DOCSLIB.ORG

Antiviral Activity of a Arisaema Tortuosum Leaf Extract and Some of Its Constituents Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antiviral Activity of a Arisaema Tortuosum Leaf Extract and Some of Its Constituents Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Published online: 2020-01-22 Original Papers Antiviral Activity of a Arisaema Tortuosum Leaf Extract and Some of its Constituents against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Authors Massimo Rittà1*, Arianna Marengo 2*, Andrea Civra 1, David Lembo 1, Cecilia Cagliero 2, Kamal Kant 3,UmaRanjanLal3, Patrizia Rubiolo 2, Manik Ghosh 3, Manuela Donalisio 1 Affiliations Correspondence 1 Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Dr. Manik Ghosh University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, 2 Department of Drug Science and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology University of Torino, Torino, Italy Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Phone: + 916512276247, Fax: + 916512275401 Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India [email protected] Key words Supporting information available online at Arisaema tortuosum ‑ , Araceae, HSV 2, antiviral activity, http://www.thieme-connect.de/products apigenin, luteolin ABSTRACT received July 18, 2019 revised December 19, 2019 Infections caused by HSV-2 are a public health concern world- accepted December 31, 2019 wide, and there is still a great demand for the discovery of novel anti-herpes virus agents effective against strains resis- Bibliography tant to current antiviral agents. In this context, medicinal DOI https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1087-8303 plants represent an alternative source of active compounds published online January 22, 2020 | Planta Med 2020; 86: for developing efficient antiviral therapies. The aim of this – 267 275 © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York | study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of Arisaema tortuo- ‑ ISSN 0032 0943 sum, a plant used in the traditional medicine of India. A chloroform soluble fraction of the leaves exhibited anti-HSV- Correspondence 2 activity with a selectivity index of 758. The extract was also Dr. Manuela Donalisio, PhD active against acyclovir-resistant HSV-2 and HSV-1. The Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, mechanism of action of the extract was investigated evidenc- University of Torino, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital ing inhibition of both early and late events of the HSV-2 repli- Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, Torino 10043, Italy cative cycle. A HPLC‑PDA‑MS/MS analysis showed the pres- Phone: + 390116705427, Fax: + 390119038639 ence of flavonoids including apigenin and luteolin in the [email protected] chloroform extract (CE). Apigenin and luteolin showed a high inhibitory activity with EC50 values of 0.05 and 0.41 µg/mL, re- spectively. Both compounds exhibited antiviral activity when This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited. added up to 6 h post infection and were able to reduce the vi- ral progeny production. In addition, apigenin interfered with cell-to-cell virus spread. Introduction the disease, herpes can still be spread to sex partners. Clinical manifestations are characterized by recurrent, painful lesions, Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is among the most prevalent named herpes sores, usually appearing on or around the genitals, sexually transmitted viruses. The Centers for Disease Control and rectum, or mouth. Genital herpes may cause painful genital ulcers Prevention (CDC) estimates that, annually, 776,000 people in the that can be severe and persistent in immune suppressed people, United States get new genital herpes infections, and more than 1 out of every 6 people aged 14 to 49 y have genital herpes [1]. Most HSV-2 infections are subclinical, but even without signs of * These authors contributed equally to this work. Rittà M et al. Antiviral Activity of … Planta Med 2020; 86: 267–275 267 Original Papers pulpit” flower and grows to 30cm in height [8]. This plant is wide- ABBREVIATIONS spread in rhododendron forest and alpine meadows in the Hima- ADME‑T absorption, distribution, metabolism, layas, Southern India, Myanmar, and Western China and even at excretion and toxicity elevations of 1500–2200 meters in Nepal [9,10]. The plant tuber AE aqueous extract (dried powder and juice) has been used in traditional medicine of BE n-butanol extract India for its therapeutic properties for piles, ailments related to di- CE chloroform extract gestive tract (constipation, indigestion, abdominal pain, and dys- EaE ethyl acetate extract entery), rheumatism, snake bites, and in treating bone fracture EE ethanolic extract and parasitic infections [11–13]. The tuber extract has shown ESI electrospray ionization antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activities; re- HE n-hexane extract cently, n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions of A. tor- HSV-1 herpes simplex virus type 1 tuosum have been investigated for their antibacterial and antifun- HSV-2 HSV type 2 gal activities [14]. Previous works on A. tortuosum revealed the HSV-2 ACV‑r HSV-2 strain with phenotypic resistance presence of flavonoids and lectins [9, 10]. Among the protein to acyclovir components, lectins purified from A. tortuosum tubers exerted in MOI multiplicity of infection vitro antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines and MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxyme- anti-insect activity [9, 10, 15]. Recently, merged molecular dock- thoxyphenyl)- 2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] ing, ADME‑T, and dynamics approaches identified several A. tor- PFU plaque-forming units tuosum phytoconstituents as potential inhibitors of HSV-1 and PIS product ion scan HSV-2 enzymes, namely thymidine kinase and serine protease SI selectivity index [16]. In this context, according to the need to continue searching SIM selective ion monitoring for novel antiviral agents, this study was undertaken to explore SRM selected reaction monitoring whether A. tortuosum leaves and tubers extracts and their identi- fied pure compounds, for which a commercial standard was avail- able, exerted an effective antiviral activity against HSV-2 and ACV‑rHSV-2strainsin vitro. Furthermore, their mode of antiviral such as HIV-infected persons. Recurrent outbreaks of genital her- action was investigated at different steps of the viral infection pes are common during an individualʼs lifespan, since, after the cycle. primary infection, HSV-2 establishes a latency in the neurons of the sensory ganglia and it can be reactivated by several stimuli in- Results and Discussion cluding immunosuppression, stress, and hormonal changes [2]. There is currently no cure or a commercially available vaccine for This study investigated the antiviral activity of A. tortuosum ex- genital herpes. Antiviral medications, like acyclovir, valacyclovir, tracts against HSV-2 infection in vitro on Vero cells. Firstly, etha- and famciclovir, can reduce the severity, shorten outbreaks, and nolic extracts (EE) of both leaves and tubers were prepared, and decrease the rate of transmission to partners [3]. However, these their effect on cellular viability was evaluated. Cell viability assays synthetic nucleoside analogues are unable to suppress the latent were performed on uninfected Vero cells, treated with 3 different infection, and their wide use favors the selection of drug-resistant concentrations (100, 10, 1 µg/mL). Since extracts were dissolved HSV mutants. Genital herpes can be associated with resistance to in DMSO, control wells were prepared by treating cells with equal available drugs especially in immunocompromised patients as re- volumes of DMSO. As shown in ▶ Fig. 1 a, total toxicity was evi- sult of extended viral replication and the reduced elimination of dent at the highest concentration for both samples. On the other resistant strains [4]. Furthermore, acyclovir, the drug of choice hand, partial toxicity was observed at 10 µg/mL for the tuber EE, for treating HSV infections, is characterized by a short half-life while no toxic effect was detected for the leaf EE. Both extracts and incomplete absorption; therefore, it must be taken repeatedly exhibited no toxicity at the lowest tested concentration. Based This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited. throughout the day [5]. These drawbacks of available drugs on these results, the EE of the leaves, which exhibit a lower toxic- prompt the discovery and development of novel anti-HSV-2 ity compared to the tubers extract, was further fractionated using agents acting with a different mechanism of action than acyclovir solvents of increasing polarity (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl ace- and its derivatives, which are inhibitors of viral DNA replication, in tate, n-butanol). The extracts and the remaining aqueous fraction order to improve the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of actual (AE) were submitted to viability assays. As reported in ▶ Fig. 1 b, treatments. It is widely accepted that medicinal plants are rich the n-hexane (HE), ethyl acetate (EaE), and n-butanol (BE) extracts sources of alternative molecules with large structural diversity resulted highly toxic, whereas the chloroform extract (CE) and the and complexity for the treatment of infectious disorders. Natural AE did not have negative effects on cell viability at any tested con- products have been explored as HSV-2 inhibitors, which may be centrations. The nontoxic fractions from the leaves were selected useful for the development of new drugs and act through differ- to investigate their potential inhibitory activity against herpetic ent mechanisms of antiviral action [6, 7]. infections. Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Taxonomic Identity of Arisaema Condaoense (Araceae) Based on New Morphological and Molecular Data
    Journal of Biotechnology 15(4): 661-668, 2017 TAXONOMIC IDENTITY OF ARISAEMA CONDAOENSE (ARACEAE) BASED ON NEW MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DATA Van Hong Thien1, Phi Nga Nguyen2, Luu Hong Truong3, 4, * 1Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City 2University of Science, Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City 3Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 4Southern Institute of Ecology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Received: 21.7.2017 Accepted: 25.10.2017 SUMMARY Arisaema condaoense V.D. Nguyen was described as a new species from Con Dao National Park, Ba Ria– Vung Tau Province, Vietnam in 2000. However, this species has been suspected of being a form of Arisaema roxburghii Kunth, a species widespread in the whole Indochina and Malay Peninsula. This was due to the original description based on dried specimens with male inflorescences only. Morphological characteristics of female inflorescences, which are of taxonomical importance to identify the species, have not been known. In June 2015, we re-sampled the plant in Con Dao National Park with both male and female inflorescences for detailed examination of morphological characteristics. Besides, the matK gene of the chloroplast genome of this species was sequenced to analyse its phylogenetic relationship with other Arisaema species. The gathered morphological and molecular data indicate that A. condaoense is certainly a distinct species, not a synonym of A. roxburghii. The noted morphological characteristics also provide key differences to distinguish A. condaoense from two other morphologically close species of sect.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Global Flower Bulb Industry
    1 The Global Flower Bulb Industry: Production, Utilization, Research Maarten Benschop Hobaho Testcentrum Hillegom, The Netherlands Rina Kamenetsky Department of Ornamental Horticulture Agricultural Research Organization The Volcani Center Bet Dagan 50250, Israel Marcel Le Nard Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 29260 Ploudaniel, France Hiroshi Okubo Laboratory of Horticultural Science Kyushu University 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan August De Hertogh Department of Horticultural Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 29565-7609, USA COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL I. INTRODUCTION II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES III. GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD FLOWER BULB INDUSTRY A. Utilization and Development of Expanded Markets Horticultural Reviews, Volume 36 Edited by Jules Janick Copyright Ó 2010 Wiley-Blackwell. 1 2 M. BENSCHOP, R. KAMENETSKY, M. LE NARD, H. OKUBO, AND A. DE HERTOGH B. Introduction of New Crops C. International Conventions IV. MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH A. Plant Breeding and Genetics 1. Breeders’ Right and Variety Registration 2. Hortus Bulborum: A Germplasm Repository 3. Gladiolus 4. Hyacinthus 5. Iris (Bulbous) 6. Lilium 7. Narcissus 8. Tulipa 9. Other Genera B. Physiology 1. Bulb Production 2. Bulb Forcing and the Flowering Process 3. Morpho- and Physiological Aspects of Florogenesis 4. Molecular Aspects of Florogenesis C. Pests, Physiological Disorders, and Plant Growth Regulators 1. General Aspects for Best Management Practices 2. Diseases of Ornamental Geophytes 3. Insects of Ornamental Geophytes 4. Physiological Disorders of Ornamental Geophytes 5. Exogenous Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) D. Other Research Areas 1. Specialized Facilities and Equipment for Flower Bulbs52 2. Transportation of Flower Bulbs 3. Forcing and Greenhouse Technology V. MAJOR FLOWER BULB ORGANIZATIONS A.
    [Show full text]
  • Analgesic Activity of Methanolic Extract of Tubers of Arisaema Tortuosum (Wall.) Schott
    Analgesic Activity of Methanolic Extract of Tubers of Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott. in Swiss Albino Mice Priyanka Chakraborty1, Nripendra Nath Bala1 and Sudipta Das2 1BCDA College of Pharmacy and Technology, Hridaypur, Barasat, Kolkata-700127, W.B, India 2Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Institute of Pharmacy, Chakdaha, Nadia-741222, W.B, India (Received: 23 January, 2018; Accepted: 25 February, 2018; Published (web): 10 June, 2018) ABSTRACT: The aim of the the present study was to investigate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Arisaema tortuosum (MEAT) using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate methods. The hot plate method is useful in elucidating centrally mediated antinociceptive responses, while acetic acid-induced writhing is the chemically induced pain of peripheral origin. The MEAT was used at doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight on swiss albino mice. The percentage inhibition of the abdominal constriction reflex increased dose dependently in case of acetic acid-induced pain and in the hot plate method model the extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg significantly increased the pain reaction time (PRT). These studies conclude that A. tortuosum (Wall.) Schott. tuber possesses analgesic activity in a dose dependent manner. In case of acetic acid-induced pain, the extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg body wt. showed 41.19% inhibition of writhing reflex. In case of hot plate method, after 60 minutes the PRT increased to 7.47 ± 0.05 seconds for the extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg body wt. Key words: Arisaema tortuosum, methanolic extract, pain, hot plate method, writhing test.
    [Show full text]
  • 21. ARISAEMA Martius, Flora 14: 459. 1831
    Fl. China 23: 43–69. 2010. 21. ARISAEMA Martius, Flora 14: 459. 1831. 天南星属 tian nan xing shu Li Heng (李恒 Li Hen), Zhu Guanghua (朱光华); Jin Murata Herbs with tuber or rhizome, paradioecious (sex depending on nutrition and therefore variable from one year to another). Tuber usually renewed seasonally and producing some tubercles around, these separated from old tuber at end of growth season. Rhizome usually cylindric, with many nodes, not renewed every year, usually preceding evergreen or wintergreen leaves. Roots usually growing at apex of tuber around cataphylls or at new nodes of rhizome. Cataphylls 3–5, herbaceous or membranous, surrounding basal part of shoot. Pseudostem consisting of basal cylindric part of petiole present or absent. Leaves 1–3, long petiolate; petiole usually mottled, stout, smooth or verrucose; leaf blade 3-foliolate, palmate, pedate, or radiate. Inflorescence borne with or before leaves, solitary, pedunculate, emerging from pseudostem in tuberous or some rhizomatous plants or separately from petiole and directly surrounded by cataphylls in some rhizomatous plants; peduncle (excluding part within pseudostem) erect, stout, usually shorter than or sometimes equaling or longer than petioles (excluding part forming pseudostem). Spathe tubular proximally, expanded limb distally, deciduous, withering or rarely semipersistent; throat of spathe tube often widely spreading outward, with or without an auricle on each side, margins of throat ciliate or not; spathe limb occasionally with a long tail at apex. Spadix sessile, unisexual or bisexual; bisexual spadix female proximally, male distally, neuter (sterile) flowers sometimes present on appendix; appendix variable in shape, base stipitate or not, apex sometimes ending in long filiform flagellum.
    [Show full text]
  • PINELLIA, ARISAEMA, ACORUS, and TYPHONIUM by Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Director, Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon
    PINELLIA, ARISAEMA, ACORUS, and TYPHONIUM by Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Director, Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon INTRODUCTION Pinellia, arisaema, acorus, and typhonium are Chinese herbs that all come from the Araceae family; they are the only members of this family that are used extensively in the Chinese medical system. Arisaema is the representative genus; in Chinese, the Araceae are known as the "tiannanxing" family, or the arisaema family. The underground portions (a corm-like rhizome) of each of the herbs are the parts used in medicine. All of these Chinese herbal medicines are characterized as being warming and phlegm-resolving. While each of the herbs have several uses, among the common applications is treatment of neurological disorders that are secondary to phlegm accumulation syndromes, such as epilepsy and post-stroke syndrome (see Table 1 for summary of actions and applications). The plants all produce toxic substances; some of these must be removed or counteracted by processing before using the medicinal part (in arisaema, pinellia, and typhonium). The leafy portions of all four plants, which are not used for internal medicine, are poisonous. TABLE 1: Summary of Actions and Sample Applications for the Araceae Herbs. The following information is obtained from Oriental Materia Medica (9), with slight editing of terms where it would clarify the meaning. Herbs Actions Applications harmonizes stomach, controls vomiting, cough and dyspnea, chest Pinellia vomiting, dries dampness, distention, stroke, phlegm-blockage
    [Show full text]
  • Rock Garden Quarterly
    ROCK GARDEN QUARTERLY VOLUME 55 NUMBER 2 SPRING 1997 COVER: Tulipa vvedevenskyi by Dick Van Reyper All Material Copyright © 1997 North American Rock Garden Society Printed by AgPress, 1531 Yuma Street, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 ROCK GARDEN QUARTERLY BULLETIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ROCK GARDEN SOCIETY VOLUME 55 NUMBER 2 SPRING 1997 FEATURES Life with Bulbs in an Oregon Garden, by Molly Grothaus 83 Nuts about Bulbs in a Minor Way, by Andrew Osyany 87 Some Spring Crocuses, by John Grimshaw 93 Arisaema bockii: An Attenuata Mystery, by Guy Gusman 101 Arisaemas in the 1990s: An Update on a Modern Fashion, by Jim McClements 105 Spider Lilies, Hardy Native Amaryllids, by Don Hackenberry 109 Specialty Bulbs in the Holland Industry, by Brent and Becky Heath 117 From California to a Holland Bulb Grower, by W.H. de Goede 120 Kniphofia Notes, by Panayoti Kelaidis 123 The Useful Bulb Frame, by Jane McGary 131 Trillium Tricks: How to Germinate a Recalcitrant Seed, by John F. Gyer 137 DEPARTMENTS Seed Exchange 146 Book Reviews 148 82 ROCK GARDEN QUARTERLY VOL. 55(2) LIFE WITH BULBS IN AN OREGON GARDEN by Molly Grothaus Our garden is on the slope of an and a recording thermometer, I began extinct volcano, with an unobstructed, to discover how large the variation in full frontal view of Mt. Hood. We see warmth and light can be in an acre the side of Mt. Hood facing Portland, and a half of garden. with its top-to-bottom 'H' of south tilt• These investigations led to an inter• ed ridges.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species and a New Combination of the Genus Arisaema (Araceae) from China
    Phytotaxa 395 (4): 265–276 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.4.2 A new species and a new combination of the genus Arisaema (Araceae) from China ZHENG-XU MA1*, WEN-YAN DU1 & XIAO-YUN WANG2 1The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China Chaoyang School (Shaoyaoju), Beijing (Municipality) 100028, China. 2Nanyue College of Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421008, Hunan Province, China. 3Hold Chang Plastic Electronics (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518108, Guangdong Province, China. *Email of corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract A new species, Arisaema melanostomum, and a new combination, A. yunnanense subsp. quinquelobatum, are proposed, described and illustrated in this article. Keywords: Arisaema melanostomum, Arisaema sect. Flagellarisaema, Arisaema sect. Odorata, Arisaema yunnanense subsp. quinquelobatum Introduction The genus Arisaema Martius (1831: 459) (Araceae) contains 199 species (Bruggeman, 2016; Ma & Li 2017; Bruggeman, 2018), distributed mostly in temperate to tropical regions of eastern Asia-eastern Africa of the Old World and eastern North America-central Mexico of the New World. In China, the centre of its diversity and distribution is located in the Himalayas-Hengduan Mountains region (Li, 1980), to which 81 species and two varieties have been reported (Ma & Li 2017). According to Murata et al. (2013) and Ohi-Toma et al. (2016), the genus Arisaema is divided into 15 sections, supported by both phylogeny and morphology. In this article, a new combination of A. sect. Odorata J. Murata in Murata et al. (2013: 43) and a new species of A.
    [Show full text]
  • Arisaema Anatinum, a New Species of Arisaema (Araceae) from NE India
    Blumea 63, 2018: 147–149 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.02.11 Arisaema anatinum, a new species of Arisaema (Araceae) from NE India P. Bruggeman1 Key words Abstract Arisaema anatinum, a new species of Araceae belonging to section Arisaema is described from Arunachal Pradesh state in NE India, illustrated, and compared with related taxa. Arisaema Arunachal Pradesh Published on 26 September 2018 Eastern Himalaya new species INTRODUCTION TAXONOMY Arunachal Pradesh is located in the most easterly part of the Arisaema anatinum Brugg., sp. nov. — Plate 1 Indo-Himalayas. Owing to its geographic position, with Bhutan Most closely allied to A. elephas, A. wilsonii and A. dilatatum but differing to the west, Tibet to the north and the Chinese provinces of in having a convolute, oblong spathe blade, broadly ovate, shiny leaflets Sichuan and Yunnan to the east, Arunachal Pradesh forms a and a non-sigmoid appendix. — Type: M. Bhaumik 2502 (holo CAL), India, bridge between the Indo-Himalayan and Sino-Himalayan bio- Arunachal Pradesh State, Lower Dibang District, Mayodia, 2690 m a.s.l., geographical regions. The resulting flora shows the presence 21 Apr. 1999; P. Bruggeman PBR749 (para L, male and female in spirit, of species of both associated floras and is an important area prepared from cult.) to understand the biogeographic origins of species that inhabit Etymology. The species epithet, from the Latin adjective anatinus, of, or the Himalayas. As part of an ongoing survey of Arisaema from resembling a duck, refers to the bill-shaped spathe blade.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Current Status of Systematic Research with Araceae
    HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF SYSTEMATIC RESEARCH WITH ARACEAE Thomas B. Croat Missouri Botanical Garden P. O. Box 299 St. Louis, MO 63166 U.S.A. Note: This paper, originally published in Aroideana Vol. 21, pp. 26–145 in 1998, is periodically updated onto the IAS web page with current additions. Any mistakes, proposed changes, or new publications that deal with the systematics of Araceae should be brought to my attention. Mail to me at the address listed above, or e-mail me at [email protected]. Last revised November 2004 INTRODUCTION The history of systematic work with Araceae has been previously covered by Nicolson (1987b), and was the subject of a chapter in the Genera of Araceae by Mayo, Bogner & Boyce (1997) and in Curtis's Botanical Magazine new series (Mayo et al., 1995). In addition to covering many of the principal players in the field of aroid research, Nicolson's paper dealt with the evolution of family concepts and gave a comparison of the then current modern systems of classification. The papers by Mayo, Bogner and Boyce were more comprehensive in scope than that of Nicolson, but still did not cover in great detail many of the participants in Araceae research. In contrast, this paper will cover all systematic and floristic work that deals with Araceae, which is known to me. It will not, in general, deal with agronomic papers on Araceae such as the rich literature on taro and its cultivation, nor will it deal with smaller papers of a technical nature or those dealing with pollination biology.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revision of the Eastern Himalayan Species of The
    A REVISION OF THE EASTERN HIMALAYAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS ИRISAE″z4 (ARACEAE) by Hiroshi I‐ IARA In lB2B Wallich described and illustrated three Nepalese species under the generic name Arum, and Martius in lB3 I established the genus Arisaema based on those three Himalayan species (A. nepenthoides, A. costatum, and A. speciosum). Since then a large number of species have been described mainly from Asia by Blume, Schott, Buchet, and Engler. Engler (1920) in his monographic work in Pflanzenreich recognized lB species and several varieties from the Himalayas. In 1955 D. Chat- terjee enumerated the 40 Indian and Burmese species of Arisaema, including lB Eastern Himalayan species. Since 1960 I have had several opportunities to visit Eastern Himalaya as the leader of the Botanical Expeditions to Eastern Himalaya organized by the Univer- sity of Tokyo, and have observed nearly all the Himalayan species of the genus in their natural habitats, and also cultivated most of them inJapan. In this genus, the size of plants and the shape of leaves are extremely variable. But in the field, each species can be readily recognized by the characters of leaves, spathe, and spadix, although it is sometimes difficult to identify herbarium specimens, especially when they were not well prepared. The present study is mainly based on the materials collected during the expedi- tions, and those cultivated in Tokyo and Karuizawa ofJapan, and also partiy on my knowledge and data about theJapanese species obtained since 1933. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE GENUS ARISAEMA Schott in 1860 first classified all the then known species, and grouped them in four sections based on the arrangement of the leaflets.
    [Show full text]
  • Jack‐In‐The‐Pulpit Arisaema Triphyllum Plant with Spathe Ripe Fruit
    Jack‐in‐the‐pulpit Arisaema triphyllum Kingdom: Plantae FEATURES Division: Magnoliophyta The Jack‐in‐the‐pulpit, or Indian turnip, is a Class: Liliopsida perennial plant that grows from an underground Order: Arales corm. It does not have leaf‐bearing stems. The one or two leaves present grow from the base of the Family: Araceae plant and may reach more than one foot tall. Each ILLINOIS STATUS leaf is divided into three leaflets that are smooth and without teeth around the edges. The flowers common, native lack petals and are clustered together at the base of © Tracy Evans a cylindrical column, called a spadix. The spadix is covered by a leaflike structure that encircles it and arches over the top. This structure, called a spathe, may be green, purple or purple striped. This arrangement is how the common name of the plant was derived (the “Jack” or preacher in his covered pulpit). The fruit is a red berry. BEHAVIORS The Jack‐in‐the‐pulpit may be found statewide in Illinois. It grows in woods. The Jack‐in‐the‐pulpit flowers in April and May. plant with spathe ILLINOIS RANGE unripe fruit © Faye Frankland ripe fruit © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2020. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. © John Hilty plant with spathe and spadix © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2020. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. © John Hilty leaflet © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2020. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Identification of the Traditional Herbal Medicines, Arisaematis Rhizoma and Pinelliae Tuber, and Common Adulterants Via Universal DNA Barcode Sequences
    Molecular identification of the traditional herbal medicines, Arisaematis Rhizoma and Pinelliae Tuber, and common adulterants via universal DNA barcode sequences B.C. Moon, W.J. Kim, Y. Ji, Y.M. Lee, Y.M. Kang and G. Choi K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Corresponding author: B.C. Moon E-mail: [email protected] Genet. Mol. Res. 15 (1): gmr.15017064 Received August 10, 2015 Accepted October 6, 2015 Published February 19, 2016 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/gmr.15017064 ABSTRACT. Methods to identify Pinelliae Tuber and Arisaematis Rhizoma are required because of frequent reciprocal substitution between these two herbal medicines and the existence of several closely related plant materials. As a result of the morphological similarity of dried tubers, correct discrimination of authentic herbal medicines is difficult by conventional methods. Therefore, we analyzed DNA barcode sequences to identify each herbal medicine and the common adulterants at a species level. To verify the identity of these herbal medicines, we collected five authentic species (Pinellia ternata for Pinelliae Tuber, and Arisaema amurense, A. amurense var. serratum, A. erubescens, and A. heterophyllum for Arisaematis Rhizoma) and six common adulterant plant species. Maturase K (matK) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) genes were then amplified using universal primers. In comparative analyses of two DNA barcode sequences, we obtained 45 species-specific nucleotides sufficient to identify each species (except A. erubescens with matK) and 28 marker nucleotides for each species (except P. pedatisecta Genetics and Molecular Research 15 (1): gmr.15017064 ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br B.C.
    [Show full text]