights, and real estate), and foreign participation (e.g. foreign ownership of real estate). * B.Sc., LL.M. -
Et-2020-The-Atlantean-Order-Of-Lucifer-Hardcover
1 2 The Atlantean Order of Lucifer. The eternal religion of the sun. Last edit: 07.07.2020 ¨Why should Christians, and Jews believe Jews are the chosen people? Isn`t that racist? If you want to avoid racism: All should have the right to believe their native groups are chosen.¨ That is a philosophical absolute. Go watch ¨Europa the last battle 1-10 video documentary¨ PS! This is not a Satanic book, but a national-conservative Nordic Luciferian book with elements from Christianity, humanism and white-centrism. This is not a ¨racist book¨ short for ¨white racial supremacist¨ which Wikipedia states is: A white who sees it as his right to rule or enslave other races. Muslims believe in subjugating others, and The Jewish Talmud believe Jews will have 2800 slaves each… Yet I have never met at white supremacist or a ¨racist¨ who ¨wants to enslave others¨. We simply want what we want for all other nation-groups. A place to call our own. This book is no cause for violence. What we`re fighting is a peaceful info-war and ¨might is not right¨ anyway you see it. I like writing controversial books, because it is the job of a philosopher to question religion, society, authority, and address the factual dangers of this current zeitgeist, like the current gullible apathy to mass-media, cultural- Marxism, global Jewry, masonry, globalism and Agenda 21. This involves all the human race, but the first battles will be fought in Europe. Nationalism is an important tool to awaken others to conspiracy reality and the greater war. -
Kraus V. Professional Bureau of Collections Of
Case 17-4137, Document 3, 12/27/2017, 2203488, Page1 of 20 FILED IN CLERK'S OFFICE US DISTRICT COURT E.D.N.Y. NOV 2 7 2017 * UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT * EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK BROOKLYN OFFICE ------------------------------------------------------x BLIMA KRAUS, On Behalf of Herself and All Other Similarly Situated Consumers, Plaintiff, MEMORANDUM AND ORDER 17-CV-3402 - against- PROFESSIONAL BUREAU OF COLLECTIONS OF MARYLAND, INC., Defendant. ------------------------------------------------------x GLASSER, Senior United States District Judge: Plaintiff Blima Kraus ("Kraus") brings this putative class action against Professional Bureau of Collections of Maryland, Inc. ("PBCM"), alleging violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA"), 15 U .S.C. § 1692 et seq. Before the Court is PBCM 's motion to dismiss the complaint under Rule l 2(b)( 6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Kraus's claim is essentially as follows: She alleges that PBCM's June 6, 2016 letter to her (the "Letter"), which transmitted an offer to settle her debt for 40% of her account balance, violated 15 U.S.C. § l 692e because it listed her account balance but did not indicate that the account balance might increase due to interest or other charges. Section l 692e prohibits the use of "any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt," including "[t]he false representation of ... the character, amount, or legal status of any debt." 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692e, 1692e(2)(A). In Avila v. Riexinger & Associates, LLC, the Second Circuit held that a debt collector violates § l 692e if it notifies a consumer of his or her account balance but fails to disclose that the consumer's balance may increase due to interest and fees. -
The Myth of National Defense, Hoppe
THE MYTH OF NATIONAL DEFENSE: ESSAYSONTHE THEORY AND HISTORY OF SECURITY PRODUCTION EDITED BY HANS-HERMANN HOPPE THE MYTH OF NATIONAL DEFENSE: ESSAYSONTHE THEORY AND HISTORY OF SECURITY PRODUCTION Copyright © 2003 by the Ludwig von Mises Institute Indexes prepared by Brad Edmonds All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of reprints in the context of reviews. For information write the Ludwig von Mises Institute, 518 West Magnolia Avenue, Auburn, Alabama 36832. ISBN: 0-945466-37-4 To the memory of Gustave de Molinari (1819–1911) Patrons The Mises Institute dedicates this volume to all of its generous donors, and in particular wishes to thank these Patrons: Don Printz, M.D., Mrs. Floy Johnson, Mr. and Mrs. R. Nelson Nash, Mr. Abe Siemens ^ Mr. Steven R. Berger, Mr. Douglas E. French, Mr. and Mrs. Richard D. Riemann (top dog™), Mr. and Mrs. Joseph P. Schirrick, Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Sebrell, In memory of Jeannette Zummo, Mr. W.A. Richardson ^ Anonymous, Mr. Steven R. Berger, Mr. Richard Bleiberg, Mr. John Hamilton Bolstad, Mr. Herbert Borbe, Mr. and Mrs. John C. Cooke, Dr. Larry J. Eshelman, Bud Evans (Harley-Davidson of Reno), Mrs. Annabelle Fetterman, Mr. and Mrs. Willard Fischer, The Dolphin Sky Foundation, Mr. Frank W. Heemstra, Mr. Albert L. Hillman, Jr., Richard J. Kossmann, M.D., Mrs. Sarah Paris Kraft, Mr. David Kramer, Mr. Frederick L. Maier, Mr. and Mrs. William W. Massey, Jr., Mr. Norbert McLuckie, Mr. -
Presentation by Stark
+(,121/,1( Citation: 96 Nw. U. L. Rev. 191 2001-2002 Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Fri Apr 5 16:18:03 2013 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your HeinOnline license, please use: https://www.copyright.com/ccc/basicSearch.do? &operation=go&searchType=0 &lastSearch=simple&all=on&titleOrStdNo=0029-3571 Copyright 2001 by Northwestern University School of Law Printed in U.S.A. Northwestern Univcrsity Law Review Vol. 96, No. I THE RIGHT TO VOTE ON TAXES Kirk J.Stark* The taxpayer revolution has indeed been born without an analytical blueprint or even an analytical map. Geoffrey Brennan & James Buchanan (1980)l INTRODUCTION One cannot study American history for long before noticing the con- spicuous role of tax revolts. Time and again Americans have turned muti- nous against taxes-the Boston Tea Party, the Whiskey Rebellion, the Depression-era tax strikes.2 "Tax revolts," as one commentator put it, "are as American as 1776."3 This spirit of tax rebellion is once again taking hold. In a handful of states across the country, a new taxpayer movement is quietly underway. Over the past two decades, voters in several states have gone to the polls demanding a more direct role in local tax decision-making. As a result of a 1996 initiative, for example, the California Constitution now requires local governments to secure voter approval before any new or increased tax may take effect.4 Several other states have either considered or adopted similar * Acting Professor, UCLA School of Law. -
Consumer Debt Issues People's Republic of China
Consumer Debt Issues People’s Republic of China November 2020 INSOLVENCY PRACTICE GROUP TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES Consumer Debt Issues - People’s Republic of China (PRC) Contents i Acknowledgement ii 1. Consumer insolvency regime 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What are the consumer bankruptcy / restructuring processes available? 3 1.3 Which is the competent court or other authority to apply for consumer insolvency 3 proceedings? 1.4 Who is the 'boss' in consumer insolvency proceedings (judge or administrator)? 4 1.5 What legal and actual requirements are there to enter into consumer insolvency 4 proceedings? 1.6 Costs and timelines of the available procedures 6 2. Means testing for insolvent individuals 6 3. How are the various claims treated? 8 4. What changes and reforms are needed? 10 5. Court Approved Settlement in respect of Mr Cai: Report of the Wenzhou Case 10 INSOL International 6-7 Queen Street, London, EC4N 1SP Tel: +44 (0) 20 7248 3333 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7248 3384 Copyright © No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of INSOL International. The publishers and authors accept no responsibility for any loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from acting as a result of any view expressed herein. Copyright © INSOL INTERNATIONAL 2020. All Rights Reserved. Registered in England and Wales, No. 0307353. INSOL, INSOL INTERNATIONAL, INSOL Globe are trademarks of INSOL INTERNATIONAL. i INSOLVENCY PRACTICE GROUP TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES Acknowledgement INSOL International is pleased to present a technical paper on the People’s Republic of China (PRC) under its Insolvency Practice Group Technical Papers Series focusing on “Consumer Debt Issues”. -
ECONG011 Public Microeconomics Ian Preston
ECONG011 Public Microeconomics Ian Preston 1 Introduction 2 Individuals We consider as starting point a competitive economy without government. Suppose that there are m di®erent consumption goods n di®erent types of labour There are H individuals, h = 1;:::;H, who have endowments of goods !h and consume quantities qh each have an endowment of time, normalised to 1, from which they supply labour Lh Individual preferences are captured in utility functions uh(qh;Lh) 3 Firms There are K ¯rms, k = 1;:::;K, which undertake production plans which involve using labour lk to produce quantities of goods yk according to technological requirements, say Gk(yk; lk) · 0. 4 Trade To simplify, we assume that each ¯rm produces only one type of good each individual supplies only one type of labour Furthermore the only types of trade that occur are sales of labour from individuals to ¯rms and sales of goods from ¯rms to individuals In particular this avoids complications concerned with the tax treatment of trades in goods or labour between ¯rms and ¯rms or between individuals and individuals. 5 Prices We begin without any government. Suppose both ¯rms and consumers behave as price takers. Let the pretax price vector for goods be p0 the pretax wage vector be w 6 Competitive behaviour Firms maximise pro¯ts given technology max ¼k = p0kyk ¡ w0lk s:t:Gk(yk; lk) · 0: lk;yk Pro¯ts are then shared among individuals according to ownership shares ±hk Individuals choose goods demands and labour supplies to maximise utility given their budget X h h h 00 ¡ h h¢ k h h max u (q ;L ) s:t: p q ¡ ! ¡ ±hk¼ ¡ w L · 0: qh;Lh k If we assume constant returns to scale then pro¯ts are zero in equilibrium.