THE SCHOLAR VOL 11 SUMMER 2014
IN THIS ISSUE IDENTIFICATION AT YOUR FINGERTIPS High-impact social enterprise
CRISIS IN THE UKRAINE A Scholar’s inside view on current events
A NEW ETHOS OF HEALTHCARE A medical student’s perspective on the future of US medicine
MEET THE new PROVOST Interview with Professor Barry Everitt CONTENTS
3 Editors’ Note 13 A NEW ETHOS OF HEALTHCARE 4 MEET THE PROVOST A medical student’s perspective Interview with Gates Cambridge on the future of US medicine Provost Barry Everitt by by Lucinda Lai Brianne Kent 14 bEYOND BIOLOGY 5 IDENTIFICATION AT YOUR The medical humanities as an FINGERTIPS emerging field by Erica Cao High-impact social enterprise by Grecia Gonzalez 15 MOUTHING OFF Gender inequalities revealed 6 GATEWAY TO UNIVERSITY through the historical female ACCESS mouth by Kathryn Crowcroft A Gates Cambridge-inspired education technology enterprise 16 NEWTON'S PRIVATE INK by Greg Nance The intimate obsessions of a scientist by Sarah Dry 7 AFRICA’S HIGHER EDUCATION
THE SCHOLAR DILEMMA 17 oNLINE OPERA VOL 11 SUMMER 2014
IN THIS ISSUE IDENTIFICATION AT YOUR FINGERTIPS Investing in universities for Africa’s New technologies for old music High-impact social enterprise
CRISIS IN THE UKRAINE A Scholar’s inside view on current events future by Andrea Pizziconi by Ilana Walder-Biesanz A NEW ETHOS OF HEALTHCARE A medical student’s perspective on the future of US medicine
MEET THE new PROVOST Interview with Professor Barry Everitt 8 CAPITALISING CONSTRUCTION 18 A GOOD DEATH Building infrastructure to address Who should decide how we die? unemployment in low-income by Christina Schweitzer countries by Musa Chunge The Scholar, 2014 19 dEMOCRACY COMING TO
Editor-in-Chief: Erica Cao ‘13 9 WEALTH FROM WASTE A HALT? Business-oriented solutions for Making sense of the US Alumni Editor: Rose Spear ‘06 waste recovery in the developing government shutdown Associate Editors: world by Luca Di Mario by Victor Roy Paul Bergen ‘13 Julia Bolotina ‘11 Kathryn Crowcroft ‘11 10 Fighting Microbes with 20 POLITICAL ELITES IN NIGERIA José Izquierdo ‘13 Microbes Dynamics and challenges of Maja Milicevic ‘04 Antonia Ruppel ‘01 Medicine and biofuels embrace ethnicity and elite politics in ecology to address the limits of Africa’s largest democracy by Design: H2 Associates, Cambridge antibiotics by Devinn Lambert Wale Adebanwi Gates Cambridge Trust Advisors: Jim Smith, Programme Director Mandy Garner, Communications Officer 11 STATISTICS OF STATINS 21 CRISIS IN THE UKRAINE Do statin drugs actually help A Scholar’s inside view on The Scholar is the publication of the Gates prevent cardiovascular disease? current events by Svitlana Kobzar Cambridge Community. Articles that offer by Jerry Lee a window into the lives and work of Gates Cambridge Scholars or articles that tackle 22 Professional Updates large interpretive questions relevant to the 12 GLOBAL CHILD MORTALITY Scholars from various years Gates Cambridge mission are particularly Tracking progress toward share professional and research encouraged. Highly focused contributions are welcome, but preference will be given the United Nations goal to accomplishments to submissions that are of interest to a reduce deaths in children by diverse cross-section of readership in more Mikkel Oestergaard than one discipline of study. Contributions are subject to editorial approval. Ideas expressed are those of the authors alone.
FRONT and back COVER image: © Paul Taylor/Corbis EDITORS’ NOTE
Gates Cambridge Scholars are united A theme that in their dedication to scholarship, leadership and service to make an emerges from this impact on communities local and global. These shared commitments issue is “Medicine of the Gates Cambridge Community resonate throughout the articles in Society”, a topic featured in the 2014 issue of The Scholar, and continue to strengthen that reflects the joint with the visions of the new Gates roles of science and Cambridge Provost Barry Everitt Editor-in-Chief (Brianne Kent, p.4). policy in furthering Erica Cao ‘13
Scholarship in the Gates Cambridge holistic approaches Community includes scientific investigations into the rise of antibiotic to health, disease resistance (Devinn Lambert, p. 10) and political perspectives on the 2013 US and death. government shutdown (Victor Roy, p. 19), elitism in Nigeria (Wale and policy in furthering holistic Adebanwi, p. 20) and civil unrest approaches to health, disease and in Ukraine (Svitlana Kobzar, p. 21). death. Challenges faced by present- Oftentimes, scholarship bridges day medicine include the treatment across disciplinary boundaries, as seen of cardiovascular disease (Jerry Lee, Alumni Editor explorations into the history of the p. 11), accurate tracking of child Rose Spear ‘06 female mouth (Kathryn Crowcroft, mortality rates (Mikkel Oestergaard, p. 15), Isaac Newton’s theological p. 12), US healthcare reform (Lucinda passions (Sarah Dry, p. 16) and opera Lai, p. 13), arts and humanities in performed entirely online (Ilana medicine (Erica Cao, p. 14) and ethics Walder-Biesanz, p. 17). of physician-assisted suicide (Christina Schweitzer, p. 18). As shown, Gates Cambridge Scholars lead through scholarship. Finally, a dedication to improving But leadership is not limited to the the lives of others is a thread which academic domain; Scholars also lead runs through and ties together the through other forms such as social Gates Cambridge Community. This innovation. For example, Scholar-led commitment to service is demonstrated enterprises improve identification in in, for example, the application developing countries (Grecia Gonzalez, of construction to improve job p. 5), expand access to university infrastructure in developing countries education (Greg Nance, p. 6) and build (Musa Chunge, p. 8) and the use of education infrastructure in Africa reusable systems to reduce health and (Andrea Pizziconi, p. 7). In these stories, environmental hazards (Luca Di Mario, Gates Cambridge Scholars from various p. 9). This issue of The Scholar reflects a different countries and class years act community of scholar-leaders devoted as a team to tackle issues that affect all to addressing concerns of humankind – parts of the world. from creating enterprising technologies and engaging in political thought to A theme that emerges from this issue undertaking innovative research and is “Medicine in Society”, a topic that improving health and treatment. reflects the joint roles of science
3 MEET THE PROVOST
Interview with Gates Cambridge Provost Barry Everitt Brianne Kent (Canada, 2011) – PhD Experimental Psychology
This year, the Gates Cambridge community welcomed a new Provost, Professor Barry Everitt, a leading behavioural neuroscientist in the areas of motivation, learning, memory and addiction. Some of his research examines how the act of remembering can make a memory susceptible to changes, and has contributed to the recent “radical reinterpretation” of memory in the field. One of the 100 most cited neuroscientists, Professor Everitt is a Fellow of both the Royal Society and the Academy of Medical Sciences, and was recently awarded the prestigious Fondation Ipsen Neuronal Plasticity Prize for 2014. Along with his passion for scientific enquiry, Professor Everitt was Master of Downing College and has a strong interest in teaching and overseas graduate students, and that need to find a way to maintain the education, which has led him to become the Scholars have the support and sense of community and connectedness involved with Gates Cambridge. opportunities necessary to make the that develops while Scholars are in biggest difference in the world. Cambridge”.
...it is clear that even Professor Everitt is taking this year to Professor Everitt's third goal is to though he has only settle into his role and learn as much raise the profile of the Scholarship, in as he can about Gates Cambridge order to recruit the most outstanding officially been in this and what Scholars need. From our students from around the world. He position for a few conversation it is clear that even though has a particular focus on countries he has only officially been in this that are currently underrepresented. months, he already position for a few months, he already He explained, “We want the most has a few goals for has a few goals for his time as Provost. outstanding overseas graduate students to come here and experience graduate his time as Provost. Firstly, he is committed to spending studies in one of the greatest universities time interacting with Scholars to learn in the world. We need to make sure I had the opportunity to sit down how the Trust can better support them. the students with the potential to with the Provost upon his return from He is particularly excited about the study here know enough about Gates the Gates Foundation in Seattle. He progress being made by the Council Cambridge Scholarships to apply”. spent the week interviewing the next to develop professional skills training. round of US Scholars and hosting the He said, “many current Scholars are It is obvious from our conversation that first ever meeting with the Board of concerned about how to map their Professor Everitt feels an obligation Directors for the Gates Cambridge career trajectory and gain the skills that to make sure the Gates Cambridge Alumni Association (GCAA). From our will enable them to improve the lives of Scholarship program reaches its full conversation, it is clear that the Provost others in the future. The workshops and potential for making a positive impact experiential learning methodologies are is full of enthusiasm to help refine and in the world. As a Scholar, I am excited a way to equip students with the skills evolve Gates Cambridge. to see how Professor Everitt helps Gates and decision-making ability needed to Cambridge grow. Professor Everitt was head of graduate use their careers to make a difference”. admissions for the Department of Psychology when Gates Cambridge was His second goal is to support the growth Biography: Brianne Kent is currently a founded. As Provost, Professor Everitt and activities of the GCAA. He said, third year PhD scholar in the Department is committed to making sure that “there is a clear intention of creating of Psychology studying the neurobiology Gates Cambridge provides Scholarships a global network of future leaders, of learning and memory, as well as that fully fund the most outstanding but this network needs to evolve. We Alzheimer's disease.
4 Identification at your fingertips
High-impact social enterprise Grecia Gonzalez (USA, 2012) – PhD Biochemistry
What do you get when a programmer, Medic Mobile, a US-based non-profit that informs them about the patient’s a doctor, an engineer, a global health working to increase access to mobile medical history. Our tool draws on the researcher, a business student and health (mHealth) technologies, with strength of central cloud servers, but a couple of scientists form a team? the goal of raising the effectiveness of frees them from static computers or a The Gates Cambridge Common Room health care providers in resource-poor fixed internet connection. As such it produced SimPrints, a social enterprise settings. Medic Mobile had hit a wall is better suited to be used by health dedicated to tackling a major problem when it came to addressing patient workers travelling large distances in the developing world: identification. identification and the cascade of or working in areas without regular problems it created. The idea of using internet access or electrical power. In resource-poor settings, identification fingerprints as a unique ID was born Furthermore, the system can be used can pose a significant obstacle. from this challenge, and after winning in a stand-alone fashion or integrated Accurate patient identification is an the competition, the team, joined by into other mHealth technologies. essential step in providing medical Alexandra Grigore (Romania, 2012), care. But this simple step can be a Daniel Storisteanu (Canada, 2012), And healthcare is not the only area severe challenge in resource-poor Victor Roy (USA, 2013), Liz Dzeng (USA, in which rapid mobile identification settings: patient records often do not 2007) and myself, decided to try to could have a lasting impact. Mobile exist, and when they do, they tend transform the idea into reality. biometrics can also address the problem to be paper-based and susceptible of tracking refugees and internally to loss or damage; few people have displaced persons – a significant official identity documents, while using The Gates Cambridge challenge since many refugees lack name or date of birth is inadequate in Common Room formal identification or have crossed contexts where multiple people share several national borders. In these the same name in a village, or do not produced SimPrints, settings, biometrics offers a powerful know their exact birth dates. Migration a social enterprise tool for aid workers to link refugees and changing political boundaries to a single unique identification that further complicate matters. dedicated to tackling can connect GPS location, medical a major problem data and aid records. Microfinance, Existing health systems and technologies the lending of money and access to have only achieved approximately in the developing financial resources in developing 80% coverage worldwide, and the world: identification. regions, is another domain limited by consequences of that unsatisfactory inadequate identification and credit- statistic are grave. A recent study tracking options. Adding the security Today, SimPrints is growing fast and estimated that a scale-up of five of a fingerprint scan can enable local working hard to build a solution. immunisations in 72 of the world’s businesses and governments to combat Our aim is to identify patients more poorest countries could save 6.4 million corruption and streamline services. children every year. The technology accurately, cheaply and quickly than we are developing at SimPrints has the any of the existing systems by coupling The team at SimPrints is excited to be potential to contribute towards solving fingerprint biometrics to mobile taking our idea forward. This year sees this global health challenge, as well as phones. We have already developed us field testing in Bangladesh. Next many others. a prototype for a rugged, hand-held year we hope to go even further. scanner that can wirelessly sync with The idea for SimPrints started about a mobile phone to identify patients two years ago at the Cambridge and link with a cloud database. Biography: Grecia Gonzalez is a Humanitarian Centre Hack Day. When complete, a community health PhD candidate in the Department Different NGOs presented different worker will be able to scan a patient’s of Biochemistry at the University of tech challenges they were facing, and fingerprint, send that information Cambridge. To learn more about SimPrints, the team led by Toby Norman (USA, to a central server via text or SMS visit simprints.com, or get in touch at 2011) chose the challenge posed by packet, and then receive a text back [email protected]
5 Gateway to University Access http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File: K ing's_College,_Cambridge2.jpg A Gates Cambridge-inspired education technology enterprise King ' s C o ll ege , ambridge P hoto b y A ntoine T Greg Nance (USA, 2011) – MPhil Management
As Gates Cambridge Scholars, we volunteer and professional experiences Cambridge Scholarships of harnessing a realised during gatherings and before applying. In just 20 months since global network to address the world’s conversations that our experiences in our founding in September 2012, over daunting challenges. We employ an earning a place at Cambridge University five million students have utilised these “all-hands-on-deck” approach to address gave us insights we could share to help free resources, making ChaseFuture the unmet needs of the multitudes of other students achieve their potential. the world’s fastest growing admissions students who crave the opportunity Drawing on inspiration from this consulting platform. We recently secured to attend university and unlock their academic community, ChaseFuture US$400,000 in venture capital to finance potential in life, but who lack the simple was launched to expand university our expansion. know-how to do so on their own. This access to aspiring students everywhere. circumstance presents both an enormous ChaseFuture offers a hub for students People are prioritised over profits challenge for ChaseFuture and an aveneau x, CC B Y navigating the application process, in order to sustainably grow the opportunity to empower these students transitioning to university life and organisation and its impact. Drawing to gain access to the information, tools preparing for professional success. As a on the example of the Bill & Melinda and mentors they need to apply to social enterprise, it also aims to expand Gates Foundation, we aim to think university and transition to life abroad.
access to education through reliable long-term and to continually invest -SA 3.0 information, useful resources and a in our people. Our dedication to As our organisation grows, we will network of committed mentors. reliable information, helpful tools relentlessly pursue our global vision and compassionate mentorship has with integrity. ChaseFuture’s innovative model pairs produced best-in-class admissions results applicants with admissions experts from for our clients, including 29 acceptances their target university and academic to Columbia, 20 to Imperial College Biography: Greg Nance is the Co-Founder field for one-to-one mentorship. To date, London, 16 to the London School of and CEO of ChaseFuture. A member of our 140 admissions experts have advised Economics and 8 to Cambridge, among Fitzwilliam College, Greg is a 2011 Gates over 1,000 paid clients. ChaseFuture’s other notable successes. Cambridge Scholar and a Harry S Truman free how-to articles and video tutorials Scholar from the University of Chicago. He inform and inspire applicants to explore ChaseFuture seeks to incorporate was named one of the “Top 99 Foreign Policy their interests and build extracurricular, a founding principle of the Gates Leaders Under 33” by the Diplomatic Courier.
6 Photo by Andrea Pizziconi 7 will construct facilities to accommodate will construct facilities university over 100,000 additional While completion students each year. of these projects will address only a small fraction of the total market, we are confident larger institutional bringing profound investors will follow, social and economic impact for entire countries. It is an urgent and exciting future. moment for Africa’s Pizziconi is the founder Biography: Andrea a sustainable of the Christie Company, which is mixed-use development company, the managing partner of Africa Integras, an investment company focused on education in Africa. projects infrastructure The greatest The greatest challenge we have faced is in fact one of perception. perception challenge can be overcome: perception challenge with our we negotiate transparently demonstrate how university partners to reduced financing costs and attractive commercial returns can be achieved by using similar models as those that have brought private capital to energy infrastructure projects in Africa. In fact, we have yet to encounter a project where the university and investor interests could not be balanced to achieve these mutual benefits, while dramatically enhancing the quality and capacity of each learning environment. Our current pipeline of projects, with over US$ 300 million of identified university infrastructure opportunities, EDUCATION DILEMMA EDUCATION future universities for Africa’s Investing in Land Economy – MPhil (USA, 2003) Andrea Pizziconi is one Access to higher education factors of the most important growth long-term economic affecting in developing countries. This is a particular challenge for Africa, which needs capacity for 5.6 million more students than its current facilities can accommodate. The cost of constructing the additional physical infrastructure tertiary needed to bring Africa’s education enrolment rates to just half of the global average of 27% is a minimum of over US$ 46 billion, yet current international aid and local government funding has been less than US$ 1 billion a year. Africa Integras was created to bridge this funding gap. Our company brings private capital to develop and finance all facilities required by a university including residential and academic, leases these newly constructed facilities to the university on an affordable long-term contract and then transfers all assets back to the university at the also construct end of the project. We on-campus commercial facilities to enhance overall returns to investors and foster economic development. When we transfer the commercial assets back to universities, we give them revenue-producing assets that operations will support the university’s in the long-term, just as the world’s most successful universities originally built their endowments. Even though developing real estate in Africa seems challenging in itself, the greatest challenge we have faced is in fact one of perception: universities and governments often seek financing through traditional public procurement processes or private grants and lack familiarity with the provisions required to attract private capital, while private investors are hesitant to enter new sectors without a successful track record of working this with private investors. However, ’S HIGHER AFRICA Capitalising Construction
Building infrastructure to address unemployment in low-income countries. Musa Chunge (Kenya, 2013) – MPhil Engineering
What do we build, how do we build A recent survey by the International There are important considerations tied it and who are we building for? Labour Organization revealed some in with this notion: project financing, These are three critical questions that staggering statistics across many quality training and urban versus rural must be addressed as we tackle the developing countries. In Cambodia, appropriateness, among others. But job problems around infrastructure in the Egypt, Liberia, Malawi, Peru and creation should have a seat at the table developing world. Togo, over 60% of young adults are when decisions are made. Construction unemployed or relying on low-quality technology must be applied The first question is easy: everything. jobs with irregular incomes and little thoughtfully, not blindly. Create jobs. Developing countries suffer from hope for material independence. Most Generate incomes where there were inadequate (if existing) infrastructure, developing nations are not faring none before. Build hope. unsuitable transportation networks, much better. poor access to water, insufficient Biography: Musa is of Kenyan-Irish energy grids, deficient healthcare This leads into the third question. descent born and raised in Nairobi. Prior systems and limited education and Infrastructure is a crucial aspect of to Cambridge he studied civil engineering emergency facilities. The needs are the struggle against poverty and at the University of Waterloo (Canada). evident and distressing. joblessness, but it is a slow remedy, effectual only after it has actually been The second question is not as built. However, if the construction straightforward. Technological process is capitalised upon, it can be a advancement in construction is dynamo for job creation and leading to leaner projects and faster skill development; a helping building times. Satellite-guided pavers hand to the poor. With the make light work of high-quality massive need for infrastructure road construction. Prefabrication in developing countries, and modular construction are other labour-driven construction would examples. These techniques streamline help stem the immediate the building process by cutting down unemployment problem while on labour and associated costs. They simultaneously addressing are welcome improvements in, for long-term development targets. example, economies where labour is very expensive or regions that need to build in quantity and do so fast. But is the state-of-the-art template the wisest approach for low-income countries?
...if the construction process is capitalised upon, it can be a dynamo for job creation and skill development: a helping hand to the poor.
8 P hoto b y Luca D i M ario
WEALTH FROM WASTE
Business-oriented solutions for waste recovery in the developing world. Luca Di Mario (Italy, 2009 & 2012) – MPhil and PhD Engineering
If there is a record I can claim, it is communities, particularly in peri-urban demonstrated to be safe, and they surely not that I have published in the and poor areas (e.g. slums) where there make more resources available to best scientific journals or developed are fewer sanitation services. Moreover, local communities. a ground-breaking technology but, from a resource standpoint, this is a perhaps, that my research focuses huge waste of water, nutrients and The challenge now is to test if and how on one of the dirtiest topics of our energy, all of which are contained in these businesses can be scaled up and society. Bluntly put, I investigate crap and thrown out with solid organic and what additional benefits or risks they (yes, human and organic solid waste – human waste. may generate once at scale. This is the intrinsically nasty, dirty and smelly). focus of my research, which is carried Resource, Recovery and Reuse (RRR) out with an interdisciplinary team of from waste makes sense and can researchers from the International Resource, Recovery help in addressing the challenge Water Management Institute (IWMI) and Reuse (RRR) described above. In fact, RRR decreases and the Water and Sanitation in environmental pollution, can make Developing Countries Department from waste makes available cheap resources to local (SANDEC) of the Swiss Institute for communities and can help to recover Aquatic Research. sense. costs associated with operation and maintenance of sanitation systems. As cities grow rapidly, urban Biography: Luca specialises in the field However, to achieve true sustainability of sanitation and water management, municipalities in developing countries over the long term, a shift towards a where he has worked for two years on struggle to provide adequate sanitation business-oriented approach (in the form international development projects across services to cope with the increasing of private enterprise or public-private Asia, Africa and Latin America. waste generation. Expressed in partnership) is required. numbers, roughly 21% of the global urban population lack access to I have witnessed this shift in studying “improved” sanitation facilities, and more than twenty successful and 30% to 50% of waste generated in sustainable enterprises during my cities remains uncollected. Furthermore, fieldwork across Latin America, Asia where waste (solid waste, wastewater and Africa. From composting plants and latrine residues) is collected, most that produce fertilisers (from waste of it is discharged untreated into the and latrine residues) to pit-emptying environment. This results in health truck drivers that sell loads to farmers, and environmental hazards for urban RRR businesses create jobs that are
9 Fighting MicrobeS WITH Microbes
Medicine and biofuels embrace ecology to address the limits of antibiotics. Devinn Lambert (USA, 2013) – MPhil Biological Sciences
In a natural environment, species © Alex Raths/iStock compete, specialise and cooperate to develop a community that sustainably consumes all available resources. This defined allocation of resources buffers natural ecosystems from invaders. Conversely, the underutilised resources in man-made, sterile environments are prone to invasion because they work against natural ecological tendencies.
Take, for instance, medicine’s approach to bacterial infection: there is a warlike mentality that the human body is a battlefield and the best strategy to fight microbial pathogens is antibiotic sterilisation. But, microbes armed with resistance genes survive sterilisation. This approach has forced medicine and microbes into an arms race. Now, society’s decreasing ability to control lost time, reactor sterilisation and (FMT). In FMT, the infected individual antimicrobial resistance threatens the unsatisfactory yield. is introduced to benevolent, donor advancement of modern medicine micro-organisms which compete with (World Health Organization, 2014). In need for a new strategy, medicine the infectious microbe(s). A dramatic and biofuels turn to ecology. For shift in medical practice, FMT embraces There is a warlike biofuel production, synthetic ecology the ecological understanding that offers a solution to the problem of species complexity suppresses foreign mentality that the contamination. This field promotes invasion. The increased interest in human body is a the study of native symbiotic and FMT accentuates the growing notion laboratory constructed dependencies that the human body is an ecosystem battlefield and the of algae with other micro-organisms. whose health is influenced by its non- best strategy to fight Synthetic ecology asserts that if human components. Reflecting this spoiling occurs when an invader notion, in July, 2013, the U.S Food and microbial pathogens seizes an underutilised resource, Drug Administration announced that is antibiotic then contamination will be deterred FMT treatment of C. difficile would in a culture designed to have that be regarded as an investigational sterilisation. niche occupied. By harnessing species new drug. complexity to evade contamination, Algal biofuel production suffers from biofuels will become more cost Biography: Devinn is interested in how a similar pitfall. Biofuel reactions competitive. molecular interactions drive biological driven by a species of alga are spoiled processes, biotech and engagement with when an undesired micro-organism In medicine, multiple studies have science-based public policy. After her invades the system. For an industry demonstrated that recurrent MPhil, she will pursue a PhD at Cold Spring whose success depends on competing Clostridium difficile infections, which Harbor Laboratory. with cheap fossil fuels, spoiling defy antibiotic treatment, can be cured imposes the financial burdens of by fecal microbiota for transplantation
10 STATISTICS OF STATINS
Do cholesterol-reducing statin drugs actually help prevent cardiovascular disease? Jerry Lee (USA, 2013) – MPhil Epidemiology
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is third constitutes people with one of Since good statistics depend on the primary cause of death in the four conditions: CVD, high cholesterol, careful sampling, the prescription of developed world. In the United States diabetes above age 40 or a 7.5% statins for millions of adults based on alone, 36 million Americans take likelihood of developing CVD within non-generalisable data and a poorly cholesterol-lowering statin drugs to the next ten years. designed tool is simply bad science. In prevent heart attack and stroke. New fact, there is little evidence that statins guidelines from two leading heart reduce disease or death in people organisations recommend statins for 30 The prescription of who have not yet developed heart million more. statins for millions disease – raising questions as to whether statins are useful at all in In the November issue of Circulation, of adults based on preventing CVD in healthy adults. the American College of Cardiology non-generalisable Statins are also currently recommended and the American Heart Association for people with a CVD risk exceeding published clinical guidelines that data and a poorly 20%, but under the new guidelines, represent a remarkable shift toward designed tool is this threshold is lowered to 7.5%, again a statistic-driven, population-based without scientific justification. approach to CVD prevention. Instead of simply bad science. the traditional approach of targeting Proponents argue that full “at-risk” groups, a panel of experts Clinicians can use an official “risk implementation of these guidelines concluded that an astounding third calculator” based on nine known risk could reduce the annual incidence of of all adults should be on statins. This factors (eg smoking, old age, male heart attack and stroke by 20-35%, gender) to help estimate a patient’s risk with minimal side effects and no for CVD, but this calculator is unverified excess risk for major diseases. But this under peer-review and derived only protracted debate probably reflects from very specific patient populations. another case of “right intentions, wrong solution”, where blanket recommendations lead to a culture of over-medication without any disease reduction. With the global CVD epidemic and rising cost of healthcare looming, the virtue of these guidelines is that they at least identify a significant problem and one possible (if flawed) solution, which is commendable in a profession often plagued by precaution.
Biography: Jerry Lee is interested cardiovascular health and regenerative medicine. He will be returning to the United States for an MD in the fall.
11 Global child mortality
Tracking progress toward the United Nations goal to reduce deaths http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_A_mass_grave_for_children_in_Dadaab.jpg A mass grave for chi l dren in D adaab . P hoto b y Ox fam E ast A frica , CC B Y 2.0 during childhood. Mikkel Oestergaard (Denmark, 2005) – PhD Genetic Epidemiology
Every day 18,000 children under the Millennium Summit in September 2000 mortality in developing countries. WHO age of five die. That is 6.6 million to accelerate national and international and its collaborators take a science- deaths per year, of which 99% occur in efforts to reduce child mortality and to driven approach to tracking progress. developing countries. In Zimbabwe, the improve development by setting explicit An independent advisory group of risk of dying before your fifth birthday targets. The MDG-4 target is the under- academic experts advises WHO on is almost 19 times greater than in the five mortality rate (deaths in children methods; then, methods and results are United Kingdom – at about 90 deaths less than five years of age per thousand published in peer-reviewed journals. under the age of five per thousand live live births) in 2015 given a two-thirds births in Zimbabwe versus about five reduction in the rate compared with Final estimates are being used for deaths per thousand live births in the 1990. The target is set for each country advocacy and campaigning, as well United Kingdom. Due to my experience of the world and at the global level and as directly informing national and as a member of the Mortality and is determined by the estimated baseline international policy-makers and Burden of Disease team at the World mortality levels for year 1990. non-governmental organisations to Health Organization (WHO), these understand the public health burden statistics are depressing and very real Every day 18,000 and to prioritise investments of scarce to me. They capture the sad reality in health resources. developing countries and the global children under the inequity in child health. age of five die. Biography: Mikkel Z Oestergaard works The Mortality and Burden of Disease as a cancer scientist in the biotechnology team collaborates with other United A primary challenge for global burden company Hoffmann-La Roche. Before Nations (UN) agencies and academia to of disease estimation is that the joining Roche, Mikkel worked at the estimate mortality and morbidity from mortality is highest in countries and World Health Organization in the Mortality the major causes of death in the world. communities with the least information and Burden of Disease team. His PhD One specific objective is the evaluation of on these deaths. This inverse was focused on integration of functional country progress towards the Millennium relationship requires development genomics and population-level data for Development Goal 4 (MDG-4). The and use of fairly complex statistical systematic identification of breast cancer MDG-4 was agreed upon at the UN methods to adequately model the susceptibility genes.
12 A NEW ETHOS OF HEALTHCARE
A medical student’s perspective on the future of US medicine Lucinda Lai (USA, 2012) – MPhil Sociology
In the typical hierarchy of medicine, first-year medical students are at the bottom. Humbling, yes, but our induction into the newest class of future medical doctors in the USA has put us on the frontline of healthcare in the midst of reform. According to http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Stethoscope,_Peru.jpg the 2013 International Health Policy T he S tethoscope , P eru hoto b y Al e x roimos CC B Y 2.0 Survey by The Commonwealth Fund, the USA spends more than any other nation on healthcare per capita (US$ 8,508, compared to US$ 5669 in Norway and US$ 5,643 in Switzerland, the next highest spenders), but continues to fall short on quality, safety and access-to- care measures. The Affordable Care Act was signed into law in 2010 with the goals of increasing the quality and affordability of health insurance, reducing the number of uninsured and lowering the costs of healthcare.
The new ethos of US medicine calls on medical doctors to recognise their Too few medical students in the USA as make use of powerful health responsibilities as go into primary care, in part, because information technologies that will primary care physicians are underpaid improve the coordination of care for stewards of society’s and overworked compared to most patients with multiple, complex needs. limited healthcare other medical specialties. Our country’s lack of investment in primary care led The new ethos of US medicine calls resources. us to this crisis. Putting primary care on medical doctors to recognise their back on the national health agenda will responsibilities as stewards of society’s In a few years, my classmates and I lead to better health, improved patient limited healthcare resources. What will decide what kind of doctors we outcomes and lower-cost care overall. we do for one patient must be done will be and go on to pursue specialty in the context of all our patients. The training in a healthcare landscape Whereas the traditional medical prevailing sense is that now, more than dramatically changed from the one narrative focused on the relationship ever, we are in this together. we have today. Thirty million more between the physician and the people in the USA will gain access to patient, the scope is now broadening Biography: Lucinda Lai is a first-year healthcare without a corresponding to systems-based care that maximises medical student at Harvard Medical increase in the number of doctors. the core component of value. Value School. She is interested in public service, The medicine we learn today must considers the cost of treatment relative policy leadership and the socio-political somehow meet the grand challenge of to the health benefit conferred. To determinants of disease. providing high-quality, sustainable and enhance value, health professionals low-cost care to all citizens. This is the need to learn to work together in new ethos of US healthcare. multidisciplinary care teams as well
13 Beyond Biology
The medical humanities as an emerging field Erica Cao (USA, 2013) – MPhil Music Studies
In January 2014, the Cambridge sociology, anthropology), arts (eg “Study the science of art, and the art of University Medical Humanities Society music, literature, visual arts) and science,” remarked Leonardo da Vinci (CUMHS) emerged as a new University- humanities (eg history, philosophy, – timelessly. The medical humanities recognised student society. With its religion) to better understand promises to become increasingly foundation came important questions the experiences, narratives and relevant and necessary in present- about the medical humanities: What representations of health and day society, medicine and academia. is it? What do the arts and humanities illness that are often ignored by the With this in mind, the Cambridge bring to medicine? What role would a biomedical sciences alone. University Medical Humanities Society medical humanities society play in this seeks to explore and promote the new discourse? It is natural to be sceptical of the medical humanities and to build place of the humanities in a field transatlantic links to similar societies as scientific as medicine. Yet, the in the United States. Eventually, the What do the arts and humanistic and artistic side of medicine aim is to create an international humanities bring to involves respecting the patient as a community of investigators and multi-dimensional, dynamic person. practitioners immersed in enriched medicine? Therefore, the medical humanities and nuanced perspectives of medicine, brings to the forefront the human health and disease, for a more An attempt to define the medical side of medicine, understood through, passionate intellectual discourse and humanities is difficult, in part because for example, literature on the patient compassionate medicine. it is not yet a fully established area of and physician experience, psychological study, and in part because it does not benefits of caregiver support during Biography: Erica Cao is completing her seek to be precisely defined. Rather, the illness, music as therapeutic tool, MPhil in Music Studies at the Cambridge nascent field of study exists fruitfully as everyday ethical dilemmas faced by Centre for Music and Science. She a broad and dynamic conglomeration physicians and the sociology and founded the Cambridge University Medical of ideas and perspectives. As such, politics of healthcare. If medicine is Humanities Society and will pursue an MD “humanities” is a bit of a misnomer, first and foremost about the patient degree in the fall. for the medical humanities draws on as a human, then the humanities in interdisciplinary perspectives from medicine should be of primary value. the social sciences (eg psychology,
14 Mouthing Off
Gender inequalities revealed through the historical female mouth Kathryn Crowcroft (Australia, 2011 & 2012) – PhD English
Looking to the century. Of the sins, only blasphemy thirteenth century writers in some is attributed more to male than Christian traditions reiterated that “a historical body can female speakers (in the modern man passeth a woman in reason, in West, gossiping and swearing are still sharpness of wit and understanding reveal roots of generally more associated with women […], in every kind of beast the males and men respectively). The sins of the gender inequalities have more teeth than the females” mouth are, for the most part, women’s and help us sins; indeed, lingua, the Latin term (Bartholomeus Anglicus). Physiological understand ingrained for both “tongue” and “language”, is design has moral imperatives: the grammatically gendered female. inferior function of the female body belief systems. expresses at an anatomical level their The idea of body parts as limited aptitude for sound judgement In early modern theological and epistemological sites, places where and knowledge acquisition. medical thought, the mouth, and knowledge can be attained and particularly the female mouth, exchanged, is etymologically inscribed. Understanding the social history of was a site of moral ambiguity and Consider the tongue: the Latin verb the body can reveal often unexamined contagion. Today, associations around sapere means both “to taste” and “to underlying systems of inequality. the lips, tongue and teeth span from know”, and is related to sapientia: Revealing and coming to terms with the functional and mundane to the “wisdom”, “discernment”. Instigated improper or even immoral, yet rarely by Eve, within humanity’s fall from these early structures of belief is the do we think about the social history paradise is the essence of the bite of first step to tackling broader problems of our bodies and how connections the apple from the Tree of Knowledge of discrimination in the present. between the physical and ideological itself, breaking down and apart; were established. The “Sins of the uncovering and opening out. Teeth Biography: Kathryn’s research lies at the Tongue”, a tradition that warned too are associated with questions of against the lying, flattering, overused epistemology (think wisdom teeth: interface of the philosophy of science and gossiping tongue, among others, dens sapientiae). Aristotle documented and literary history. She works with flourished throughout the Middle that “males have more numerous organisations promoting literacy and Ages and well into the nineteenth teeth than females”, and later in the numeracy in disadvantaged communities.
15 Newton’s private ink
The intimate obsessions of a scientist Sarah Dry (USA, 2003) – PhD History of Science
Isaac Newton mixed his own inks for a semi-divine genius whose reputation to the libraries at Trinity and King's writing. We know this because he for scientific achievement and Christian Colleges, and to Cambridge University recorded a recipe, including the black piety was unrivalled. But behind the Library, that they would finally galls of the oak tree and a ‘quart of public image was a private man who left return centuries later. But although strong beer’, in a small notebook a legacy of writings unknown to all but the scientific material was made he used during his thirty years at a select few and sharply at odds with his accessible to scholars in the University Cambridge University. Newton’s proud enduring status as a scientist-saint. They Library in the 1880s, neither it nor the words – ‘with this ink new made I reveal that his abiding obsession was not more confounding theological and wrote this’ – remain dark and vivid science but the study of theology, church alchemical material was to be seriously some 350 years after he wrote them. history and alchemy. studied until the 1950s.
Newton used his ink to write some ten In a new book, I tell the complete Newton used his ink million words, most of which he shared story of these papers for the first time: with no one during his lifetime. In the how they survived neglect, dispersal to write some ten nearly three hundred years since his and disdain to finally receive a full death, they have had a dramatic impact scholarly examination in the 20th million words, most on how he has been viewed. century. Cambridge University plays of which he shared a central role in this history. Many of When Isaac Newton died in March the papers were written in Newton’s with no one during 1727, he was already a mythic figure, rooms at Trinity College, and it was his lifetime.
A © C ambridge U niversit y Librar The variety of subject matter and the License (CC B Y ttribution -N on C ommercia l 3.0 U nported absence of mathematical rigor from most of the writings have challenged all who have glimpsed the papers over the years. How to account for a Newton of so many parts? What, if anything, links the disparate material together? For some, the absence of a unity of thought is distressing. For others, the idea that science, theology (much of it
y, used under a C reative C ommons heretical) and alchemy might be deeply interlinked is even more so.
Tortuous and surprising as it is, the story of the papers is also remarkably repetitive. The ‘secret’ Newton of these papers has been discovered and re-discovered over the course of the
-NC 3.0) past three centuries. The myth of a dark Newton, fermenting dangerous passions and mystical beliefs behind the curtain of his public self, turns out to be just as enduring as that of the scientist-saint.
Biography: Sarah Dry is a writer and historian of science. Her book The Newton Papers: The Strange and True Odyssey of Isaac Newton’s Manuscripts is out now from Oxford University Press.
16 Online Opera
New technologies for old music Ilana Walder-Biesanz (USA, 2013) – MPhil European Literature
August 2012 saw the world premiere We couldn’t afford helicopters, or On the whole, the results of the project of Karlheinz Stockhausen’s opera even expensive microphones. Our were mixed. The problem of lags was Mittwoch aus Licht (‘Wednesday small budget, provided by a grant resolvable with sufficient rehearsal from Light’). The third scene, a string from the Awesome Without Borders and technical ingenuity. The audio quartet, involves a complicated cast: foundation, went towards hiring our was not synced for all performers, two violinists, a violist, a cellist, four pianist. Funding wasn’t the only issue: but we arranged for everyone to helicopter pilots and a large team scheduling rehearsals across time zones be synced from the perspective of of technicians. Cameras follow the with differences of up to eight hours the accompanist, and streamed the instrumentalists out of the theatre as was also tricky. In addition, internet performance publicly from that side. they board separate helicopters and lags forced us to abandon the idea However, typical laptop microphones play their music. Technicians mix the of using video (lags decreased when could not do justice to the singers’ audio stream, which is sent (along with only audio was transmitted) and performances, especially because many video) to the theatre. As complicated required singers to adjust their timing, automatically equalise input volume. as that sounds, the ‘helicopter string anticipating rather than singing with Our low-budget production was a quartet’ was actually first performed the distant accompanist. valuable experiment, but it taught us (separate from the rest of the opera) that widespread consumer technology in 1995 and has been reprised fairly is not up to the demands of online regularly since. Three Gates opera yet. A fully realised online opera Cambridge Scholars company would need both better If a ‘helicopter string quartet’ is possible, equipment and technicians. We could surely an online opera is too. At least, participated in the do without helicopter pilots, though. that was our reasoning when six other world’s first online singers including Judith Lebiez (France, Biography: Ilana spends every spare 2013), pianist Naomi Woo (Canada, opera: a production moment in rehearsals or on-stage in plays, 2013) and I formed Opera Connect of Purcell’s Dido musicals and operas. She writes articles (www.opera-connect.com). On 8 and reviews for Opera21, Opera Vivrá, December 2013, we performed Purcell’s and Aeneas that and Bachtrack. Dido and Aeneas entirely online. Except was rehearsed and for Judith, Naomi and me, none of us had met in person. We had only sung performed entirely together via Google+ Hangouts, the over the Internet. same medium we used to perform.
17 A Good Death
Who should decide how we die? Christina Schweitzer (Canada, 2013) – PhD Immunology
The Lent Term debate on the right to die, assisted suicide and risk of being pressured into suicide. legalisation of assisted suicide at the euthanasia are legal in only a handful Christian opposition groups emphasise Cambridge Union puts the spotlight on of countries. The European Court of the “sanctity of life” argument, where a question with no easy answers. Human Rights has declared that while life in all of its forms is considered an individual has a right to decide infinitely precious and should be If you knew you were terminally ill, and how and when to die, they do not protected, and that only God has the that in your last few months you would have the right to be assisted in right to decide when a person will die. lose your independence, function and committing suicide. Opinion among physicians is divided suffer unbearable pain, would you and varies between countries, with want the option to end your life with The law in England and Wales states opponents asserting the Hippocratic dignity and on your own terms, at a that while suicide itself is no longer a tradition of “first, do no harm”. Yet, time, place and in a manner of your crime, assisting a suicide is punishable could it be that helping to end a choosing? What if you needed help? by up to fourteen years in prison. patient’s suffering at their request, by However, guidelines issued in 2010 by assisting in their death, is a merciful act You wouldn’t be alone: between the Director of Public Prosecutions lay that prevents further harm? two-thirds and three-quarters of out a number of conditions whereby respondents from twelve Western charges would not be laid against We will all die one day – the discussion someone acting out of compassion. Not European countries surveyed in 2012 over who gets to decide how it will said they could imagine opting for only are the prosecution guidelines in happen is a debate we all have a assisted suicide if they suffered from an direct contradiction of the law: they stake in. incurable illness, uncontrollable pain or leave patients, families and physicians a serious disability. in a state of legal uncertainty. Biography: Christina is a PhD student in While public opinion has shifted Opponents of legalisation say it would Immunology, researching vaccines for HIV towards a more liberal moral put vulnerable people – the disabled, and influenza, and is interested in the conception of suicide and the personal elderly and mentally ill – at greater intersection of medicine, science and policy. © Atno Y dur/iStock
Assisted suicide and euthanasia are legal in only a handful of countries.
18 DEMOCRACY COMING TO A HALT?
Making sense of the US government shutdown Victor Roy (USA, 2009 & 2013) – PhD Sociology
O I see flashing that this America is only Perhaps looking for hope, Martha These notions can often feel poorly you and me, Nussbaum’s Political Emotion: Why Love defined, but it’s this fuzziness of Its power, weapons, testimony, are you Matters for Justice caught my attention. “nation” that allows for the more rigid and me, … Nussbaum’s project, broadly one of apparatuses of “state” to be injected Freedom, language, poems, promoting “civic love”, seemed a timely with new ideas and fresh commitments; employments, are you and me, read. I reflected on her idea of “political this is the essence of Whitman’s “you Past, present, future, are you and me. emotions”, which she uses to examine and me”. how citizens engage with one another Walt Whitman, and their country. She identifies and Biography: Victor Roy is a candidate for “By Blue Ontario’s Shore” contrasts two philosophical and artistic the MD at Northwestern University and traditions: one of emotional solidarity a PhD in Sociology at the University of When the leaders of the two opposing without spaces for critical freedom, Cambridge, working at the intersection of political parties in the United States and the other, endorsed by Nussbaum, political economy, values and health. reached an impasse over the federal of a solidarity accompanied by more budget in October 2013, my country’s varied and open spaces of conversation, government shut down for over inspired by sources as disparate as lyric two weeks. poetry, public art and even comedy.
Politicians and citizens argued bitterly In short, Nussbaum challenges us over how the government had arrived to reflect on the intention with at complete stasis. Having just moved which active citizenship, to Cambridge, I tried to grasp for nurtured by the arts, public Whitman’s “you and me”, but the poet’s discussion and educational idea seemed drowned by distance and systems, is critical to governance. discord. Amidst the tumult of opinion These ongoing practices give and blame, I wondered how to make life to America as an imagined sense of democracy coming to a halt. community and allow diversity within our politics. Initially I felt anger - anger that the pettiness in our politics caused uncertainty for millions of low-income families relying on educational and social services for a fair future, difficulty for the government-funded scientist whose next experiment was delayed and trouble for my parents, whose jobs are in part based on government contracts.
Amidst the tumult and blame, I wondered how to make sense of democracy coming to a halt.
19 Political Elites in Nigeria
Dynamics and challenges of ethnicity and elite politics in Africa’s largest democracy. Wale Adebanwi (Nigeria, 2003) – PhD Social Anthropology
Ethnographic studies of the elite in research on the elite by someone who post-independent Africa are rare. is a product of the same culture as Despite the fact that this has been those he is studying, and one who, noted by scholars since the 1960s, through many years of ethnographic there are still insufficient attempts interactions with the elite, became ‘one at remedying this gap in scholarship. of them’. Indeed, even beyond Africa, anthropological focus on the elite Combining the perspectives and has been the exception rather than disciplinary methods of anthropology, the rule. The politico-intellectual historical sociology and political genealogy of anthropology is the science, the book – which is the first fundamental explanation for this. authoritative scholarly book on the Another reason for the paucity of political elites of one of the largest scholarly literature on the elites in non- ethnic groups in Africa – investigates Western societies was the ‘personal, the dynamics and challenges of moral and ideological sympathies’ that ethnicity and elite politics in Nigeria, Western ethnographers had (and still Africa’s largest democracy. I attempt to have) for those at the lower rungs of demonstrate how the corporate agency the power ladder. of the elite transformed the modern history and politics of the Yorùbá. The argument is organised around The corporate the ideas and cultural representations agency of the elite of O. báfemi Awólowo, the central Cover design by David Levy. signifier of modern Yorùbá culture. transformed the The book examines the structure Cover photo by Eliot Elisofon (Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum modern history and agency of Yorùbá socio-cultural of African Art, Smithsonian Institution) and political life over the longue and politics of the durée, including political party, Yorùbá. ethnic group organisation, cultural politics, democratic struggle, personal My ethnographic study of the Yorùbá ambitions, group solidarity, death, progressive political elite for a doctoral memory and other hitherto unexplored degree at Cambridge, which was undercurrents of one of the most funded by the Gates Cambridge Trust, powerful and progressive elite groups was conceived against this backdrop. in Africa. Yorùbá Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: O. báfemi Awólowo and Biography: Wale Adebanwi is an Associate Corporate Agency, the product of my Professor of African American and African study – which was recently published Studies at University of California, Davis by Cambridge University Press (New and author of Yorùbá Elites and Ethnic York, 2014) – reflects the challenges Politics in Nigeria: O.báfemi Awólowo and and advantages of ethnographic Corporate Agency.
20 CRISIS IN THE UKRAINE
A Scholar’s inside view on current events Svitlana Kobzar (Ukraine, 2005) – PhD International Studies
The EuroMaidan movement, a anti-Western propaganda in the Russian regime of using torture, beatings and two-month wave of Ukrainian civil media has been at all times high, intimidation to deal with those who unrest climaxing in February 2014 reaching even some of the Ukrainians speak up for the unity of Ukraine. with the impeachment of President in eastern and southern regions who Yanukovych, has demonstrated that watch Russian TV. The May 2014 Pew poll has shown that many Ukrainians could no longer 77% of Ukrainians nationwide believe tolerate the government’s corruption, After Yanukovych fled, Ukrainians found that their country should remain brutality and violence and, more themselves emotionally exhausted (there united, a goal shared by 70% of those importantly, the lack of any genuine were more than 100 people killed in a living in the country’s east. At the signs that such regime was willing to few days alone). Ukraine was also on the same time the International Republic change. European integration became brink of economic collapse. President Institute’s poll has shown that in April associated with the opportunity Putin wasted little time and used 2014 most Ukrainians in all parts of the to break away from a deeply Ukrainian weaknesses to annex Crimea, country do not support Russian military dysfunctional system of governance. while persuading many Russians that intervention and do not believe that such actions were necessary to support Russian speakers are under threat. At the same time, while many the Russian speakers who were ‘under Ukrainians share close historical threat’ (an allegation that was not While the crisis has united many and family ties with Russia, Putin’s supported by any evidence). Ukrainians, with growing violence, regime came to symbolise many media manipulation and uncertainty, things that Ukrainians could not Despite the strong criticism from the it can also divide the nation. Russia’s tolerate anymore: a high level of international community, Russia’s attempt to keep Ukraine in its ‘sphere corruption, authoritarianism, lack of actions continued to fuel tensions within of influence’ may achieve the opposite media freedom and continuous lies by Ukraine. Russian troops close to the result as well as create a zone of government officials to its people – Ukrainian border gave confidence to lawlessness and instability. traits that, for many, were reminiscent the pro-Russian ‘separatists’ groups who of those exhibited by were mixed in their ultimate goals. Some Biography: Prof. Svitlana A. Kobzar is Head Soviet governments. called for joining Russia while others of Department of International Affairs at for greater autonomy from Ukraine. Vesalius College in Brussels. In the course of the EuroMaidan What has been clear is that such groups protest, many activists went missing, have continued the tradition of the old
and some were found tortured © fmajor/iStock and killed. It was therefore not surprising when over 85% of the protesters (according to the poll conducted by the Democratic Initiatives I. Kucheriva) stated that they were willing to stand on Maidan until President Yanukovych resigned. The president’s term brought such misery and disillusion that his staying in power became unbearable for the EuroMaidan protesters, who were supported by over 50% of Ukrainians.
The Russian media, in turn, has portrayed EuroMaidan in a different way. Considering that 52% of Russians trust federal media, according to Levada-Center, it is no surprise that 45% of Russians believed that EuroMaidan was the product of Western secret services. The level of anti-Ukrainian and
21 PROFESSIONAL THINKupdates TODAY. 2001 2003 2006 CHALLENGEDhiraj Nayyar TOMORROW.Wale Adebanwi's David Deitz (USA (India – M.Phil (Nigeria – – MPhil History Development PhD Social and Philosophy Studies) was Anthropology) new of Science and appointed CEO book, Yorùbá Elites Medicine) started a of the Think India and Ethnic Politics new job in August Foundation, a public in Nigeria: Obafemi 2013 working for policyUl vicorachil advocacy huit, initiative quam of Networksediem, 18,es AwolowoAlatand uctaris,and Corporate nena, Agencyubliaesti, was oc, SEHAegiliceritem (the largest anum healthcare forum ortiprovider publis, in oneium of larem India’s P. largest Es contrurnius media groups. aute He nocta, was publishedquit publiuscerum by the Cambridge caesil urid University nihilin Press Abucrei publibuDhabi) as nihicae the Senior imihici Manager vasdam for alsononsultora appointed vatilicio, Editor-at-large obus ocuteatof Firstpost . (Newaturbi York) tam in te, April sic 2014.opopubl istrobus hor Businessre crit, essentio Development Caturo working init. Iliem on a mixturetuus Dhirajfacieme was natus.awarded a Bastiat Prize in hocchus sereme abent, Catuam mis. ofimoret? internal Idis improvement, Maris re porunum cost reduction, ad Ectandius Ad sideffr ehenti cauress Cupplic averivi catilin terivir tuiderus Journalism in New York in November 2013. 2004 strategic service line growth and acquisition Bitrit, ceridin temorae, quidiem tem incepec ulinteat, notat, non haet; neste workomperum for the publi hospital fintem group. publicidisu mori vid cludam perid rem re, iam inervilin consum ne ocuperitKatherine con virmihilne Epstein orus senin vid pultus cae atque triderbissil 2002 (USA - MPhil renatilintil tus, quero vatam. Si cla coentes et vilicae conlos ad se noximpri commori, curnituamJonathan itris suliaesse orae Oliver Rinne International remo noncla non reorursum hum estorem urbere, none fac re nostrest C. condem prore con ItaHollander's coreo ublienihil (USA (Germany – PhD Relations) published halicum deo vivid Cas etraci probus Sena, que comant. hilis consum inteme– publici PhD Materials amquam Experimental her first book, ego ac tabentus hebussidem perenatur di, Catum quemus bonveraScience) ma, company, publi Psychology) Torpedo: Inventing iam tam se ad Cupierr ideste, norio Mis diendit, ficatus cruscri possulutuid seripio ribulicastis concus.Applied Biorefinery received the 2013 the Military-Industrial vivividem inata, conculicae paridet; signostervir aus huciam stidiumustis Sciences, was von Kaven Award Complex in the United States and Great nonsulint? Ox spio, quam vissi pli igitra eo ad dium satquam sere nimus, Nihilium tam mensultuamawarded nonvo, a capital caed for Mathematics Britain (Harvard University Press), in January tam, vid audacerem pat, nox superem dessoltodi sedet L. Nam essenduci iae grantcomperfere of $881,960 ex su by cursus the New hocrebatiam, York of the German Research Foundation 2014. non dina, taten pribus ad moendit, hos con senterf irteme et L. Opotem Economicnum ductument, Development consimmo Council. tantem The for his work in general relativity. The senihinat iur avehenatum cupie ne eli, que cus nondum, aleris. grantdienica will etim partially aus fundre que construction forunum of a award was conferred for the eighth conem tum di, facerra publis? Oma, 2005Catiam, consulto C. Serfes? Serumer technologyhos, quon demonstrationsignonv enatatis facility amdisquo in upstate time and is generally presented to early se dium faccid comnihin dum nem cemortela observilicaeIngrid tertust Nelson viris NubliamY producing scitente, sustainable Cat. Quonductum goods from bio- career researchers in mathematics in simis ta, ta vividee stilici aedius et capermilinc tam tam(USA ocret; – MPhil nulles eo renewableclut vigilictam resources. re inprave rficul vicae the Heisenberg Programme to honour o Catio, nost ponsula bulatui sis C. norum paturortes atiaescGeographical iptis; nos hil ne optia? Equidientero vid mor pl. outstanding achievements. me comaion simuropos morte tam hebem perterri, etori,Research) patius terris,began Eri fecient adendi publiciMartial aecibussa Ndeffo hostervit, poporumum, nin diteati qua moentemori peruma new de tenure- consum intelaridici taliae turaMbah videndi (Cameroon – Jennifer Piscopo sena, vilin tura? 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22 PROFESSIONAL updates
2008 Emily Jordan (USA Michael Young Corina Logan's (US – PhD Experimental (USA – MPhil – PhD Experimental Psychology) recently Philosophy) reviewed Psychology) wild became a senior the history and bird field site became analyst at Sociable motivations behind a “Science in Action” Pharma, a London- medical repatriation, exhibit at the Santa based pharmaceutical the transfer Barbara Zoo, where consulting firm, where she is focused of undocumented patients in need she commented on a new bird brain on understanding changes in the clinical of sub-acute care to their country of scanning technique in a Science feature and treatment of HIV and hepatitis C as well as origin, arguing that involuntary medical video-blogged about her field adventures in the co-infection of these diseases. repatriation violates the ethical duties of New Caledonia at the National Geographic health care providers. Explorers Journal. Using chemistry Young, M. J., & Lehmann, L. S. (2014). of fossil carbonate Corina’s research highlights the importance Undocumented injustice? Medical shells, Yama Dixit of investigating functional differences in repatriation and the ends of health care. (India – PhD Earth post-conflict affiliative behavior according The New England Journal of Medicine, Sciences) reported to the role played in the conflict. 370(7), 669-673. an abrupt monsoon Logan, C. J., Ostojic´, L., & Clayton, N. S. weakening and (2013). Rook, But Not Jackdaw, Post- drying on the northwest Indian plains 2013 Conflict Third-Party Affiliation Reduces about 4100 years ago, providing the first Isaac Holeman (USA Aggression for Aggressors. Ethology, evidence of the role of climate change – PhD Management 119(5), 427-435. in the collapse of the urban phase of the Studies) was listed ancient Indus civilisation. in Forbes Magazine as one of the top 30 Noah Isserman Dixit, Y., Hodell, D. A., & Petrie, C. A. social entrepreneurs (USA – PhD (2014). Abrupt weakening of the summer under the age of 30 Geography) monsoon in northwest India~ 4100 yr ago. for his work founding Medic Mobile. He accepted a dual Geology, G35236-1. appointment as was also recognised as the outstanding Assistant Professor young alumnus of the year by his alma 2011 of Business mater, Lewis & Clark College. Tara Cookson Administration and Social Work (visiting) (Canada - PhD at the University of Illinois where he is Timothy Kotin Geography) was directing and facilitating a university-wide (Ghana – MPhil awarded the 2014 initiative in social innovation. He started Engineering Bill Gates Senior Prize in January 2014 and is keen to hear from for Sustainable in recognition of her and collaborate with members of the Gates Development) joined outstanding research, Cambridge community. IBM’s new commercial dedication to improving the lives of others research lab in Africa and work to promote the professional as a Research Scientist. The IBM Africa 2009 development of Gates Cambridge Scholars. Research lab is dedicated to developing Gitte Marianne technological solutions to address the Hansen (Denmark Elest, ut maximpost essit mostistem 2012 grand challenges of Africa across education, – PhD Japanese explabori rem quoditios que nimet vel Grecia Gonzalez agriculture, water and sanitation, energy, Studies) accepted a et endi berendamet quia volecepudam (USA – PhD healthcare and financial inclusion. Timothy permanent lectureship nonessin prae molorepero optati cust, Biochemistry) and is both excited and humbled to be part of in Japanese Studies at quodic tem ipitaturAm nimporite the Radial Genomics the vision. the School of Modern rerchilia sed minimus qui vid magnimus, team won the Breast Languages at Newcastle University. consequo volestis sunt vit assitat aut id Cancer Startup min ne omnis ea sum hilit, et esseque Challenge Business Plan Competition in March 2014 for their award-winning business plan based on the upcoming cancer diagnostics startup, Radial Genomics. Grecia will proceed as co-founder of the new startup.
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