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Water, Heat and Salt Cycles Over the South China Sea, from Seasonal to Interannual Variability

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Water, Heat and Salt Cycles Over the South China Sea, from Seasonal to Interannual Variability Water, heat and salt cycles over the South China sea, from seasonal to interannual variability : a closed budget and high-resolution ocean modelling approach Bich Ngoc Trinh To cite this version: Bich Ngoc Trinh. Water, heat and salt cycles over the South China sea, from seasonal to interannual variability : a closed budget and high-resolution ocean modelling approach. Oceanography. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2020. English. NNT : 2020TOU30290. tel-03332193 HAL Id: tel-03332193 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03332193 Submitted on 2 Sep 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THTHESEESE`` En vue de l’obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE´ DE TOULOUSE D´elivr´e par : l’Universit´eToulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Pr´esent´ee et soutenue le 09/12/2020 par : Bich Ngoc TRINH Cycles de l’eau, de la chaleur et du sel dans la Mer de Chine M´eridionale, de la variation saisonni`ere`ala variabilit´einterannuelle: mod´elisation oc´eanique`ahaute r´esolutionet `abilan ferm´e JURY Christophe MENKES ENTROPIE Rapporteur Vincent ECHEVIN LOCEAN Rapporteur Thanh NGO-DUC USTH Rapporteur Rosemary MORROW LEGOS Pr´esidente du jury/Examinatrice Sylvain OUILLON LEGOS, USTH Invit´e Caroline ULSES LEGOS Co-directrice de th`ese Marine HERRMANN LEGOS Directrice de th`ese Ecole´ doctorale et sp´ecialit´e : SDU2E : Oc´ean,Atmosph`ere, Climat Unit´e de Recherche : Laboratoire d’´etudesen g´eophysiqueet oc´eanographie spatiales (UMR5566) Directeur(s) de Th`ese : Marine Herrmann et Caroline Ulses Rapporteurs : Christophe Menkes, Vincent Echevin et Thanh Ngo-Duc Remerciements Tout d’abord, je tiens à remercier profondément ma directrice de thèse, Marine Herrmann (directrice de recherche de l’IRD), de m’avoir proposé ce sujet de thèse à la fois ambitieux et très intéressant. Je lui suis reconnaissante pour le temps qu’elle m’a accordé, son encouragement, son soutien et sa sympathie tout au long de ce projet. Je souhaite également remercier ma co-directrice de thèse, Caroline Ulses (chargée de recherche du LEGOS), pour sa disponibilité, ses qualités scientifiques et sa gentillesse. Merci d’avoir toujours été à l’écoute et merci de m’avoir beaucoup appris sur le modèle biogéochimique. Cette thèse n’aurait jamais vu le jour sans le soutien des personnes du groupe SIROCCO (LEGOS). Je remercie chaleureusement Patrick Marsaleix, Claude Estournel, Thomas Duhaut et Cyril Nguyen pour leurs implications, non seulement dans l’aspect technique mais aussi dans l’orientation scientifique du projet. J’ai beaucoup apprécié l’accueil chaleureux qu’ils m’ont réservé et l’ambiance très conviviale au sein du groupe. Un grand merci à Kipp Shearman (Origon State University, États-Unis), à Benoît Tranchant (CLS Toulouse), à Joseph Montoya (Schmidt Ocean Institut, États-Unis) et à Vĩnh (Institute of Marine Environment and Resources, Vietnam) pour des précieuses données qu’ils m’ont si généreusement partagées afin de valider le modèle. J’adresse mes sincères remerciements à l’équipe informatique du Laboratoire d’Aérologie (cluster Nuwa) : Didier Gazen, Laurent Cabanas, Jeremy Leclercq et à Kien (l’ingénieur en charge du cluster Hilo), pour leur soutien d’une grande compétence et leurs disponibilités à chaque fois j’ai rencontré des difficultés. Je désire en outre remercier l’Insitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) et le Consortium USTH, pour les supports financiers que j’ai reçu pendant mes quatre années de doctorat. La thèse, c’est aussi des échanges et des rencontres. J’ai une pensée particulière pour mes amis doctorants au LEGOS. Un grand merci à Violaine et Thai pour leur soutien tout au long de cette thèse. Violaine, merci pour tes conseils et le soutien que tu m’as apporté jusqu’au jour de ma soutenance. Tu resteras ma coloc préférée des conférences. i Thai, merci pour tes codes Matlab et pour les heures que tu passais à discuter des problèmes de calcul avec moi. Merci également à anh Đa, Việt, Tùng, Thái em, Hạnh pour les repas au midi et les pauses café pleines d’humour. Je n’oublierai jamais votre gentillesse et vous souhaite beaucoup de succès pour le futur. Je voudrais remercier mes collègues du département Eau, Environnement, Océanographie de l’Université de Science et Technologie de Hanoi (USTH). Merci beaucoup Sylvain Ouillon, directeur du département, pour ton soutien et ta relecture de l’article. Merci Thu, Lê Anh, Tú, Hợi pour avoir accepté de me remplacer lorsque je partais travailler sur ma thèse à Toulouse. Merci Philippe pour tes conseils et tes petites plantes. J’embrasse mes copains de l’INSA : Vanessa, Lisou, Laura, Feida, Guillaume, Emeric, Nga - avec qui j’ai passé des moments magnifiques de retrouvailles. Merci Chantal, ta maison fleurie à Saint Lary est un de mes plus beaux souvenirs de France. Merci Nguyệt, ma meilleure copine. De gros câlins et plein de bisous à tous les membres de ma famille. Merci à ma mère Thủy, mon père Giao, mon frère Kiên, ma belle-mère Hồng pour leurs encouragements et soutiens inconditionnels pendant tout ce temps. Enfin, merci Hà. Sans toi je ne serais jamais parvenue au bout de ce chemin. ii Contents Remerciements ............................................................................................................................ i Contents ....................................................................................................................................... 1 List of figures .............................................................................................................................. 4 List of tables ................................................................................................................................ 7 Résumé ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction générale ............................................................................................................... 12 General introduction (Context) ................................................................................................ 16 Chapter I: Introduction - Context and objectives ................................................................... 21 I.1. Physical geography of the South China Sea ................................................................ 21 I.2. Atmospheric forcing ....................................................................................................... 23 I.2.1. The monsoon wind system ............................................................................................... 23 I.2.2. Atmospheric heat and freshwater fluxes ....................................................................... 25 I.2.3. Tropical cyclones ................................................................................................................. 29 I.2.4. Climate phenomena ............................................................................................................ 30 I.3. River discharges .............................................................................................................. 35 I.4. Ocean dynamics characteristics .................................................................................... 39 I.4.1. SCS circulation ..................................................................................................................... 39 I.4.2. The South China Sea Throughflow (SCSTF) ................................................................. 46 I.4.3. Thermohaline structure ...................................................................................................... 61 I.4.4. Tides ........................................................................................................................................ 65 I.5. Biogeochemistry and pelagic ecosystem of the SCS .................................................. 67 I.6. Scientific questions and objectives of the thesis ........................................................ 72 Chapter II: Material & Methods ................................................................................................ 75 II.1. The hydrodynamic ocean model SYMPHONIE ............................................................ 75 II.1.1. The governing equation .................................................................................................... 76 II.1.2. Turbulence closure scheme ............................................................................................. 77 II.1.3. Boundary conditions ......................................................................................................... 78 II.1.4. Discretization of equations .............................................................................................. 83 II.2. The South China Sea configuration .............................................................................
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