DOCSLIB.ORG

Análisis Multivariado Para Datos Biológicos

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Análisis Multivariado Para Datos Biológicos FACUNDO X. PALACIO - MARÍA JOSÉ APODACA - JORGE V. CRISCI ANÁLISIS MULTIVARIADO PARA DATOS BIOLÓGICOSTeoría y su aplicación utilizando el lenguaje R Con prefacio de F. James Rohlf ANÁLISIS MULTIVARIADO PARA DATOS BIOLÓGICOS FACUNDO X. PALACIO - MARÍA JOSÉ APODACA - JORGE V. CRISCI ANÁLISIS MULTIVARIADO PARA DATOS BIOLÓGICOS Teoría y su aplicación utilizando el lenguaje R Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas CEBBAD - Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Universidad Maimónides Hidalgo 775 - 7° piso (1405BDB) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires - República Argentina Teléfonos: 011-4905-1100 (int. 1228) E-mail: [email protected] Página web: www.fundacionazara.org.ar Dibujo de tapa: ejemplar macho de picaflor andino Oreotrochilus( leucopleurus) visitando una flor de salvia azul Salvia( guaranitica), con un dendrograma de fondo. Autor: Martín Colombo. Las opiniones vertidas en el presente libro son exclusiva responsabilidad de sus autores y no reflejan opiniones institucionales de los editores o auspiciantes. Re ser va dos los de re chos pa ra to dos los paí ses. Nin gu na par te de es ta pu bli ca ción, in clui do el di se ño de la cu bier ta, pue de ser re pro du ci da, al ma ce na da o trans mi ti da de nin gu na for ma, ni por nin gún me dio, sea es te elec tró ni co, quí mi co, me cá ni co, elec tro-óp ti co, gra ba ción, fo to co pia, CD Rom, In ter net o cual quier otro, sin la pre via au to ri za ción es cri ta por par te de la edi to rial. Primera Edición: 2020 Impreso en la Argentina. Se terminó de imprimir en el mes de Mayo 2020, en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. VAZQUEZ MAZZINI EDITORES Tel. (54-11) 4905-1232 [email protected] www.vmeditores.com.ar Palacio, Facundo Xavier Análisis multivariado para datos biológicos : teoría y su aplicación utilizando el lenguaje R / Facundo Xavier Palacio ; María José Apodaca ; Jorge Víctor Crisci. - 1a ed . - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara, 2020. 268 p. ; 30 x 21 cm. ISBN 978-987-3781-49-0 1. Biología. 2. Bioestadísticas. I. Apodaca, María José. II. Crisci, Jorge Víctor. III. Título. CDD 570.285 “La imposibilidad de penetrar el esquema divino del universo no puede, sin embargo, disuadirnos de planear esquemas humanos, aunque nos conste que éstos son provisorios”. Jorge Luis Borges El idioma analítico de John Wilkins (1952) Índice Presentación de F. James Rohlf ..................................................................................................................... 11 Traducción de la presentación de F. James Rohlf ..................................................................................... 12 Unas palabras acerca de F. James Rohlf ..................................................................................................... 12 Prólogo de los autores..................................................................................................................................... 13 Agradecimientos .............................................................................................................................................. 15 Capítulo 1 Introducción: pasos elementales de las técnicas multivariadas ........................................................... 17 Pasos elementales del análisis multivariado ...................................................................................................... 17 Elección de las unidades de estudio.................................................................................................................... 19 Variables .............................................................................................................................................................. 19 Elección de las variables...................................................................................................................................... 20 Número de variables a utilizar ............................................................................................................................. 20 El problema de la importancia de las variables................................................................................................... 20 La maldición de la dimensionalidad .................................................................................................................... 22 Capítulo 2 Datos, observaciones y variables ................................................................................................................. 23 Tipos de datos ...................................................................................................................................................... 24 Datos cualitativos o categóricos ............................................................................................................... 25 Datos nominales ...................................................................................................................................... 25 Datos doble-estado, estados excluyentes ............................................................................................ 25 Datos multiestado ................................................................................................................................ 25 Datos ordinales ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Datos cuantitativos o numéricos ............................................................................................................... 26 Datos continuos ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Datos discretos ........................................................................................................................................ 27 Codificación de datos cuantitativos ..................................................................................................................... 27 El problema de la variación intra-unidades de estudio ....................................................................................... 28 Estudio de caso: análisis multivariado del género Bulnesia (Zygophyllaceae) ................................................... 28 Capítulo 3 Introducción al lenguaje R ............................................................................................................................. 37 Descarga del software ......................................................................................................................................... 37 Introducción a la interfaz RStudio....................................................................................................................... 38 Objetos: vectores y marcos de datos .................................................................................................................. 38 Paquetes ............................................................................................................................................................. 42 Datos faltantes.................................................................................................................................................... 43 Ayudas ............................................................................................................................................................. 43 Errores y advertencias......................................................................................................................................... 44 Exportación de archivos ...................................................................................................................................... 45 Cerrando sesión .................................................................................................................................................. 46 7 Análisis multivariado para datos biológicos Capítulo 4 Estimación del parecido entre unidades de estudio: similitud ............................................................... 47 Coeficientes de distancia ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Distancia euclideana ................................................................................................................................. 48 Distancia taxonómica ................................................................................................................................ 49 Distancia de Manhattan ............................................................................................................................ 49 Diferencia de carácter promedio (mean character difference) ................................................................. 50 Distancia de Canberra ............................................................................................................................... 50 Distancia de Cao ........................................................................................................................................ 50 Distancia chi-cuadrado .............................................................................................................................. 51 Distancia de Mahalanobis ......................................................................................................................... 52 Distancias genéticas ................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Herpetological Journal
    Volume 16, Number 2 April 2006 ISSN 0268-0130 THE HERPETOLOGICAL JOURNAL Published by the BRITISH HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY The Herpetological Journal is published quarterly by the British Herpetological Society and is issued1 free to members. Articles are listed in Current Awareness in Biological Sciences, Current Contents, Science Citation Index and Zoological Record. Applications to purchase copies and/or for details of membership should be made to the Hon. Secretary, British Herpetological Society, The Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NWl 4RY, UK. Instructions to authors are printed inside_the back cover. All contributions should be addressed to the Scientific Editor (address below). Scientific Editor: Wolfgang Wi.ister, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK. E-mail: W.Wu [email protected] Associate Scientifi c Editors: J. W. Arntzen (Leiden), R. Brown (Liverpool) Managing Editor: Richard A. Griffi ths, The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK. E-mail: R.A.Griffi [email protected] Associate Managing Editors: M. Dos Santos, J. McKay, M. Lock Editorial Board: Donald Broadley (Zimbabwe) John Cooper (Trinidad and Tobago) John Davenport (Cork ) Andrew Gardner (Abu Dhabi) Tim Halliday (Milton Keynes) Michael Klemens (New York) Colin McCarthy (London) Andrew Milner (London) Richard Tinsley (Bristol) Copyright It is a fu ndamental condition that submitted manuscripts have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. By submitting a manu­ script, the authors agree that the copyright for their article is transferred to the publisher ifand when the article is accepted for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • 1.Kary Venance OUNGBE, Kassi Georges BLAHOUA, Valentin N'douba
    Human Journals Research Article December 2019 Vol.:14, Issue:2 © All rights are reserved by Kary Venance OUNGBE et al. Nematode Parasites of Anurans from the Farm of the Banco National Park (South-Eastern Côte d’Ivoire) Keywords: Parasitic Nematodes, Amphibians, Rainforest, Banco National Park, Côte d’Ivoire ABSTRACT Kary Venance OUNGBE*, Kassi Georges This study proposes to know the parasitic Nematodes of the BLAHOUA, Valentin N’DOUBA Anurans from the fish farm of the Banco National Park, south-eastern Cote d’Ivoire. Spanning a one year period Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of (November 2016 to October 2017), the dissection of 354 Hydrobiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, anurans specimens belonging to 23 species revealed 11 parasitic nematode taxa (Amplicaecum africanum, Anisakis University of Félix Houphoüet-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte simplex, Camallanus dimitrovi, Chabaudus leberrei, d’Ivoire. Cosmocerca ornata, Filaria sp., Oswaldocruzia sp., Oxysomatium brevicaudatum, Rhabdias bufonis, Rhabdias Submission: 21 November 2019 sp1. and Rhabdias sp 2). The recorded global prevalence Accepted: 27 November 2019 (68.36%) shows a high parasitic infestation of nematodes in anurans. This infestation is influenced by the microhabitats Published: 30 December 2019 and parasitic specificity of the Nematodes. Most of the Nematodes harvested in the small intestine have a broad spectrum infestation. They parasitize several species of different families. They therefore have a broad or euryxene specificity. The prevalence of the Anurans is higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. The presence of water in www.ijsrm.humanjournals.com the environments creates favorable conditions for the development of the Anurans. Thus, the increase in the number of host species causes an increase in the number of parasitic Helminth species.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribución
    Distribución La herpetofauna de un fragmento de Bosque Atlántico en el Departamento de Itapúa, Paraguay Karina Núñez Departamento de Biología, FACEN-UNA, San Lorenzo, Paraguay. Agencia Postal Campus/UNA (San Lorenzo) C.C. 1039 – 1804. C.e.: [email protected] Fecha de aceptación: 25 de junio de 2012. Key words: amphibians, reptiles, distribution, richness, anurans, hotspot area. El Bosque Atlántico es considerado una Brusquetti & Netto, 2009; Kolenc et al ., 2011 ), de las de las 25 regiones de elevada biodiversidad cuales 51 especies se distribuyen en el BAAPA del planeta ( Myers, 2000 ). En esta región, los (Brusquetti & Lavilla, 2006; Airaldi et al ., 2009 ). En remanentes de vegetación original albergan cuanto a reptiles, la riqueza de especies sigue más del 60% de todas las especies terrestres aumentando; hasta el presente se reconocen del planeta, ocupando menos del 2% de la 162 especies ( Cacciali et al ., 2007, 2011; Motte et al ., superficie terrestre, aún cuando solamente 2009; Passos et al ., 2010 ). queda entre el 7 y 8% de los bosques origina - En el área de reserva para parque San les ( Leal & Câmara, 2006 ). En Paraguay está pre - Rafael, una de las principales unidades desti - sente la porción más continental del Bosque nadas a la conservación del Bosque Atlántico Atlántico y se le denomina Bosque Atlántico en Paraguay, se registraron 33 especies de del Alto Paraná (BAAPA) ( Cartes, 2006 ). anfibios y 27 especies de reptiles ( Motte & Para conservar los últimos remanentes de Núñez, 2002 ). En este trabajo, se presentan la este bosque se requiere de grandes esfuerzos, riqueza y composición de las especies de que incluyen el registro de información para anfibios y reptiles en una pequeña reserva obtener estimativas confiables sobre la diver - que forma parte del parque San Rafael, sidad de especies.
    [Show full text]
  • South American Trematodes Parasites of Amphibians and Reptiles
    SOUTH AMERICAN TREMATODES PARASITES OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES Berenice M. M. Fernandes Anna Kohn SOUTH AMERICAN TREMATODES PARASITES OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES Rio de Janeiro Edited by Anna Kohn and Berenice M. M. Fernandes 2014 Berenice M. M. Fernandes - Senior Researcher of the “Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Peixes, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz”. [email protected] Anna Kohn - Senior Researcher of the “Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Peixes, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz”. Fellowship I and consultor ad hoc of the “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq”. [email protected] Work developed in the “Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Peixes, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz”. Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca de Ciências Biomédicas/ ICICT / FIOCRUZ - RJ K79 Kohn, Anna South American trematodes parasites of amphibians and reptiles / Berenice M. M. Fernandes e Anna Kohn. – Rio de Janeiro : Oficina de Livros, 2014. x, 228 p. : il. ; 28 cm Bibliografia: p. 105-132 ISBN 978-85-907027-2-6 1. Trematoda. 2. Aspidogastrea. 3. Digenea. 4. Amphibia. 5. Reptilia. 6. South America I. Fernandes, Berenice M. M. II. Título. CDD 592.48 We dedicate this book to the memory of our unforgetable Professors Lauro Travassos and João Ferreira Teixeira de Freitas ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to the “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq” for the grant to Anna Kohn (301870/2009-8), to all researches which provided literature and to Heloisa Maria N. Diniz (Laboratory for Productions and Handling of Images, ”Instituto Oswaldo Cruz”) for the assisting with the figures and the preparation of plates. Special thanks to “Instituto Oswaldo Cruz” and the director Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversidad De La Helmintofauna De Anuros En La Región Pampeana : Un Estudio Comparativo En Ambientes Antagónicos Draghi, Regina Doctor En Ciencias Naturales
    Naturalis Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de La Plata http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Diversidad de la helmintofauna de anuros en la región pampeana : un estudio comparativo en ambientes antagónicos Draghi, Regina Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Dirección: Lunaschi, Lía I. Co-dirección: Drago, Fabiana B. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo 2016 Acceso en: http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/id/20170804001541 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MUSEO DIVERSIDAD DE LA HELMINTOFAUNA DE ANUROS EN LA REGIÓN PAMPEANA: UN ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO EN AMBIENTES ANTAGÓNICOS REGINA DRAGHI TRABAJO DE TESIS PARA OPTAR POR EL TÍTULO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS NATURALES DIRECTORAS LÍA I. LUNASCHI FABIANA B. DRAGO 2016 A mis padres, por invertir gran parte su vida en mi educación. DIVERSIDAD DE LA HELMINTOFAUNA DE ANUROS EN LA REGIÓN PAMPEANA REGINA DRAGHI AGRADECIMIENTOS A mis directoras, las Dras. Lía I. Lunaschi y Fabiana B. Drago, por la paciencia y la dedicación. Particularmente a Lía por recibirme en su laboratorio, sin conocerme, cuando llegué al Museo con una idea y un borrador de proyecto. Por prestarme “sus ojos” y trasmitirme su vasta experiencia. A Fabi por ordenar mis ideas, por su meticulosidad, sus pilas inagotables y los tocs compartidos. A ambas, por tratarme siempre como una compañera, y por abrirme las puertas de sus hogares y sus familias; A mi directora de beca la Dra. Graciela T. Navone, por su apoyo, sus siempre provechosas sugerencias, su buena predisposición y constante aliento durante toda la realización de esta tesis; A los jurados de esta tesis por sus valiosas sugerencias, que contribuyeron a mejorar la calidad de la misma: Dres.
    [Show full text]
  • Records of Morphological Abnormalities of Anuran Limbs from Paraguay
    Nota Cuad. herpetol. 33(2): 79-82 (2019) Records of morphological abnormalities of anuran limbs from Paraguay Brogan L. Pett1, Joseph Sarvary1, Harry-Pym Davis1, Paul Smith1,2, Karina Atkinson1 1 Para La Tierra, Centro IDEAL, Pilar, Dpto. Ñeembucu, Paraguay. 2 FAUNA Paraguay, Encarnación, Paraguay. Recibida: 09 Abril 2019 ABSTRACT Revisada: 15 Mayo 2019 Morphological abnormalities in anurans are known to be globally widespread. Here, we report Aceptada: 09 Agosto 2019 on six individual anuran morphological abnormalities from four Paraguayan departments. Editor Asociado: P. Peltzer We briefly discuss potential causal agents and highlight the need for further research into this topic in Paraguay. doi: 10.31017/CdH.2019.(2019-014) Key Words: Amphibians; Malformation; Trauma. Morphological abnormalities in anurans first Pereyra et al., 2013. The examinations were based appeared in scientific literature nearly 300 years on external observation under a stereoscope. Indivi- ago (Ouellet, 2000), and are now reported across duals were collected from Paraguayan departments: the world (Ankley et al., 2004; Garcia-Munoz et al., Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes and Boque- 2010; Spolyarich et al., 2011). Morphological abnor- rón. All individuals were euthanized according to malities are a natural phenomenon in amphibian Simmons (2002) and deposited in the Colección populations, with rates above 5% considered high Científica de Para La Tierra (CZPLT) registered by and a likely indicator of environmental degradation the Ministerio del Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (Lanoo, 2008). Malformation of the limbs can have (MADES). Our classification of abnormalities fo- a negative impact on individual fitness as they may llowed Johnson et al. (2001) and Lannoo, (2008); impair mobility, increase risk of predation, and de- (Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Weiler Et Al. 2013 Anfibios Del Paraguay-01
    ANFIBIOS DEL PARAGUAY Autores: Con el apoyo de: Andrea Weiler, Karina Nuñez, Katia Airaldi, Esteban Lavilla, Salvador Peris y Diego Baldo APAH Asociación Paraguaya Fundación Proyecto: PCI B/030936/10 de Herpetología. Miguel Lillo Proyecto: 11-CAP2-1434 ANFIBIOS DEL PARAGUAY AUTORES: Andrea Weiler Karina Nuñez Katia Airaldi Esteban Lavilla Salvador Peris Diego Baldo Como citar esta obra: Weiler, A., K. Núñez, K. Airaldi, E. Lavilla, S. Peris y D. Baldo. 2013. Anfibios del Paraguay. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción – Universidad de Salamanca. San Lorenzo, Paraguay. Anfibios del Paraguay / Andrea Weiler…/et. al/.-- San Lorenzo: FACEN 2013. i-vii 130 p., 28 cm Incluye bibliografía, fotografías, mapas etc. ISBN 978-99953-2-718-7 1. Zoología 2. Anfibios - Paraguay. 3. Anfibios - Clasificación. 4. Anfibios - Identificación. 5. Ranas I. Título. 597.6/An579a Anfibios del Paraguay por Weiler, A.; Núñez, K.; Airaldi, K.; Lavilla, E.; Peris, S. y D. Baldo. Esta obra está bajo licencia de Creative Commons: Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 Unported License. Para ver una copia de la licencia visite http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.es_ES Diseño e impresión Gráfica: Leandro Gil de Muro “WWF apoya la publicación de esta importante herramienta de conservación, pero no se hace responsable por el contenido de la misma.” ACERCA DE ESTA GUIA Al igual que todos los seres vivos, los anfibios poseen un valor intrínseco, son En las fichas se incluye la siguiente información de cada especie: parte de la biodiversidad de nuestro planeta y como todo grupo biológico posee unas características genéticas únicas que merecen nuestro respeto y atención.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecomorphological Guilds in Anuran Larvae: an Application of Geometric Morphometric Methods
    HERPETOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Vol. 16, pp. 149-162 (2006) ECOMORPHOLOGICAL GUILDS IN ANURAN LARVAE: AN APPLICATION OF GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC METHODS M. FLORENCIA VERA CANDIOTI Instituto de Herpetología, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina Ecomorphological guilds for anuran larvae are based on developmental modes, external morphology and habitat. Furthermore, several authors have investigated relationships between internal morphology and ecological habits. However, the relationships between internal morphology and tadpole ecological habits are not well established. In the present paper the quantitative methodology of geometric morphometrics is applied to look for correlation between the anatomy hyobranchial skeleton and the ecology of anuran larvae. Tadpoles of 14 species belonging to six different ecomorphological guilds were studied. The specimens were cleared and stained, and the hyobranchial apparatuses removed and drawn in ventral view. To record the shape variation, landmark-based geometric morphometric methodology was applied, involving a Relative Warp Analysis followed by multivariate statistics. Results show that species classify into four significantly different groups, according to their hyobranchial apparatus shape. Macrophagous tadpoles have well-developed ceratohyals and hypobranchial plate developed, and branchial baskets highly reduced. Generalized tadpoles have a large ceratobranchial area, with the hypobranchial plate covering a smaller area. Microphagous tadpoles have a very developed and complex branchial basket, and their hypobranchial plates are strongly reduced. Megalophagous tadpoles have the ceratohyals laterally expanded. These four groups are in general maintained after the inclusion of more species from the literature. Morphological groups can be related to size of food particles consumed, from very large in megalophages and macrophages, to very small, in highly efficient microphages.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Fire and Cattle Grazing on Amphibians and Lizards in Northeastern Argentina (Humid Chaco)
    Eur J Wildl Res DOI 10.1007/s10344-009-0335-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Effects of fire and cattle grazing on amphibians and lizards in northeastern Argentina (Humid Chaco) Paula D. Cano & Gerardo C. Leynaud Received: 25 February 2009 /Revised: 21 September 2009 /Accepted: 1 October 2009 # Springer-Verlag 2009 Abstract Richness, diversity and abundance of amphibians and lizards, with a greater effect on amphibians. Also, fire and lizards were compared in four sites subjected to favoured the presence of some lizard species. different fire and grazing regimes in Mburucuyá National Park (Corrientes, Argentina). The surveys were performed Keywords Prescribed fire . Disturbance . Grasslands . using drift fence–pitfall traps randomly distributed in four Herpetofauna . Cattle . Argentina sites subjected to the following prescribed fire and grazing regimes: (A) no fire or grazing for the last 12 years (control), (B) 3 years since the last prescribed fire, (C) Introduction annual prescribed fire and (D) annual prescribed fire and grazing. Fourteen species of amphibians and six species of In several regions of Argentina, fire and grazing are lizards were captured during the study period (80 days). important disturbances that critically modify the landscape. The lowest values of amphibian richness and abundance In wild areas, fire reduces plant biomass, suppresses were found in sites C and D. The amphibian species development of woody vegetation and removes the upper Leptodactylus ocellatus and Leptodactylus podicipinus litter layer (Gibson and Hulbert 1987; Ensbey et al. 2000). were most abundant in the control site (A). In lizards, no At the same time, fire exposes soil where new individuals significant differences were found among sites, although can establish, leading to different successional stages of Kentropyx viridistriga and Teius oculatus were more plant and animal communities (Kunst et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Stenio Eder Vittorazzi
    STENIO EDER VITTORAZZI CARACTERIZAÇÃO CITOGENÉTICA E MOLECULAR DO DNAr 5S E SUA FORMA VARIANTE DE DNA SATÉLITE EM ESPÉCIES DO GRUPO DE Physalaemus cuvieri (ANURA, LEPTODACTYLIDAE) CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE 5S rDNA AND ITS VARIANT FORM OF SATELLITE DNA IN Physalaemus cuvieri SPECIES GROUP (ANURA, LEPTODACTYLIDAE) Campinas, 2014 ii iii iv v vi Dedico esse trabalho aos meus pais, Jonas e Lourdes. vii viii Agradecimentos Aos meus pais, Jonas José Vittorazzi e Lourdes Primcka Vittorazzi, que por uma vida de dedicação, amor e trabalho sempre me possibilitaram a oportunidade de realizar sonhos e conquistas. À Professora Dra. Shirlei Maria Recco-Pimentel, por sua orientação e confiança na minha trajetória acadêmica, fundamentalmente por acreditar no meu potencial. À minha coorientadora Professora Dra. Luciana Bolsoni Lourenço, por toda sua dedicação, profissionalismo e competência ao guiar minha formação acadêmica. Sinto-me imensamente privilegiado em ter sido seu aluno. Ao meu irmão, Stony Eduardo Vittorazzi, minha cunhada Carla Mariane Yamamoto e minha adorável sobrinha Lavinia Yamamoto Vittorazzi. À minha querida tia Maria Dolores Aragão Primcka, por todo seu carinho, dedicação e conselhos. A todos meus amigos que estiveram presentes em algum momento da minha morada em Campinas. Em especial, agradeço ao Marco Antônio Garcia por sua paciência, conselhos e risadas que foram essencialmente importantes para mim. À minha amiga Gisele Orlandi Introíni e sua mãe D. Maria do Carmo, pelos seus conselhos e pela amizade da forma mais simples e doce. Aos amigos que fiz dentro do Laboratório de Estudos Cromossômicos, Ana Cristina, Alessandra Costa, Cíntia Targueta, Daniel Bruschi, Débora Rodrigues, Juliana Nascimento, Júlio Sergio, Kaleb Gatto, Karin Seger e William Costa.
    [Show full text]
  • Incilius Holdridgei
    May 2012 20 (3) #102 ISSN: 1026-0269 eISSN: 1817-3934 www.amphibians.orgFrogLogConservation news for the herpetological community Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project Regional Focus North and Central America, and the Caribbean INSIDE News from the ASG Regional Updates Global Focus Recent Publications General Announcements And More... Golden frogs for sale at the El Valle Market Protecting Rare Amphibian Red Amphibians Under List Internship the U.S. Endangered Available FrogLogSpecies 20 (3) #102 | ActMay 2012 | 1 FrogLog CONTENTS 3 Editorial NEWS FROM THE ASG 4 Amphibian Red List Internship Available 5 FrogLog Feature Editors Wanted 4 Lost Frogs update – Research Assistant Needed 5 Wanted: Partnership in Husbandry Research on the Frogs of Andasibe, Madagascar 4 The Second Call for Proposals for SOS 6 NHBS Gratis Books Scheme 4 EPA and the Ecological Risks from the Use of Atrazine REGIONAL UPDATE 8 Caribbean Update 13 Assessment of Risk of Local 24 Conservation of the Florida Bog 9 USA Update Extinction, a Fast - Acting Method in Frog, One of North America’s Rarest Mexico Amphibians 10 Conservation Status and Ecological Notes of the Previously Extinct Toad 16 Amphibian Rescue and Conservation 26 Incorporating Search Method and Incilius holdridgei (Taylor, 1952), Project - Panama Age in Mark - Recapture Studies of Costa Rica 21 Protecting Rare Amphibians Under an Indicator Species, the Red -Backed the U.S. Endangered Species Act Salamander GLOBAL NEWS 28 Concern Over Destroying Frog Habitat on the Occasion of Save The Frogs
    [Show full text]
  • 12. Iyaji Et Al
    Animal Research International (2015) 12(2): 2231 – 2240 2231 GASTROINTESTINAL HELMINTH PARASITES OF AMIETOPHYRNUS REGULARIS, BUFONIDAE (AFRICAN COMMON TOAD) IN ANYIGBA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA 1IYAJI, Florence Oyibo, 1MEDAYEDUPIN, Ifeoluwa Temidayo, 2ECHI, Paul Chinedu, 1FALOLA, Oladunni Omoyeni and 1OMOWAYE, Olaniyi Stephen 1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. 2Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. Corresponding Author: Iyaji, F. O. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. Email: [email protected] Phone: +234 8133409911 ABSTRACT Gastrointestinal helminth parasites of Amietophyrnus regularis (African Common Toad) in Anyigba were investigated. A total of 120 specimens were examined for helminth parasites, 113(94.17%) toads were infected, while 7(5.8%) were uninfected. Helminth parasites recovered were 1576, comprising of 1 Cestode: Baerietta jaegerskioeldi (2.50%) and 3 Nematodes: Amplicaecum africanum (92.50%), Cosmocerca ornata (16.67%) and Physaloptera spp. (6.67%). Nematodes had the highest occurrence with A. africanum as the most prevalent. The cestode, B. jaegerskioeldi and the nematode, C. ornata exhibited specific sites of infection, being found in the small intestine and large intestine/rectum, respectively. Small intestine of hosts harboured the highest number of parasites with a prevalence of 90%. Although infection increased with the size of hosts examined, there was no significant difference in the infection of size categories. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the infection of male and female toad hosts (p>0.05). The toads with 1 – 10 worms had the highest frequency of infections, 61(50.83%).
    [Show full text]