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Abundance, Distribution, Diversity and Zoogeography of Epipelagic Copepods Off the Egyptian Coast (Mediterranean Sea)

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Abundance, Distribution, Diversity and Zoogeography of Epipelagic Copepods Off the Egyptian Coast (Mediterranean Sea) Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research (2016) xxx, xxx–xxx HOSTED BY National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research http://ees.elsevier.com/ejar www.sciencedirect.com FULL LENGTH ARTICLE Abundance, distribution, diversity and zoogeography of epipelagic copepods off the Egyptian Coast (Mediterranean Sea) Howaida Y. Zakaria a,*, Abdel-Kader M. Hassan b, Fekry M. Abo-Senna b, Hussein A. El-Naggar b a National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt b Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Boy), Cairo, Egypt Received 11 May 2016; revised 31 October 2016; accepted 1 November 2016 KEYWORDS Abstract The abundance, distribution and diversity of epipelagic copepods were studied along the Copepods; Egyptian Mediterranean Coast during April, August, 2008, February, 2009 and 2010. The geo- Alien; graphical distribution and ecological affinities of the recorded species are presented in order to fol- Migration; low up the migrant species that recently entered in the study area. Copepoda was the most Egypt; dominant zooplankton group, representing 74.14% of the total zooplankton counts. The annual Eastern Mediterranean averages of copepod abundance in the coastal, shelf and offshore zones were 699.3, 609.7 and 555.7 ind.mÀ3, respectively. Spring was the most productive and diversified season. 118 copepod species were identified in the study area; among them twelve species are recorded in the Mediter- ranean Sea for the first time and 41 species are new records in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. The community was dominated by Oithona nana, Calocalanus pavo, Nannocalanus minor, Clauso- calanus arcuicornis and Paracalanus parvus. The study area could be considered as a crossroad for migration process from Atlantic Ocean in the west and Indian Ocean via Red Sea and Suez Canal from the south. In addition, the maritime activities in the Mediterranean Sea may have con- tributed into the change of copepod diversity in the study area where some species could have come to the Egyptian Coast from other water systems via ballast water. Ó 2016 Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Introduction The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most oligotrophic semi- * Corresponding author. enclosed basins and its marine life is heavily threatened by E-mail addresses: [email protected] (H.Y. Zakaria), habitat degradation mostly due to human activities (Lancelot [email protected] (A.-K.M. Hassan), hu_gar2000@ et al., 2002). Por (1978) declared that the Suez Canal is consid- yahoo.com (H.A. El-Naggar). ered as a link and barrier in plankton migration between the Peer review under responsibility of National Institute of Oceanography Red Sea and the Mediterranean. The Suez Canal’s being a nar- and Fisheries. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2016.11.001 1687-4285 Ó 2016 Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Please cite this article in press as: Zakaria, H.Y. et al., Abundance, distribution, diversity and zoogeography of epipelagic copepods off the Egyptian Coast (Mediter- ranean Sea). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2016.11.001 2 H.Y. Zakaria et al. row and shallow water course, turbidity and temperature are 2004, 2006b). Few of them concern copepods despite their eco- higher than those of the adjacent seas. In addition, the Bitter logical importance in the marine food web. The main objective Lakes, which are hyper saline natural lakes that form part of of the present study is to investigate the copepod distribution the Canal, south, and the Nile fresh water dilution, north, and diversity in coastal and offshore waters of western part acted as two selective salinity barriers that blocked the migra- of the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast with special focus on tion of the Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many the zoogeography of the recorded alien species. decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalized with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals of the Red Sea have begun Material and methods to colonize the Eastern Mediterranean. The construction of Aswan High Dam across the Nile River in 1965 reduced the The study area covered the western part of the Egyptian 0 inflow of fresh water and nutrient-rich silt from the Nile into Mediterranean coast and lies between longitudes 25° 30 E 0 the Eastern Mediterranean, making conditions there even and 29° 30 E and extends northward to latitude 32° N more like the Red Sea. Evidently, plankton migration through (Fig. 1). The Egyptian Mediterranean waters are characterized Suez Canal is a continuous process and it is increasing from by the presence of different water masses which converge and south toward the north of the Canal particularly after the dis- mix: the surface water mass of minimum salinity (38.6– appearance of hydrological barriers and the increasing salinity 38.8 ppt) and maximum oxygen concentration (>5.2 ml/l) in the Levantine Basin after the construction of High Dam which is of Atlantic origin and extends 50–150 m in depth; (Abd El-Rahman, 2005; Zakaria, 2015). the intermediate water mass of maximum salinity (38.9– In the Egyptian Mediterranean waters, the distribution of 39.1 ppt) which extends below 150 m to about 300–400 m zooplankton abundance in coastal waters was studied by depth; and the deep waters which are of eastern Mediterranean Dowidar and El-Maghraby (1971, 1973), El-Maghraby and origin (Said and Eid, 1994). The water circulation along the Dowidar (1973), Samaan et al. (1983), Aboul-Ezz (1994), Egyptian Mediterranean Coast is dominated by the Atlantic Hussein (1997a,b) and Abdel-Aziz (2002, 2004). Some studies water inflow along the North African Coast and by the Mersa included information on the seasonal variability of community Matruh and El-Arish gyres. The Mersa Matruh gyre exhibits a composition (Dowidar and El-Maghraby, 1970; Dowidar strong winter to summer variability, reversing from anticy- et al., 1983; Abdel-Aziz, 1997, 2001; El-Tohamy, 2005; clonic to cyclonic (Said and Rajkovic, 1996). The salinity val- Zakaria 2006a, 2007a,b; Zakaria, 2014; Zakaria et al., 2007; ues ranged between 39 and 39.2 (Said and Rajkovic, 1996; Aboul Ezz et al., 2014; Abou Zaid et al., 2014). The offshore Zakaria, 2006b). The pH values ranged between 7.98 and waters have received little attention (Hussein, 1977; Nour El- 8.44 during winter and between 8.07 and 8.6 in summer. The À Din, 1987; Abdel Aziz and Aboul-Ezz, 2003; Zakaria, 1992, dissolved oxygen concentrations varied between 4.13 ml.l 1 Figure 1 Area of investigation and the locations of the sampling stations. Please cite this article in press as: Zakaria, H.Y. et al., Abundance, distribution, diversity and zoogeography of epipelagic copepods off the Egyptian Coast (Mediter- ranean Sea). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2016.11.001 Abundance, distribution, diversity and zoogeography of epipelagic copepods 3 Table 1 Ecological affinities and geographical distribution of the recorded copepod species. Kingdom: Animalia. Ecological affinities Geographical distribution Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Maxillopoda Subclass: Copepoda AO. PO. IO. RS. MS. EsM. EM. PS. Order: Calanoida Family: Calanidae Calanus helgolandicus (Claus, 1863)* t+ +++ Canthocalanus pauper (Giesbrecht, 1888) T + + + + + + + Cosmocalanus darwinii (Lubbock, 1860)* T, S + + + + + + + Mesocalanus tenuicornis (Dana, 1849) t, T + + + + + + + + Nannocalanus minor (Claus, 1863) t, T + + + + + + + + Neocalanus gracilis (Dana, 1849) t, T + + + + + + + Neocalanus plumchrus (Marukawa, 1921)*#A + + + Neocalanus robustior (Giesbrecht, 1888) t + + + + + + + + Family: Eucalanidae Pareucalanus attenuatus (Dana, 1849) t, T + + + + + + + + Subeucalanus crassus (Giesbrecht, 1888) t + + + + + + + + Subeucalanus monachus (Giesbrecht, 1888) t + + + + + + + + Subeucalanus subcrassus (Giesbrecht, 1888)* T+++++++ Family: Paracalanidae Acrocalanus gibber Giesbrecht, 1888* t, S + + + + + + + Calocalanus contractus Farran, 1926 t + + + + + + + + Calocalanus pavo (Dana, 1852) T, t + + + + + + + + Calocalanus styliremis Giesbrecht, 1888 P, t + + + + + + + + Ischnocalanus plumulosus (Claus, 1863) T, t + + + + + + + + Mecynocera clausi Thompson I.C., 1888 P, t + + + + + + + + Paracalanus parvus (Claus, 1863) Co, t, + + + + + + + + Family: Clausocalanidae Clausocalanus arcuicornis (Dana, 1849) t, Co + + + + + + + + Clausocalanus furcatus (Brady, 1883) T, t + + + + + + + + Clausocalanus ingens Frost and Flemin., 1968*#t + + + + Clausocalanus pergens Farran, 1926 t + + + + + + + + Pseudocalanus elongatus (Boeck, 1865) C + + + + + + Family: Aetideidae Aetideus armatus (Boeck, 1872)* S+++++++ Aetideus bradyi Scott A., 1909*#S +++ + Aetideus giesbrechti Cleve, 1904 T, t + + + + + + + Family: Scolecitrichidae Scolecithrix bradyi (Giesbrecht, 1888) t, C + + + + + + + Family: Euchaetidae Euchaeta acuta Giesbrecht, 1892 t + + + + + + + Euchaeta marina (Prestandrea, 1833) T, t + + + + + + + + Euchaeta media Giesbrecht, 1888* t, T, S + + + + + + Family: Phaennidae Phaenna spinifera Claus, 1863 t, S + + + + + + + + Family: Centropagidae Centropages abdominalis
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