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Sociology Engaged in Social Justice and Activism and Humanism, Which Lead Bernard Activism

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Sociology Engaged in Social Justice and Activism and Humanism, Which Lead Bernard Activism ASRXXX10.1177/0003122419893677American Sociological ReviewRomero 893677research-article2020 2019 Presidential Address American Sociological Review 2020, Vol. 85(1) 1 –30 Sociology Engaged in Social © American Sociological Association 2020 https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419893677DOI: 10.1177/0003122419893677 Justice journals.sagepub.com/home/asr Mary Romeroa Abstract This article expands on my presidential address to further bolster the case that sociology has, from its inception, been engaged in social justice. I argue that a critical review of our discipline and our Association’s vaunted empiricist tradition of objectivity, in which sociologists are detached from their research, was accomplished by a false history and sociology of sociology that ignored, isolated, and marginalized some of the founders. In the past half-century, scholar- activists, working-class sociologists, sociologists of color, women sociologists, indigenous sociologists, and LGBTQ sociologists have similarly been marginalized and discouraged from pursuing social justice issues and applied research within our discipline. Being ignored by academic sociology departments has led them to create or join homes in interdisciplinary programs and other associations that embrace applied and scholar-activist scholarship. I offer thoughts about practices that the discipline and Association should use to reclaim sociology’s social justice tradition. Keywords historical sociology, scholar-activist, exclusion, politics, knowledge production, social justice, engaged sociology We are doing sociology at a time when aArizona State University authoritarian heads of states have been elected around the world; empires are arising, borders Corresponding Author: are hardening; people are torn from their Mary Romero, Arizona State University, School of Social Transformation, Justice Studies and homes to become stateless refugees; and Social Inquiry, PO Box 876403, Tempe, AZ racism and xenophobia are all over social 85287-6403 media. We have a U.S. president who refers to Email: [email protected] 2 American Sociological Review 85(1) Mexican migrants and refugees as rapists, In the three years he has been in office, criminals, and drug dealers (Machalowski Trump has supported the nomination of and Solop 2019). Trump has referred to Afri- judges and Cabinet Secretaries who oppose can countries as “shithole” nations, advocated gay and transgender rights, dismantled civil for more immigrants from Norway, and rights legislation concerning voting rights and argued that after seeing America, immigrants affirmative action, and curtailed enforcement from Nigeria would never “go back to their programs and consent decrees related to dis- huts.” The president’s racist comments about crimination. Trump has a personal history of Blacks, Latinos, Native Americans, Muslims, sexist and misogynist behavior and has made and Jews have emboldened public activities disparaging remarks about people with disa- by neo-Nazis and white supremacists (Gra- bilities. His administration has eroded legisla- ham et al. 2019), as well as white women and tion protecting employees by sex, race, men who call the police on Black people ethnicity, and sexual orientation in the work- engaged in everyday activities, placing them force (Green 2019; Greenhouse 2019); in harm’s way. In a rally in Panama City rescinded Title IX guidance clarifying protec- Beach, Florida, Trump joked about shooting tions under the law for transgender students; migrants at the border (Farzan 2019). Three and rescinded 72 guidance documents outlin- months later, a white nationalist Trump sup- ing the rights of students with disabilities porter drove 650 miles to El Paso, Texas, with (Balingit 2017). The divide between the rich the intention of killing as many Mexicans as and the rest of society has increased as a possible: on August 3, 2019, he killed 22 result of tax cuts for millionaires, billionaires, people and injured 24 others (Arango, Bogel- and multinational corporations (Appelbaum Burroughs, and Benner 2019). Trump’s dis- 2017). Our fragile inventory of social safety- dain for people of color is further evident in net programs continues to shrink as this and his administration’s refusal to allocate relief previous administrations ended subsidies for funds and send workers to Puerto Rico after certain health care plans, disability programs, Hurricane Maria or to the Bahamas after Hur- and social security. ricane Dorian (Mansoor 2019). Trump’s denial of climate change will be a Our annual meeting took place in a com- lasting crime against humanity. His adminis- fortable space, while concentration camps tration has rolled back crucial federal efforts spread along our southern border, where chil- established by the Obama administration to dren fleeing global warming, gangs, and cut greenhouse-gas emissions: it has limited repressive states in Central America are sleep- regulations on power plants and vehicles and ing on concrete floors. Trump has returned us made public lands available for fossil-fuel to shameful periods in our country’s history: development (Popovich, Albeck-Ripka, and parents and children are separated, children Pierre-Louis 2019). Just eight months after are sexually and physically abused in deten- Obama signed the Paris Agreement, Trump tion, women are sexually abused by border announced the U.S. withdrawal, claiming agents, and families sleep on the dirt in fenced unfair environmental standards harmed U.S. cages (Hutzler 2019). ASA met in 2019 in the business and workers (Shear 2017). Not only city of immigrants, near the Statue of Liberty has this administration denied climate change, and Ellis Island, while the administration vili- it has forcefully moved to discredit legitimate fied asylum seekers. Between October and science (Jackson 2019). We have already December 2018, the denial rate of asylum experienced rising sea levels, vicious hurri- cases was 19 percent, and “that figure had canes, storms in the Midwest, and increasing grown to 45 percent by the first quarter of fis- wildland fires around the world. The adminis- cal year 2019” (Schacher 2019:4). Although tration attacks evidence-based science, it has migration rates have dropped, Trump refuses cut research funding to NEH and NSF (Dav- to consider evidence-based data in developing enport and Landler 2019), and it has returned immigration policy (Hesson 2019). food regulation to an era similar to Upton Romero 3 Sinclair’s The Jungle (Khimm 2018). In many discipline (Margolis and Romero 1998; Peters cases, Trump’s policy rejects evidence-based 1991). I believe no one becomes a sociologist social science; his supporters confuse sociol- to hinder or harm people, or to promote injus- ogy with socialism, misunderstanding both. tice, yet “Social Justice Warriors” has become Attacks on science-based and evidence- a term of contempt in many circles—includ- based research are perhaps the central issues ing some of our own. bringing together all the scientists in our dis- Our discipline has a long history of debat- cipline. We stand for data; we stand for evi- ing value-free objective sociology versus an dence; we stand for critical thought; and we engaged sociology aimed at change for a bet- stand for an open and transparent presentation ter world. Most U.S. sociology students are of research findings so they can be replicated introduced to Weber’s idea of value-free soci- or disconfirmed. ology as undergraduates; he argued for a Under these conditions, teaching, research, detached and independent approach to and service in sociology have become crucial research without social and political commit- in equipping students, communities, and the ments. Most textbooks’ interpretations are general public with critical thinking skills to based on Weber’s essay “On Science as a understand the dog whistles and gaslighting Vocation.” However, over his career, Weber used by right-wing populist movements. elaborated further, changing and altering his Trump’s Secretary of Education demanded ideas to distinguish objectivity as the “accu- that a university department advance the rate depiction of the facts” from value- administration’s “ideological priorities,” freedom (Sharlin 1974:338). By the 1890s, claiming the department was unfairly promot- Weber did not entirely separate science and ing “the positive aspects of Islam” but not politics, and his writings appear to support the Christianity or Judaism: view that science was devoted to improving social conditions and “should serve the An Aug. 29 letter from the U.S. Education nation” (Sharlin 1974:341). Later in life, his Department orders the Duke-UNC Consor- theoretical essays on social science research tium for Middle East Studies to revise its actively explored ways for science to serve offerings by Sept. 22 or risk losing future the nation and yet be separated from political funding from a federal grant that’s awarded and social attitudes. to dozens of universities to support foreign Many early U.S. sociologists attended language instruction. (Binkley 2019) German universities, and European sociology has long been critical of the idea of objectiv- Brazil’s far-right president has defunded ity and argued that studying the natural and philosophy, education, and sociology pro- social worlds are completely different. Yet, grams (Redden 2019). Hungarian sociologists American sociology adopted a “rigid empiri- fear losing academic freedom as the national- cist tradition” (Forsythe 1973:215). In this ist government
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