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Papers of the British School at Rome the Via Claudia Valeria Papers of the British School at Rome http://journals.cambridge.org/ROM Additional services for Papers of the British School at Rome: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here The Via Claudia Valeria Robert Gardner Papers of the British School at Rome / Volume 9 / January 1920, pp 75 - 106 DOI: 10.1017/S0068246200005572, Published online: 09 August 2013 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0068246200005572 How to cite this article: Robert Gardner (1920). The Via Claudia Valeria. Papers of the British School at Rome, 9, pp 75-106 doi:10.1017/S0068246200005572 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/ROM, IP address: 35.8.191.249 on 10 Apr 2015 PAPERS OF THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ROME. Vol.. IX. No. 4. THE VIA CLAUDIA VALERIA. BY ROBERT GARDNER. A.—THE HISTORY OF THE VIA CLAUDIA VALERIA.1 THE Via Claudia Valeria was the prolongation of the Via Valeria to its natural termination upon the shores of the Adriatic. During the Republican period the principal lines of communication between Rome and almost every part of Italy were fixed and settled, even if they had not become viae munitae ; and so it remained for the Emperors to develop this system and bring it to its logical conclusion. The old Via Valeria linked Rome with Alba Fucens, and, by natural extensions, with the country of the Marsi2 and the Paeligni. The Emperor Claudius went a step further, and, by connecting the Via Valeria at Cerfennia (Collarmele) with the Mare Superum at the Ostia Aterni (Pescara), not only brought the Paeligni and the Marrucini into direct connection with the capital, but opened up a most important route between the Mediterranean and the 1 Considerations of space have made it impossible to publish the description of the Via Valeria (from Tibur to Cerfennia) in the present volume; but it will appear in Vol. X. The description of the Roman highway running eastward from Rome to the mouth of the Aternus will thus be completed, the first portion of the road, from Rome to Tibur, having been already dealt with by Dr. Ashby in P.B.S.R. iii. 1 seq. The present article was written in the winter of 1913-14. To Dr. Ashby are due my thanks for his kindness in recently looking over the manuscript and in supplying additions and suggestions. The map (Plate XI.) has been drawn to scale from the sheets of the Italian Staff Map, and with an exception mentioned in the Postcript, every ancient and modern name in the text has been inserted. 2 Strabo, V. 3. II : &yet &rl Maptroby «oi K.op<plviov T)\V TWV X\*\[yvu:v /xrjTponoAip, 76 THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ROME. Adriatic. With the Paeligni1 and the Marrucini, through whose territory the Via Claudia Valeria passed, the Romans never had any serious trouble. We first hear of relations between Rome and these people in the middle of the fourth century. No serious hostilities are mentioned and Roman armies appear to have been able to march through their territory without opposition.; i In 304 B.C. Rome granted, a treaty to the Marrucini, Marsi, Paeligni and Frentani, all of whom remained generally loyal in after- times. The Via Salaria, which, in its mature form, connected Rome with Ausculum and Castrum Truentinum, a point on the Adriatic coast somewhat to the north of the mouth of the Aternus, was of very early origin. To the late Republican peiiod (117 B.C.) belongs the Via Caecilia,2 which branched off from the Via Salaria in the valley of the Farfa (at the 36th mile) and, after passing through Amiternum, the chief town of the northern Sabini, reached Hadria and the coast. Interamnia (Teramo), also, was reached by a deverticulum, which was certainly prolonged to the sea at Castrum Novum. South of the valley of the Aternus we know of no via niunita which terminated upon the coast of the Adriatic, until, in 109 A.D., Trajan constructed the famous highwajr which bears his name (the Via Traiana). But in the Republican period there must have existed a line of communication between Rome and the important centres of Luceria and Sipontum, to the south of M. Garganus, and, indeed, it is clear that the Via Traiana:i followed a previously existing track between Beneventum and Brundisium. In a famous passage of Livy (ix. 2) we read •' duae ad Luceriam ferebant viae, altera praeter oram superi maris, patens apertaque, sed quanto tutior, tanto fere longior, altera per furculas Caudinas brevier.' The road ' per furculas Caudinas brevior ' was the later Via Appia from Rome to Beneventum, while the longer :route which led ' praeter oram superi maris ' must have been itself 1 Their history is summarised by Mommsen, C.I.L. ix. p. 282 (Marrucini), p. 290 (Paeligni) and by Nissen, Ital. Land, ii. p. 446 (Paeligni), p. 443 (Marrucini). Cf. also Besnier, De regione Paelignorum-, Paris (1902), pp. 59—106. 2 C.I.L. vi. 3824. The relations of the Via Salaria and the Via Caecilia are considered more in detail in an article upon the Via Claudia Nova, Journal of Roman Studies^ vol. iii. pp. 204 seq. 3 Strabo, vi. 3. 7 ; THIIOIIK)} 5m UfuKeriwv, ufis noiSi/cAovs KOAOSC*, KOI bavvltav na\ 2avviTwv IJ-tXP1 Bfveovevrov, iif>' p S$$ 'Eyvarla TTIJAIJ, ffra KaiAia «al N^T/OV Ka! Kavuffioi' Kai 'EpSamla. Horace, too, (Satires, i. 5), from Herdoniae onwards in all probability, followed this road to Brundisium, although, between Barium and Gnathia, he kept to the coast instead of travelling by the inland road. For the Via Traiana see C.I.L. ix. p. 592 seq. and T. Ashby and R. Gardner in the Papers of the British School at Rome, vol. viii. p. 104 seq. THE VIA CLAUDIA VALERIA. yj connected with Rome by a route which later became the Via Valeria— Claudia Valeria. One of the undertakings which Julius Caesar x had intended to carry out was the construction of a highroad across the Apennines, connecting the Adriatic Sea with the Tiber, This road, if he had been able to construct it, would have anticipated by,almost a century the actual construction of Claudius—the Via Claudia Valeria. Of the original milestones erected by Claudius one only survives. It was found near Chieti (Teate Marrucinorum) and tells us that in 48-49 A.D. the Emperor Claudius built the Via Clavidia Valeria from Cerfennia to the Ostia Aterni and constructed the bridges.2 The inscription3 (C.I.L. ix. 5973) reads as follows :— TI • CLAVDIVS CAISAR AVG•GER•PONT•MAX TRIB • POT • VIII • IMP • XVI COS • IIII • P-P • CENSOR (48-49 A.D.) dIAM CLAVDIAM JALERiam A • CERFENNIA • OSTIA • ATErni MVNIT • IDEMQVE PONTES • FECIT XLIII 1 Suetonius, Caesar, 44 : lam de ornanda instituendaque urbe item de tuendo ampli- andoque imperio, plura ac maiora in dies destinabat .... emittere Fucinum lacum, viam munire a mari supero per Apennini dorsum ad Tiberim usque. The identification of this proposed road with the Via Claudia Valeria is not, for obvious reasons, a matter of certainty. 2 It is curious that no traces of any ancient bridge are to be seen along the course of the Via Claudia Valeria. Possibly it was due to bad workmanship and indeed the known monuments of Claudius outside Rome are not famous for their permanency. The Emissa- rium of the Fucine Lake was not a success and had to be restored by Trajan and Hadrian. On the other hand the bridges which are mentioned in the inscription C.I.L. ix. 6005 as constructed by Trajan along the Via Traiana (VIAM ET. PONTES a BENEVENTO BRVNDISIVM PECVNIA SVA fecit) are finely preserved specimens of Roman workman- ship of the period of Trajan. 3 The ' Claudian archaisms ' are interesting, namely, the spelling of '. CAISAR ' and the use of d for V. A well known instance of the spelling ' CAISAR ' is to be seen above the Porta Maggiore at Rome (C.I.L. vi. 1256), a monument which testifies also to the lack of permanence in Claudius' constructions. For this peculiarity see E. Albertini, L'inscription de Claude sur la Porte Majeure et deux passages de Frontin,' Mtlanges de l'£cole Franfaise, (1906), pp. 305—318. 78 THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ROME. Other than this, the 43rd milestone, we have knowledge of only two more milestones belonging to the Via Claudia Valeria. In 1898 x a milestone was discovered near Goriano Sicoli (Statulae) and its inscription was eventually deciphered as follows : — liberatori orbis roMANI restitutori libertatis ET REiPVb conservatori militum ET PROV inciajium d. n. maGNElTIO inVICto principi viCTORI AC TRIVNFATORI SENPER AVGusto .... 1VEIVS- V-C CONSVLARIS REG • FLAMINIE et PICENI .... CVRAVIT xc This milestone was erected by Magnentius (350^353 A.D.), who probably carried out restorations of the Via Claudia Valeria. He restored the Via Claudia Nova 2 also and possibly the Via Valeria.3 The topographical importance of this milestone is very considerable,, inasmuch as when its provenance is regarded in relation to the other traces * of antiquity which have come to light in the neighbourhood of Goriano Sicoli, there remains but small room to doubt that the station of Statulae is to be placed there. The second milestone was found near the church of San Clemente a Casauria, just to the south of Torre de' Passed (C.I.L. ix. 5972.). It is just possible to say that this milestone was erected by the Emperor Julian (361-363 A.D.). It bears no number and possesses no importance beyond that arising from its provenance.
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