Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00489-y Bulletin of the National Research Centre

REVIEW Open Access Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of (Areaceae): a review Heena Ali1 and Ubaid Yaqoob2*

Abstract Background: The Arisaema (Areaceae), popularly known as cobra lilies and jack in pulpit is mainly found in temperate to tropical areas of all continents except South America, Europe and Australia and contain about more than 250 species. Arisaema genus is being used by the diferent folks of human populations for medicinal as well as food purposes. Arisaema are used for the treatment of diferent types of diseases. There have been several attempts to highlight diferent aspects of genus Arisaema by describing it in terms of phytochemistry and medicinal uses. The present study is, however, an attempt to put together all the former data available related to the phyto- chemistry and medicinal uses of genus Arisaema. Main body: The phytochemicals of the include alkaloids, phenols, terpenes, favonoids, lectins, saponins, glycosides, triterpenoids, stigmasterols, n-alkanes, n-alkanols sitosterols, campesterol, oxalates, coumarins, tannins etc. Moreover, the properties such as antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, insecticidal, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, nema- tocidal, antiallergic antitumour and anticancer activities are also shown by the plants belonging to genus Arisaema. Arisaema plants have been traditionally used to treat various ailments such as resolving phlegm, dampness, and to treat asthma, bronchitis, cold, cough, and laryngitis etc. It has been found that there are several species which are toxic by nature. The development of clinical applications of arisaematis rhizomes had been seriously constrained due to its toxic properties like, mouth and lingua pain, even respiration slowing and sufocation, mucous membrane and skin irritation etc. and this toxicity of arisaematis rhizomes is due to raphide components. Conclusions: The collection of data available on the phytochemistry of genus Arisaema is not sufcient as further work is required to do on phytochemical and medicinal basis. The data available on phytochemistry and medicinal properties of the plants belonging to genus Arisaema throws light on various species of Arisaema which are medici- nally important and have been exploited to treat diferent types of diseases in the world. Keywords: Arisaema, Areaceae, Phytochemistry, Medicinal uses, Toxicity

Background have been recognized as medicinally important. Conse- Te human beings are in search of cure to diferent dis- quently, the research on medicinal plants has gone at a eases by natural therapies especially by diferent parts of pace that matches no parallel in the history (Newman plants and herbs. Tis paved way to the study of diferent et al. 2000). Among these medicinally important plants plants to fnd novel ways of treatment and several plants comes the name of genus Arisaema that has around 250 species and every known species is used for diferent medicinal purposes. Te species of Arisaema have been *Correspondence: [email protected] found in diferent parts of the world which include East- 2 Department of Botany, Sri Pratap College, M. A. Road, Srinagar, J&K 190001, ern , central Africa, and eastern North Amer- Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ica (Suresh et al. 2017).

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A brief account of morphology of some of the species (e) Arisaema yunnanense is a perennial herb that usu- is given below: ally arises from tubers. It exhibits 20–75 cm tall stem with 1–2 . Sometimes the tuber of the (a) Arisaema tortousum commonly known as whip- plant form short tubercles which get detached from cord Lily has whip like green and purple spadix. the tubers and can be the source of new plant in the can be up to 30 cm long and bisexual. Plant proceeding years (Fig. 1e). attains a height upto 2 m and grows in aggregation. (f) Arisaema leschenaultii is a perennial herb with It is usually regenerated by ofsets or seeds (Fig. 1a). leaves having tapering tips, lens shaped with 7−12 (b) has spathe inforescence leafets. Leaves containing many veins which form which is greenish having cylindrical 6 cm tubers. an intramarginal vein (Fig. 1f). Te tuber is globose in outline and is having 3 cata- (g) is having perennial behavior phylls which are dark green in colour carrying white developing from tubers. It forms a fowering stem spots (Fig. 1b). upto 50 cm tall. Te new plants in the subsequent (c) is a perennial herb which pro- years can be developed from the tubercles and from duces two leaves with 7–13 leafets. Its blooming older tubers. period is from May to June. Te fowering can exhibit variety of shades and is diferentiated from Present in the East and the West, the plant has been others by its small size spathe blade which came to called by diferent names. As per the diferent appear- end on the upper part of the mouth (Fig. 1c). ance of its fowers, the Asiatic species are often called (d) Arisaema amurense is a short cobra lily which cobra lilies while Western species are often called jack- forms rapidly growing aggregates in woodland gar- in-the-pulpit. Among its species, the present study would dens. It forms leaves with fve leafets. Te spathe focus on few medicinally important species such as inforescence arises over the small sized spadix Arisaema erubescens, Arisaema favum, Arisaema tor- (Fig. 1d). tuosum, Arisaema intermedium Blume, Arisaema jacque- montii Blume, Arisaema murrayi Hook, ,

Fig. 1 a Arisaema tortousum, b Arisaema erubescens, c Arisaema serratum, d Arisaema amurense, e Arisaema yunnanense and f Arisaema leschenaultia Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 3 of 19

Arisaema leschehnaultii, Arisaema amurense, Arisaema Hussain et al. 2006), snake-bite (Bhatt and Negi yunnanense, Arisaema serratum, Arisaema calcareum, 2006), piles (Suresh et al. 2011), digestive tract ail- Arisaema anurans among others. In the present study, ments including constipation, indigestion, abdomi- an attempt is made to highlight the phytochemistry and nal pain, dysentery (Gangwar et al. 2010) and used medicinal uses of diferent species of genus Arisaema, as contraceptive (Paulsamy et al. 2017). It has been including their location (where the plant is found), tradi- also used against nematodal infections (Choud- tional uses, toxicity etc. hary et al. 2008), dog bite and liver complaints (Jain et al.2005). Te rhizomes of the plant are used as Main text antihelmentic whereas tubers are used as anti-nem- Location atodal and wound healing (Verma et al. 2012). Te species of the genus Arisaema are found in diferent (b) Arisaema leschenaultii Blume Te Asiatic species parts of the world. Te location of some of its species is Arisaema leschenaultii Blume is commonly known given in Table 1. as Dhei or cobra (Shaw and Willis 1973). It is used traditionally in Ayurveda system of medicine to Traditional uses cure urinary tract diseases, colitis, eczema, purging, In the ancient times when the modern science was yet gonorrhea, piles, haemorrhoids, syphilis, round- to develop, the people used diferent plants and herbs worm, fstula and sinus (Mathew 1999). as treatment to diferent diseases and ailments. Te spe- (c) Arisaema erubescens Several biological disorders cies of genus Arisaema were also used for such purposes. have been treated by this plant in the Chinese tra- Some of the traditional uses of some species of genus ditional medicine. Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Arisaema are briefy given as under (Table 2): is used in Chinese traditional medicine to discard damp-phlegm, to prevent convulsions, and to (a) Among the species of Ari- elevate the subsidence of induration and swelling saema, it has been exploited traditionally to cure (Yang et al. 2007). rheumatism and stomachache (Jain et al. 2005;

Table 1 Location of some of the species of Arisaema PLANT Location References

Arisaema erubuscens Central and Southern China Ducki et al. (1995) Arisaema favum Nanital and Uttranchal (India) Singh and Kamboj (2004) Arisaema tortuosum In the regions of scrub and alpine meadows in the Himalaya Nile and Park (2014), Azam et al. (2016) Southern India, western China, Myanmar and Rhododen- dron forest areas, Baragali, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Arisaema intermedium Blume Shimla, Asia, Africa, Pacifc Damme et al. (1995), Kaur et al. (2005), Kaur et al. (2009) Arisaema wallichianum Shimla, Asia, Africa, Pacifc Damme et al. (1995), Kaur et al. (2005), Kaur et al. (2009) Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Shimla, Lakary mountains, Shamshaki, District Karak, Khyber Kunkel (1984), Damme et al. (1995), Kaur et al. (2006), Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan upper forest and lower alpine zone Sudan et al. (2014), Banyal et al. (2014), Tabassum in the drier areas of in the range of 2400–4000 m, et al. (2019) nilgiri hills in khasi, hill regions of north east india, and in southern india Himalayan forests at an altitude of 2300– 4300, mountaneous areas of kalam Khyber pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, Afganistan, China, Arisaema murrayi Hook Maharastra including, Lonawala, Khandala, Mulshi (Dongar- Sagar et al. (2014) wadi) Satara (kas), Mahableshwar and Radhanagari Arisaema utile Pulwama (Jammu & Kashmir) Mubashir and Shah (2012) Arisaema leschenaultii Srilanka, south India in the hills of Karnataka,Kerala and Tamil Fyson (1932), Shaw and Will (1973), Selvakumari (2015) Nadu Arisaema anurans China, Siberia, Mongolia, and Korea Zhu et al. (2013), Jia et al. (2018) Arisaema franchechianum China including Yunan,Sichuan, Guizhou and Guanxi, Song- Hu et al. (2012), Li et al. (2013) mong country of Yunan region China, Guang wan Arisaema curvatum kunth Hills of Nanital situated in the western range of Himalayas at Singh et al. (2008) altitude of ascending upto 2300 m Arisaema lipens Mossy forests and bamboo copses of Hunan, South east Tibet, Li et al. (1979) Yuman, S.chuan, Guizhou and Guangxi Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 4 of 19 al. ( 2011 ) ( 2011 ), Du et al. ), Pallithanam and ( 1997 ), Mathew ( 1999 ), Pallithanam Mathew ( 1999 ) al. ( 2018 ) Iqbal et al. al. ( 2005 ), Uniyal and Shiva ( 2003 ), Jain et al. al. et 2006 ), Paulsamy ( 2005 ), (Bhatt and Negi, ( 2017 ), Choudhary ( 2008 ), Gangwar et al. ( 2010 ), Kamble et al. et al. et al ( 2010 ), Suresh ( 2012 ), Nile et al. and Park ( 2011 ), Pragada ( 2014 ) al. ( 2010 ) et al. al. ( 1996a ) Jung et al. al. ( 2010 ) Zhao et al. al. ( 2013 ) ( 2013 ), Zhu et al. Li et al. al. ( 2014 ) Hu et al ( 2009 ), Sudan al. al. ( 2013 ) Zhu et al. al. ( 2001 ), Liu et al. ( 1999 ), Mao al. et Zhu et al. 1973 ), Agarwal ( Will and ( 1932 ), Shaw Fyson 2012 ), ( et al. Verma Rao ( 2010 ), ( 1981 ), Bibi et al. al. ( 2006 ), Sharma and MajumdarHussain et al. al. ( 1996a , b ), Zhao ( 1995 ), Jung et al. Chung et al. References - - - pests, and as pain killerpests, subsidence of induration, swelling, quicken subsidence of induration, swelling, and as anti- pains, relieve blood-fow, Itinfammatory. has also been used to kill of humans and parasites the intestinal animals logical disorders logical snake and insect in humans and bites animals ness, resolving phlegm, expelling wind, expelling wind, phlegm, resolving ness, swelling removing convulsions, relieving subsidence of elevate and lumps to also used rhizomes are These induration. disorders stomachic for eczema, purging, gonorrhea, haemor piles, purging, eczema, wound worm, sinus, round syphills, rhoids, and skinhealing, diseases intestinal worms, skin including worms, intestinal problems and is used as ring worms, blisters, pimples, muscular regain a massage on muscles to Itstrength. is also used as anti convulsant snake bites. for and as antidote snake bite, piles, constipation, indigestion, piles, snake bite, contraceptive, abdominal pain, dysentery, and liver dog bite infections, nematodal It infam - infections. cure is also used to kill of cattle to wounds mation, stress, and is used gout, hyperuricemia, parasites, detect of snake the poisonous efects to used in respiratory dried tubers are It’s bite. problems tive tract, tumour, and is used against pests. and is used against pests. tract,tive tumour, It has also been used as pain killer and as anticonvulsant Used as anticonvulsants These species are used to cure tumour, to kill to tumour, cure used to species are These It is used for snake bites, used to elevate elevate It used to snake bites, is used for It is exploited to treat dermatitisIt and neuro treat to is exploited It is used against malaria, parasites, intestinal Its in eliminating damp used to are rhizomes It urinary treat is used to colitis, tract diseases, It respiratory cure infections, is used to It is used to cure rheumatism, stomache, It rheumatism, stomache, cure is used to It rheumatism, ulcers of diges - cure is used to Traditional uses Traditional Tubers, rhizome Tubers, Rhizomes and tubers Tubers rhizomes Tubers Rhizome Tubers Tubers Tubers and rhizomes Tubers Part used Hugo aka cobra lily Chinese cobra lily Blushing cobra lily Dhei or cobra lily Sap-ki booti or snake herb Whipcord cobra lily Whipcord Amur jack in pulpit Common Name Common - Traditional uses of some species of genus Arisaema Traditional tum, A. consaguineum and A. joponicum tum, A. consaguineum asperatum, A. hetrophyllum asperatum, Arisaema hetrophyllum, A. peninsulae, A. robus A. peninsulae, Arisaema hetrophyllum, Arisaema calcareum, Arisaema serratum, A. Arisaema serratum, Arisaema calcareum, Arisaema franchetianum Arisaema cumbile Arisaema lobatum Arisaema erubescens Arisaema leschenaultii Arisaema jaquemontii Arisaema Tortuosum Arisaema amurense Species 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 Table S.no Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 5 of 19

(d) Arisaema calcareum In traditional Chinese medi- Medicinal uses and phytochemical description: cine the rhizomes or tubers of A. calcareum are Various chemical compounds obtained from diferent used against tumour and pests and also used as species of Arisaema are summarized in Table 3 painkiller (Zhao et al. 2010). (e) Arisaema serratum In traditional Chinese medicine (a) Arisaema erubescens Te extracts from Arisaema the rhizomes or tubers of this plant are used against erubescens have shown anticancer properties. Te tumour and pests and also used as painkiller (Zhao agents which bestow anticancer action to this plant et al. 2010). are not known yet. Paeonol and a crystalline solid (f) Arisaema asperatum In traditional Chinese medi- which has been identifed as aurantiamide acetate cine the rhizomes or tubers of this plant are used (4) (Fig. 2) have been obtained from methanol against tumour and pests and also used as painkiller extract of dried Aisaema erubescens (Ducki et al. (Zhao et al. 2010). 1996). Tese extracts have shown growth inhibitory (g) Arisaema heterophyllum Blume In traditional Chi- efects in vitro and these same extracts have shown nese medicine the rhizomes or tubers of this plant antitumour efects against Si80, solid hepatoma and are used against tumour and pests and also used as U14 cervical cancers in vivo. Clinically the plant painkiller (Zhao et al. 2010). extract from Arisaema erubescens was efective (h) Arisaema amurense In traditional Chinese medi- in treating patients sufering from cervical cancer cine the rhizomes or tubers of this plant are used (cure rate: 78%). Gastric, oesophageal, pituitary, against tumour and pests and also used as painkiller lung, and brain cancers have also been treated by (Ducki et al. 1996). this plant. A. erubescens contain alkaloids and sapo- (i) Arisaema yunnanense Tis is a plant belonging to nins but the components which bestow antitumour genus Arisaema which adulterates the tubers of a efects are not known yet (Ducki et al. 1995). Vari- plant namely ternata which were used in ous researches have revealed that Arisaema rhi- Chinese traditional medicine (Liu and Guo 2010). zome is rich in alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids (j) Arisaema jacquemontii Blume It is an herbaceous and lectins (Shangary et al. 1995), so exhibited the plant used as traditional cure to diferent ailments. abilities of eliminating dampness, resolving phlegm, Its usage is recorded as an anti-convulsant in the expelling wind, relieving convulsions, removing Chinese traditional medicine. It is also known for swelling and lumps. Te ethanolic extract of tubers its physiological properties in the folk medicine of Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) yielded two nema- system (Kunkel 1984). Te juice extracted from tocidal favone-C-glycosides namely Schaftoside the tubers of this plant applied to the skin is used and isoschaftoside (5) which possess great nema- to cure ring worms and other skin diseases by the tocidal activity against the root-knot nematode Garo and khasi tribes of Meghalaya (Rao 1981). (Meloidogyne incognita) nematode responsible for Te oil obtained by grinding the rhizomes of Ari- huge crop losses (Du et al. 2011). Diferent chemical saema jaquemontii is used to make a paste that can compounds were obtained from this A. erubescens be used for massage purposes to recover muscu- which have been listed as aurantiamide acetate, cal- lar strength and is also used to cure skin problems cium oxalate (2), paeonol, monoterpenoids, fatty including pimples and blisters (Khan 2007). Fruit acids, favonoids and alkaloids (Ducki et al.1995), decoction is used against snake bites (Banyal et al. and ethanolic extracts of its tubers exhibit insecti- 2014). cidal activity against the house fies (Musca domes- (k) Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) It is also called Whip- tica). Te n-butanol obtained from the ethanolic cord Cobra Lily. It is used in Indian folk medi- extracts of tubers of A erubescens strongly shows cine to cure diferent diseases related to stress and molluscicidal activity against Oncomlania hupensis infammation (Pragada et al. 2012; Nile and Park (Zhang et al. 2009). 2014). Te juice and dried powder obtained from the tubers were used to apply for snake bites and Administration of Arisaematitis rhizomes in rats to the wounds of cattle in order to kill any parasites showed poisonous efect as revealed by interrup- (Sharma and Majumdar 2003; Choudhary et al. tion in energy metabolism, perturbance of gut 2008). Te plant was also used by Indian tribal peo- microfora environment, vacuole formation in glo- ple to cure various ailments associated with diges- merular matrix, infammation of renal tubular epi- tive tract like constipation, indigestion, abdominal thelial cells in kidney, membrane damage, and folate pain and dysentery (Murty and Rao 2010). defciency and injury. Rhizomes of Arisaema erube- Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 6 of 19 al. ( 2011 ) ( 2010 ), Liu et al. ), Banyal ( 2010 ), Banyal ( 2007 ), Jeelani et al. ( 2014 ) et al. ( 2015 ) Jung et al ( 1996a ) al. ( 2010 ) Zhao et al. Kaur ( 2005 ) et al. al. ( 2011 ) Du et al. Shangary ( 1995 ), Jeelani al. et et al. Ducki ( 1995 ) et al. Kletter and Kriechbaum ( 2001 ), Khan al. ( 2014 ), Baba and Malik Sudan et al. al. ( 2018 ) Iqbal et al. 2013 ) ( et al. Tanveer Kaur ( 2006 ), et al. al. ( 2008 ) Singh et al. References - and SK-OV-3 cell cancer cells. and cell cancer cells. and SK-OV-3 against tumour phlegm, expelling wind, relieving relieving expelling wind, phlegm, swelling removing convulsions, and lumps vivo; Cytotoxic and antican - Cytotoxic and in vivo; cerous in attaining muscular strength in attaining muscular strength skin likeand useful for problems and pimples blisters mour and immunomodulating potential activity antiproliferative activ - activity antiproliferative and successful in curing skinity, diseases and ring worms anti-insect and anti-proliferative anti-insect and anti-proliferative activity anticancerous activity, age pupation and emergence of age pupation and emergence the adults Hepatotoxicity and Anti-cancerous Hepatotoxicity Inhibition K562 on MCF-7 cell line, Antiinsect Nematocidal activityNematocidal Eliminated dampness, resolving resolving dampness, Eliminated anticancer properties both in vitro strong antimalarial activity, helps antimalarial activity, strong Considerable antioxidant, antitu - antioxidant, Considerable Antibacterial activity, insecticidalAntibacterial activity, A monocot lectin having potent A monocot lectin potent having signifcant reduction in the percent reduction signifcant Result colon adenocarcinoma DLD-1colon adenocarcinoma cells cell cancer cells. and tumour cell cancer cells. (Coquillett), ling wind, relieving convulsions, convulsions, relieving ling wind, and lumps swelling removing proliferation Immune. Suppressed proliferation and in microbes Swiss albino mice, preprations food insects, bacteriainsects, etc proliferation of HCT-15 (82%), of HCT-15 proliferation (73%) and (77%), SW-620 HOP-62 (70%) cancer cell lines HT-29 murine leukemia P388 and human MCF-7 cell line, K562 and SK-OV-3 K562 and SK-OV-3 MCF-7 cell line, Insect Bactrocera cucurbitae pests, Nematodes dampness, resolving phlegm, expel - phlegm, resolving dampness, Cancer disease Cancer Against Plasmodium berghei vincke berghei Plasmodium Against mitogen induced T-cell and B-cell T-cell induced mitogen Skin ring against worm, diseases, vitro Bactrocera cucurbitae and in vitro Bactrocera cucurbitae Used against Used - - and antihepatotoxic cerebrosides and antihepatotoxic 3-hydroxy-6-(9-phenylnonyl) 3-hydroxy-6-(9-phenylnonyl) tetranortriterpiperidine,and penoids (6-deacetylnimbin, 28-deoxonimbolide and nimbin and limnoids schaftoside and isoschaftoside) and lectins 1-phenylalany l-1 -phenylalaninol l-1 -phenylalaninol 1-phenylalany Paenol acetate); Leucine (20) (21), Serine (19) , Leucine Acid (24) (23),Tyrosine (22),Threonine Arisaeminone (25),valine (26) acid (27) 13-phenyltridecanoic Alanine (17), nones, glycosides Alkaloids, glycosides anth - nones, phenols, favonoids, raquinones, and phenolics oxalate (2) crystals, tannins, sterols, (2) crystals, sterols, oxalate tannins, a calcium saponins, favonoids, carbo (2),alkaloid,oxalate protein, and oils hydrates Cytotoxic diacylglycerylgalactosidesCytotoxic piperidine alkaloid (,2-dimethyl- Lectins C -Glycosides Flavone- ( Nematocidal alkaloids, triterpenoids saponins, Aurantiamide acetate ( N -benzoyl- acetate Aurantiamide Triterpenoids,Arginine (18),Aspartic Triterpenoids,Arginine terpenoids, Coumarins (51), qui - terpenoids, 2 ) and calcium acid (1) (Fig. oxalic Lectins Lectins Compound Various chemical compounds obtained from diferent species of Arisaema obtained from diferent chemical compounds Various lichianum Hook A. amurense Arisaema decipiens - A. Intermedium Blume and wal Arisaema erubescens Arisaema jacquemontii Arisaema curvatum Kunth Plant species Plant 6 5 4 3 2 1 3 Table S no Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 7 of 19 al. jain et al. Vinay Gunde et al ( 2009 ), ( 2010 ), 2012 , 2015 Suruse et al. ( 2017 ) et al. ( 2011 ), Suresh ( 2015 ) and Park ( 2014 ) and Park al. ( 2004 ) et al. Kumari and Narasimhan ( 2003 ), al. ( 2010 ), Annie selvakumari et al. Vinay Verma et al ( 2015 ) Verma ( 2012 ), Azam ( 2016 ) et al. et al. Verma Nile and Park ( 2014 ) Nile and Park al. ( 2005 ) Dhuna et al. ( 2006 ), NileMiglani ( 1978 ), Pullaiah Liu and Guo ( 2010 ) al. ( 1999 ) et al. Pezzuto Rastogi and Mehrotra, ( 1979 ), Singh Rastogi and Mehrotra, Kaur ( 2006 ) et al. References antimicrobial activity, wound heal - wound activity, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant ing activity, activity, radical scavenging free activ- antiallergic antiulcer activity, in and against reproduction ity, pigs and cattles healing property and growth inhibition of some bacterial and fungal strains human cancer cell lines HT29 Pinellia ternate Pinellia murine macrophage cancer cell murine macrophage lines proliferation of [HOP-62 (lung), of [HOP-62 proliferation (colon) HCT-15 Antiseptic properties in bufalo’s Antiseptic properties in bufalo’s Antiallergic, cure piles, skin piles, cure problems Antiallergic, Antihelmenthic activity, wound wound Antihelmenthic activity, abscess and antinematodal activityabscess and antinematodal Reduces stress level Reduces stress Anticancerous of proliferation inhibit in vitro adulterant of traditional medicine adulterant Antitumour activity Antiproliferation of J774 and P388D1 Antiproliferation Insecticidal in vitro and inhibition to Result against reproduction in cattles against reproduction and pigs eases, piles, eases, merabulus,s aureus, E coli,B cerus, E coli,B cerus, aureus, merabulus,s S typhii,- K pneumonia, p aerugi nosa, E faecalis) and against fungi A including A. alternata, A niger, F solani, sporium, and P favus, notatum and OVCAR-5 rophage cancer cell lines rophage vitro proliferation of [HOP- proliferation and in vitro (colon) 62 (lung), HCT-15 Microbes, free radicals, allergies and allergies radicals, free Microbes, Albino mice and guinea pig, dis - Albino mice and guinea pig, Nematodes, bacteria ( such as p Nematodes, Nematodes Stress and infammation Stress Many cancer cell lines Many human cancer cell lines HT29, SiHa Pinellia ternate Pinellia J774 and P388D1 murine mac - Bactrocera cucurbitae ) Insect pest ( Bactrocera Used against Used - - - - - nins, steroids, terpenes, triterpe terpenes, steroids, nins, polyphenols and moder noids, concentrations of tannins, ate (52), favonoids phylobatannins, anthraquinone (53) carbohydrates, and glycosides noids, reducing sugars, alkaloids, sugars, reducing noids, phenolic compounds,favonoids, tannins,catechins,anthroquiono aminoacids, saponins, nes, -alkanols, stigmasterols, sitoster n -alkanols, stigmasterols, ols, campesterol, cholesterol (11), cholesterol campesterol, ols, staychydrine choline chloride, quercetin, (13),Lutin, hydrochloride Luteolin dine alkaloids Asparagine (28), Cysteine, Glycine Glycine (28), Cysteine, Asparagine (30), Norvaline (31), Ornithine (32), β-setosteryl Galactoside (34),alfa (33) and beta amyrin . It has high concentration of sapo Ethanolic extracts,steroids, triterpe Ethanolic extracts,steroids, carbohydrate, glycoside and steroids glycoside carbohydrate, Flavonoids The tubers contains n -alkanes,The 2-alkylpyrrolidine and 2-alkylpiperi - Lectins,13-phenyltridecanoic Acid, Acid, Lectins,13-phenyltridecanoic Lectins Compound (continued) Arisaema leschenaultii Blume Arisaema tortuosum Schott Arisaema yunnanense TargA. vulgare A. favum A. helleborifolium Schott Plant species Plant 12 11 10 9 8 7 3 Table S no Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 8 of 19 al. ( 1996a , b ), Li et al. ( 1996 ), Jung, 2000 ), ( et al. ( 1998 ), Lee and Long 2004 ), ( ( 2002 ), Huang et al. He et al. ( 2004 ), Lamkadem et al. Bremner ( 2001 ), ( 2005 ), Mao et al. et al. Nunomura et al ( 2009 ), Zhao al. et al. Tao ( 2011 ), ( 2010 ), Sun et al. ( 2007 ), Su et al. et al. Wang ( 2011 ), ( 2013 ), Mubashir and Shah ( 2012 ), ( 2018 ) Jia et al. Miglani ( 1978 ), Ducki et al. et al. Mubashir and Shah ( 2012 ) al. ( 2008 ) et al. Yagi Dhuna et al ( 2010 ) References - tory respiratory on porcine efect virus syndrome and reproductive (PRRSV), human leukemic K562 cancer and human breast cells, MCF-7 cells oxidant cancer cell-lines and potent mito cancer cell-lines and potent human towards genic response lymphocytes Anti-infammatory Inhibi efect, - Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anti - cytotoxic Antimicrobial, Inhibition of haemagglutination Potent inhibition towards six human inhibition towards Potent Result - atory and reproductive syndrome atory syndrome and reproductive virus (PRRSV), human leukemic and human breast K562 cells, cancer MCF-7 cells THP-1 (leukemia), A-549 (lung), THP-1 Cervix (Colon), HCT,15 (Hela) and aeruginosa - P. (PC-3), P. Prostrate -S. -B.Subtilis vulgaris -S.aureus DPPH epidermidis, human lymph, antimicrobial activ - human lymph, antimicrobial wound activity, antioxidant ity, healing activity Infammation, respir against porcine human cancer cell lines including six human cancer cell-lines and Used against Used - - - rolidine alkaloid,rolidine (2R*,3S*,5S*)-N,2- dimethyl-3-hydroxy-5-(10- and phenyldecyl) pyrrolidine, bergenin 17 compounds were nobiletin, acid, emodin., cafeic 3-O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-heder (37) m,linalool (36),Alfa bisobalol (41), carvacrol pyr (40), A novel agenin 28-O-b-Dxylopyranosyl (1 ! 6)-b-D-galactopyranosyl ester, qingyangshengenin coniferin, syringaresinol methylconiferin, 40-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, perlolyrine, gagaminine, (S)-1-(10-hydroxyethyl)-b-car boline, 1-(bcarboline-1-yl)-3,4,5-boline, trihydroxy-1-pentanone, 1-methoxycarbonyl-b-carboline (49), (48), indolo[2,3-a] carbazole acid methyl 4-hydroxycinnamic 4-[2-hydroxy-2- and methyl ester, (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1- ferulate (hydroxymethyl)ethyl] lactosamine Cubenol (38),guaiol (39),eugenol Cubenol Methanolic extract, N -acetyl-D- Basic lectins Lectins Compound (continued) Arisaema franchetianum Arisaema utile Arisaema ringens Arisaema utile Schott Plant species Plant 16 15 14 13 3 Table S no Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 9 of 19 al. ( 2014 ) Sudan et al. al. ( 2018 ) Jia et al. al. ( 2014 ) et al. Pandita al. ( 2014 ) Sagar et al. References - matory cytokinins including inter leukins, helps to cure dermatitisleukins, cure helps to disorders and neurological mouth and tongue, with associ - mouth and tongue, and infammation, Edema ated swells, Salivation. Deadly if tongue blocking the air passage resulted in changes in behavior in changes behavior resulted of limbs, such as convulsion dilation in pupils, drowsiness, death. leading to and ultimately kidney and small intestine Liver, which carriesgot afected some turns to changes such as liver black on edges and slightly con - color of kidneygested, changed to showed black and small intestine black or sometimes yellowish patches Inhibits- of proinfam the production Antimicrobial and antifungal Antimicrobial Intense irritation and burning of the Poisoning on Albino mice that Poisoning Result mental disorders Infammation, skin diseases and Microbes, fungi Microbes, Has toxic propertiesHas toxic Albino mice Used against Used propanoids Oxygenated terpenes, phenyl phenyl terpenes, Oxygenated Oxalates Poison Compound (continued) A. Triphyllum (L.) Torr A. Triphyllum Arisaema cumbile Arisaema anurans Arisaema airorubens, A. stewardsonii, A. stewardsonii, Arisaema airorubens, Hook Arisaema murrayi Plant species Plant 20 19 18 17 3 Table S no Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 10 of 19

(See fgure on next page.) Fig. 2 Chemical structures of various phytochemicals. (1) Oxalic Acid; (2) Calcium Oxalate; (3) Tannins; (4) Aurentiamide Acetate; (5) Isoschaftoside; (6) Piperidine Alkaloid; (7) Camphesterol; (8) Cerebrocide; (9) Sitosterol; (10) Stigmosterol; (11) Cholesterol; (12) Choline Chloride; (13) Stachyhydrine Hydrocholoride; (14) Rutin; (15) Quercetin; (16) Luteolin; (17) Alanine; (18) Arginine; (19) Aspartic Acid; (20) Leucine; (21) Lysine; (22) Serine; (23) Threonine; (24) Tyrosine; (25) Arisaeminone; (26) Valine; (27) 13-Phenyltridecanoic Acid; (28) Asparginine; (29) Cysteine; (30) Glycine; (31) Norvaline; (32) Ornithine; (33) α and β Amyrin; (34) β -Setosteryl Galactoside; (35) N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine; (36) Linalool; (37) Eugenol; (38) Cubenol; (39) Guaiol; (40) Carvacrol; (41) Basobalol; (42) Pyrolidine Alkaloid; (43) Berganin; (44) Emodin; (45) Cafeic Acid; (46) Nobelitin; (47) Gagaminine; (48) 1-Methoxycarbonyl-B-Carboline; (49) Indolo[2.3-A]Carbazole; (50) Piperdine Iodide; (51) Coumarin; (52) Flavonoid; (53) Anthraquinone

scens (Wall.) Schott has, anticoagulant, stomachic to be the dominant pro-infammatory component, analgesic, sedative, antiemetic, anti-infammatory exhibiting anticancer activity against human cancer and antitumor activities (Mao et al. 2001). Rhi- cell lines (Dhuna et al. 2005). Its tubers were used zomes of Arisaema are indispensable for managing in Indian folk medicine and Ayurveda for the treat- stroke, hemiparalysis, fever, epilepsy, cancer vertigo, ment of gout, hyperuricemia, and cancer. Te pres- and tetanus. Phytochemicals present in Arisaema ence of quercetin (15), rutin (14), luteolin (16) and rhizomes are beta-sitosterol, lectins, dipeptides, lectin in A. tortuosum was revealed by phytochemi- saponins, triterpenoids and alkaloids (Shangary cal observation and analysis (Nile and Park 2014). et al. 1995; Wang et al. 1997; Jeelani et al. 2010). Arisaema tortuosum is exploited for abscess and (b) Arisaema favum Lectin obtained from Arisaema antinematodal activity, its tuber decoction is given favum shows antiproliferative activity towards to animals for early recovery of fractured bone as murine cancer cell lines, and potent mitogenic well as administered internally to cure piles. It was activity towards human peripheral blood mono- used to cure stomachache, liver disorders, diges- nuclear cells (HPBMC and BALB/c splenocytes as tive tract problems including constipation, abdomi- indicated by lymphoproliferation after incorpora- nal pain, dysentery, indigestion and antidote for tion of lectin into the cultures. It is known to syn- dog bite by the tribals. Its tubers exhibited good thesize biogenic silver nano particles efectively aesthetic, antihepatotoxic, anticancerous, anti- which imparts photocatalytic and antibacterial microbial and antioxidant properties. It contains property to it. It showed potential antimicrobial numerous phytochemicals like carbohydrate, glyco- activity against both gram negative and gram posi- side and steroids (Verma et al. 2015). Te and tive bacteria (E. coli BL-21, Bacillus subtilis, Staphy- tuber extracts of Arisaema tortousum wall found to lococcus aureus, Pseudomonas putida and Engi- exhibit strong antibacterial activity due to the pres- neered E. coli sub strain QH4) (Rahman et al. 2019). ence of various active constituents being solubilized (c) Arisaema tortuosum From the tubers of Arisaema in promising function (Bibi et al. 2011). Te assess- tortuosum, popularly known as Himalayan Cobra ment of bacterial resistance to antibiotics helps in lily, a lectin with in-vitro anticancer activity against the administration of various infectious diseases. established human cancer cell lines has been puri- Te uncertain components obtained from diferent fed by afnity chromatography on asialofetuin- extracts of Arisaema tortousum wall may further linked amino activated silica beads. Arisaema tor- helps in coming researches against bacterial illness tuosum is having complex specifcity towards a (Kant et al. 2019). serum glycoprotein asialofetuin and also towards (d) Arisaema intermedium Blume and Arisaema walli- Nacetyl-D-lactosamine (LacNAc) (Dhuna et al. chianum Hook A. intermedium Blume and A wal- 2005). In addition, aesthetic, antihepatotoxic, anti- lichianum Hook were proved to be very useful for cancerous, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties the detection of various types of cancers as they are exhibited by its tubers. Te juice and dried pow- showed specifcity towards N-acetyl-D-lactosamine der obtained from the tubers were used to apply for which is important cancer marker (Verma et al. snake bites and to the wounds of cattle in order to 2015). Te lectins from A.intermedium Blume kill any parasites (Choudhary et al. 2008). Aesthetic, and A. wallichianum showed greater almost dou- antihepatotoxic, anticancerous, antimicrobial and ble mitogenic potential towards human peripheral antioxidant properties are exhibited by its tubers blood mononuclear cells as compared to that of (Murty and Rao 2010). Flavonoids, alkaloids, sapo- well known mitogen concanavalin A (con A) and nins, triterpenoids and lectins are present in A. tor- these lectins can be used as a means to study the tousum (Kamble et al. 2010) and a lectin was found lymphocytes transformation as a model of initia- Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 11 of 19 Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 12 of 19

Fig. 2 continued Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 13 of 19

Fig. 2 continued Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 14 of 19

tion of growth and cell division, antigen activation of agglutinating erythrocytes. Tey have a special and to detect the immune potential of an individual property of binding carbohydrates due to the pres- (Kaur et al. 2005) like other commercially famous ence of non-catalytic domain present in them that mitogenic lectins such as concanavalin and phy- actually reversibly get attached to monosaccharides tohemagglutinin (PHA). By the process of afnity or disaccharides. Tey actually cause agglutination chromatography on asialofetuin-linked amino acti- of erythrocytes by binding with the carbohydrate vated silica beads, two new lectins were purifed present on the surface of erythrocytes (Dhuna from the tubers of Arisaema intermedium Blume et al. 2005). Arisaema lectins are exploited to know and A. wallichianum Hook. Te lectins obtained the immune status of an individual sufering from from these two plant species comprise a major pro- immune disorders, as a source to study the lympho- portion of total protein content and contain glyco- cyte transformation and is useful in cancer research proteins 3.4% and 2.9% carbohydrates respectively. (Singh and Kamboj 2004). Tese lectins are homotetramers and their subunits Anti-proliferative activity A. jacquemontii lectin are not linked by disulphide linkages (Kaur et al. showed signifcant constraint on the in vitro multi- 2005). plication of HCT-15 (82%), HOP-62 (77%), SW-620 (e) Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Te main phyto- (73%) and HT-29 (70%) cancer cell lines. Te leaves chemicals were obtained from the polar solvent of Arisaema jacquemontii showed immune stimu- extracts of A. jacquemontii which possess marve- lating efect as depicted by its potential abrogative lous cytotoxic, anticancerous, antioxidant proper- efect on delayed type hypersensitivity response in ties and has a strong kinase inhibitor activity. Te immune suppressed balb/c mice, on humoral anti- methanolic and ethanolic A. jaquemontii tuber body response and also showed antioxidant activ- extracts exhibited strong radical scavenging and ity. As revealed by phytochemical study Arisaema antioxidant activity. It also possesses great anti- jacquemontii contain high amounts of terpenoids, cancerous activity against some cancer cells for coumarins, quinones, moderate amounts of phe- instance HL-60 human leukemia cancer cell lines, nols, glycosides and low quantity of alkaloids, anth- DU-145 prostate cancer cell lines. Its roots exhibit raquinones. Te paste formed by grounding of two triterpenoids (Jeelani et al. 2010). Te extracts Arisaema jacquemontii rhizomes with edible oil is of A. jaquemontii possess large number of second- used in skin problems like pimples and blisters and ary metabolites which paves way to its usage in also used as massage to recover muscular strength Pharmaceutical industries (Tabassum et al. 2019). (Sudan et al. 2014). Arisaema jacquemontii is an From the tubers of a wild Himalayan cobra lily Ari- herbaceous plant found in the northern regions of saema jacquemontii Blume a monocot lectin having Kashmir and Pakistan and is also found in upper potent anti-insect and anti-proliferative activity was forest and lower alpine zone in the drier areas of refned and was nominated as AJL (A. jacquemontii Himalayas in the range of 2400–4000 m (Kun- lectin) (Kaur et al. 2005). In the storage tissues of kel 1984). A tuber lectin extracted from this plant A. jaquemontii there is presence of the high lectin bestow anti-insect and anti-proliferative activity to content of the total extractable proteins and these it (Kaur et al. 2006) and its fruits and roots are used lectins under reducing as well as non-reducing to treat nervous and psychic disorders. Tetra cyclic conditions revealed the absence of disulphide link- triterpenoid and substituted benzophenol (arisae- ages among various subunits which is indicated by manone) have been isolated from this plant and it the feature of lacking cysteine (29) residues in the also contains some phytochemicals like terpenes, amino acid composition of lectins from the ara- saponins and glycosides. Its usage is recorded as ceous plants (Kaur et al. 2006). an anticonvulsant in the Chinese traditional medi- Anti-insect Property Tese lectins are useful in cine and is known for its physiological properties defending the crop plants from the invasion and in the folk medicine system (Tanveer et al. 2014). attack of fungal pathogens and insects. Tere is Its tubers, leaves, and fruits exhibited antimalarial increasing evidence that these lectins provide shield activity against Plasmodium berghei vincke but from the attack of herbivores and other insects and tubers exhibited strong antimalarial activity against also may act as a precise biodegradable active ingre- Plasmodium berghei (Baba and Malik 2015). It is dient in the administration of insect pests (Kaur used in the treatment of respiratory infections, et al. 2006). intestinal worms, dermatitis, and as an antidote Lectins are proteinaceous compounds formed in spe- for snakebites (Verma et al. 2015). Anti-insect and cies of Arisaema. Tey are found to have capability anti-proliferative properties were shown by the lec- Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 15 of 19

tins obtained from its tubers (Kaur et al. 2006). Te SH (CNS), MCF-7 (Breast), Colo-205 (Colon), leaves of A. jacquemontii shows antioxidant, immu- 502713 (Colon), HCT-15 (Colon), Hep-2 (Liver), nomodulating potential (Sudan et al. 2005), anti- HT 29(Colon),SW-620 (Colon), IMR-32 (Neu- convulsant activity and an efect on platelet aggre- roblastoma), DU-145 (Prostate) and PC-3 (Pros- gation (Jeelani et al. 2010). Due to the presence of tate) (Dhuna et al. 2010). Te carbohydrates like high concentration of favonoids A. jacquemontii N-acetyl-D-lactosamine and asialofetuin inhibits exhibits strong antimicrobial activity and is known this lectin induced hemagglutination, N-acetyl-D- to inhibit some metabolic processes (Cushnie and lactosamine (35) which acts as a particular inhibitor Lamb 2005) and biosynthesis of nucleic acid. Spore of Arisaema utile lectin (AUL) is one of the neces- germination of plant pathogens has been found to sary cancer markers (Ito et al. 1996). be retarded by A. jacquemontii favonoids. A. jac- (i) Arisaema curvatum Kunth By afnity chromatog- quemontii showed antifungal, antimicrobial and raphy using asialofetuin-linked amino activated antibacterial properties. Te potential antibacterial porous silica beads the lectin from tubers of cobra activity was shown against some bacteria includ- lily, Arisaema curvatum was refned. Te infu- ing Salmonella enteritidis, Micrococcus luteus, ence of this lectin was studied on the larvae of Bac- Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus trocera cucurbitae. Tis treatment lead to prolon- (Baba and Malik 2015). Te juice extracted from gation of the remaining larval development period the tubers of A. jacquemontii is used by the people and a signifcant decrease in the percentage pupa- of India to cure some skin diseases and ringworm tion and emergence of the adults from these treated and lectin obtained from it has insecticidal and larvae (Singh et al. 2008). antiproliferative activity. Te tubers of Arisaema (j) Arisaema franchetianum Arisaema franchetianum is jacquemontii were procured from the mountain- well known medicinal plant used to treat the snake ous areas of Kalam (Swat), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa bites and as an anti-infammatory agent in Chinese province of Pakistan. Phytochemicals present in this folk medicine since for a long time. Te chemical plant include tannins, sterols, favonoids, saponins, constituents like pyrrolidine alkaloid, -N,2-dime- alkaloid, protein, carbohydrates and oils and it is thyl-3-hydroxy-5-(10-phenyldecyl) pyrrolidine (Su due to these bioactive compounds A. jacquemontii et al. 2013), and many diferent compounds like is bestowed with antibacterial activity (Iqbal et al. bergenin (43) (Miglani et al. 1978), emodin (44) 2018). (Ducki et al. 1996), cafeic acid (45) (Zhao et al. (f) Arisaema murrayi Hook Te phytochemicals found 2010), nobiletin (46), (Jung et al. 1996a), 3-O-b-D- to be present in aqueous extract of Arisaema mur- galactopyranosyl-hederagenin 28-O-b Dxylopyra- rayi Hook were picric acid, tannin, protein, sugar, nosyl (1 ! 6)-b-D-galactopyranosyl ester (Jung et al. anthraquinone, polyphenols etc. whereas its alco- 1996b), coniferin (Li et al. 2013) qingyangshen- holic extract contains phytochemicals like favo- genin (Lamkadem et al. 2005), methylconiferin noids, alkaloids and glycosides (Sagar et al. 2014). (Nunomura et al. 2009), syringaresinol 40-O-b- (g) Arisaema ringens A basic lectin was refned from D-glucopyranoside (Sun et al. 2011), gagaminine the bulbs of Arisaema ringens. Tis lectin has two (47) (Tao et al. 2011), perlolyrine (Wang et al. carbohydrate binding sites and identifed monoo- 2007) (S)-1-(10-hydroxyethyl)-b-carboline, (He ligosacharides and terminal N acetyllactosamine et al. 2002) 1-(b-carboline-1-yl)-3,4,5-trihydroxy- revealed by heamagglutination inhibition (Yagi 1-mpentanone, (Huang et al. 2004) 1-methoxycar- et al. 2008). bonyl-b-carboline (Ma et al. 2007) indolo [2,3-a] (h) Arisaema utile Schott A plant lectin has been carbazole (Sun et al. 2009), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid refned from the tubers of Arisaema utile which is methyl ester (Lee et al. 2000), and l4-[2-hydroxy-2- a homotetrameric molecule of 54 kDa with subunit (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl) molecular mass of 13.5 kDa and shows mitogenic ethyl] ferulate (Bremner et al. 2004) have been and antiproliferative activity. Tis lectin exhibited extracted from Arisaema franchetianum tubers. powerful mitogenic response towards human lym- Te pyrrolidine alkaloid (42) exhibited inhibitory phocytes i.e. it initiates the state of growth and pro- action against human leukemic K562 cells, human creation of quiescent, non-dividing lymphocytes breast cancer MCF-7 cells, porcine respiratory and had shown noticeable proliferation restrain and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV). Te towards some human cancer cell lines viz. SK-N- cytotoxic piperdine alkaloid (50) obtained from Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 16 of 19

A. decipiens Schott, and its N-methyl derivative Toxicity showed inhibitory response against the K562 and By the research on the plants, especially on the species MCF-7 cell line. Collection of A. franchetianum of genus Arisaema, it has been found that there are sev- tubers was done from Songming County of Yunnan eral species which are toxic by nature. Te development region, China, in June 2010 (Su et al.2013). of clinical applications of arisaematis rhizomes had been (k) Arisaema amurense Several species of Arisaema are seriously constrained due to its toxic properties like, exploited in the folk medicine for curing ulcer of mouth and lingua pain, even respiration slowing and suf- digestive tract, rheumatism and cancer. Te extracts focation, mucous membrane and skin irritation etc. and obtained from Arisaema amurense Max Var ser- this toxicity of arisaematis rhizomes is due to raphide ratum revealed strong phospholipase A2 inhibi- components including calcium oxalate (2), protein and tory activity due to the presence of the compound trace carbohydrates as revealed by previous researches 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, 9Z,12Z octadecadienoate (Liu et al. 2011). Some of the species which are found (Chung et al. 1995). toxic are mentioned as under: (l) Arisaema leschenaultii Arisaema lecshnaultii plant is endemic to Sri lanka and south India which is (a) Arisaema tortuosum Te plant has toxic character used to treat skin diseases and piles. Te corm of as revealed by the research. Te researchers argue this plant contains cyanogenic glycosides, and high that the plant contains calcium oxalate (2) crystals. levels of calcium due to the presence of calcium Te presence of these crystals is the cause to pro- oxalate (2) crystals and free calcium (Selvakumari duce annoying sensation. Moreover, the intake of its 2015). leaf induces vomiting in animal due to its poisonous (m) Arisaema dicipiens A dicipiens is one of the peren- character. nial herbaceous plant belonging to genus Arisaema. (b) Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Tough the plant is From the extracts of the rhizomes of this plant three used for medicinal purposes, yet it contains toxic- known tetranortriterpenoids and a new piperidine ity. It is said that because of its similarity with snake alkaloid (6) were isolated and their chemical struc- cobra, the plant is classifed as poisonous plant. tures were recognized as (-)-(2R*,3S*,6S*)-N,2- In its native region, the people call it by the name dimethyl-3-hydroxy-6-(9-phenylnonyl) piperidine, of “sap-ki-booti” (Te snake herb). Te plant also 6-deacetylnimbin, 28-deoxonimbolide and nimbin. contains minute needle like crystals of calcium Tis plant is also designated as a natural antitumor oxalate (2). Tese crystals present in this plant are herbal medicine as it is the prime source of lim- extremely annoying when brought to contact with noids. the mucus membrane of the mouth, nose and From A. amurense cytotoxic diacylglyceryl galacto- throat, or with tender skin (Kaur et al. 2006). sides against murine leukemia P388, human colon (c) Arisaema murrayi Hook Te plant is a poisonous adenocarcinoma DLD1 cells and antihepatotoxic herb. In an experiment, Arisaema murrayi (Hook) cerebrosides(8), from A. helleborifolium Schott showed poisonous efect on Albino mice due to insecticidal (Bactrocera cucurbitae) and in vitro which several changes occurred in its behavior antiproliferative[HOP-62 (lung),HCT-15 (colon) like, drowsiness, dilation in pupils, convulsion of and so forth] lectins and from A. favum antipro- limbs and fnally lead to death. Te afected organs liferative lectins against J774 and P388D1 murine including kidney, small intestines and liver bear macrophage cancer cell lines (Singh et al. 2004) some changes such as kidney changed to black, were recognized. Similarly, from A. vulgare Targ small intestine showed black or sometimes yel- some alkaloids like 2-alkylpyrrolidine and alkyl- lowish patches and liver got congested and turned piperidine which signifcantly interact with DNA slightly black on edges. have been extracted (Melhaoui and Belouali 1998). (n) A. propinquum It has been revealed through large number of experimental evidences that exhibits a strong anti-helminthic prop- Conclusions erty. Tis disclosure was based on investigational To top it all, it can be said that there are many medici- studies done on aqueous and methanolic extracts nally important plants among which Arisaema genus obtained from the rhizomes of Arisaema propin- has not been studied as it should be. Te collec- quum (Mir et al. 2020). tion of data available on the phytochemistry of genus Ali and Yaqoob Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:47 Page 17 of 19

Arisaema is not sufcient as further work is required Received: 7 December 2020 Accepted: 10 January 2021 to do on phytochemical and medicinal basis. Te pre- sent study, among others, authenticate the fact that the world is full of vast diversity of medicinally important References plants. Among this diversity, genus Arisaema also has Agarwal VS (1997) Drug plants of India, vol 2. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, p large number of plant species which are useful as medi- 194 cines but some of them have been explored and the rest Airy Shaw HK, Willis JC (1973) Dictionary of fowering plants and ferns, 8th edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge are unexplored. Te large number of data available on Azam S, Saqib MS, Zar F, Ahmad B, Khan I, Zeb Z, Khan I (2016) Antibacterial, phytochemistry and medicinal property of the plants antifungal, phytotoxic, antioxidant and hemagglutination activities of belonging to genus Arisaema throws light on various organic fractions of Arisaema tortuosum. Pak J Pharm Sci 29(3):991–997 Baba SA, Malik SA (2015) Determination of total phenolic and favonoid con- species of Arisaema which are medicinally important tent, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of Arisaema and have been exploited to treat diferent types of dis- jacquemontii Blume. J Taibah Univ Sci 9(4):449–454 eases in the old world as well as in the modern times. Banyal H, Tandon A, Nainta M (2014) Antimalarial efects of extracts of Ariseama jaquemontii Bl. on Plasmodium berghei Vinke and Lips (1948). Te Phytochemicals like lectins, phenols, cerebrosites, Asian J Biol Sci 7(3):131–134 alkaloids, calcium oxalates, hydrochlorides, campes- Bhatt V, Negi G (2006) Ethnomedicinal plant resources of Jaunsari tribe of terol, choline chloride, stachy hydrine, glycosides, ter- Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal. Indian J Tradit Knowl 5(3):331–335 Bibi Y, Nisa S, Waheed A (2010) Evaluation of Viburnum foetens for anti- penoids, coumarins, quinones etc. have been extracted cancer and potential and phytochemical analysis. Afr J Biotechnol from the diferent species of Arisaema which are used 9(34):5611–5615 against diferent diseases. Te enormous work although Bibi Y, Nisa S, Chaudhary FM, Zia M (2011) Antibacterial activity of some selected medicinal plants of Pakistan. BMC Complement Altern Med have been done on the phytochemistry of Arisaema 11(1):52 but there is still a need to explore more of its species Bremner JB, Sengpracha W, Southwell I, Bourke C, Skelton BW, White AH (2004) on phytochemical and medicinal basis so that it can A revised structure for the alkaloid, tribulusterine, from Tribulus terrestris L. Aust J Chem 57(3):273–276 be used as a powerful medicine against large number Choudhary K, Singh M, Pillai U (2008) Ethnobotanical survey of Rajasthan-an of ailments. Some of its species have also been used as update. Amc Eura J Bot 1(2):38–45 insecticides, for instance against insect pest, Bacterosa Chung W, Goo YM, Na DS, Kim KJ (1995) A phospholipase A 2 inhibitor from Arisaema amurense Max.. var serratum Nakai. Arch Pharmacal Res curcurbitae. Te medicinal properties exhibited by the 18(4):293–294 genus has revealed that it could play a vital role in mod- Cushnie TPT, Lamb AJ (2005) Antimicrobial activity of favonoids. Int J Antimi- ern medicinal industry as well as in the therapeutics. crob Agents 26:343–356 Dhuna V, Bains JS, Kamboj SS, Singh J, Saxena AK (2005) Purifcation and As cancer disease has become a serious issue in pre- characterization of a lectin from Arisaema tortuosum Schott having sent times, various species of Arisaema have been used in-vitro anticancer activity against human cancer cell lines. J Biochem to treat cancer, for instance Arisaema utile, Arisaema Mol Biol 38(5):526 Dhuna V, Dhuna K, Singh J, Saxena AK, Agrawal SK, Kamboj SS (2010) Isolation, schott, Arisaema franchiatum. purifcation and characterization of an N-acetyl-D-lactosamine bind- Acknowledgements ing mitogenic and anti-proliferative lectin from tubers of a cobra lily Not applicable. Arisaema utile Schott. Adv Biosci Biotechnol 1(02):79 Du SS, Zhang HM, Bai CQ, Wang CF, Liu QZ, Liu ZL, Wang YY, Deng ZW (2011) Authors’ contributions Nematocidal favone-C-glycosides against the root-knot nematode HA contributed mostly in writing of the manuscript and collection of informa- (Meloidogyne incognita) from Arisaema erubescens tubers. Molecules tion. UY framed the idea and revised the whole manuscript after the writing. 16(6):5079–5086 All the authors have read and approved the manuscript. Ducki S, Hadfeld JA, Lawrence NJ, Zhang XG, McGown AT (1995) Isolation of paeonol from Arisaema erubescens. Planta Med 61:586–587 Funding Ducki S, Hadfeld JA, Zhang X, Lawrence NJ, McGown AT (1996) Isolation Not applicable. of Aurantiamide acetate from Arisaema erubescens. Planta Med 62(03):277–278 Availability of data and materials Fyson PF (1932) The fora of the South Indian hill stations, Ootacamund, Not applicable. Coonoor, Kotagiri, Kodaikanal, Yercaud and the country round, vol 1, 2 Gangwar K, Deepali GR, Gangwar R (2010) Ethno medicinal plant diversity in Ethics approval and consent to participate Kumaun Himalaya of Uttarakhand, India. Nat Sci 8(5):66–78 Not applicable. Gunde MC, Suruse PB, Amnerkar ND, Lohe RW, Godbole MD, Kale MK, Pathak AK (2009) Antioxidant activity of tubers of Arisaema leschenaultii Consent for publication (Blume). Res J Pharm Technol 2:134–137 Not applicable. He JFL, He XJ, Qiu F, Shoyama Y, Tanaka H, Yao XS (2002) The active constitu- ents from Gualou-xiebai-baijiu-tang part I: active saponins. 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