Mýty a Mytologie

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Mýty a Mytologie Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav religionistiky Bakalářská diplomová práce 2013 Zdeněk Kosour Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav religionistiky Religionistika Zdeněk Kosour Význam mýtických příběhů zaznamenaných v Knize hor a moří (Shanhaijing山海經) Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. et Mgr. Dušan Vávra, Ph.D. 2013 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. …………………………………………….. Podpis autora práce Zde bych chtěl poděkovat Mgr. et Mgr. Dušanu Vávrovi, Ph.D. za podporu a podnětné připomínky při vedení bakalářské práce. Obsah Úvodní část ..................................................................................................................... 1 Popis struktury práce .................................................................................................. 2 Anotace literatury ....................................................................................................... 2 Mýty a mytologie ........................................................................................................... 4 Mýty a jejich funkce ve společnosti ........................................................................... 4 Čínská mytologie ........................................................................................................ 6 Prameny čínské mytologie ......................................................................................... 7 Struktura textu Knihy hor a moří.................................................................................. 11 Autoři, místo a datum vzniku Knihy hor a moří .......................................................... 14 Žánr příběhů o podivuhodném ................................................................................. 15 Centralizovaný sběr příběhů o podivuhodném ......................................................... 18 Inspekční cesty ..................................................................................................... 18 Sběr předzvěstí ..................................................................................................... 20 Pravděpodobní autoři Knihy hor a moří ................................................................... 21 Bytosti v Knize hor a moří ........................................................................................... 23 Bytosti jako předzvěst .............................................................................................. 23 Obětní rituály božstvům ........................................................................................... 25 Podivná zvířata ......................................................................................................... 27 Božstva, posvátné hory a nesmrtelnost .................................................................... 29 Nejvyšší božstvo ................................................................................................... 29 Hora Kunlun ......................................................................................................... 31 Božstva Čtyř směrů .............................................................................................. 31 Draci ..................................................................................................................... 33 Královna Matka západu ........................................................................................ 34 Nesmrtelnost ......................................................................................................... 36 Kniha hor a moří v pramenech za dynastie Han ........................................................... 38 Závěr ............................................................................................................................. 40 Použitá literatura ........................................................................................................... 42 Prameny .................................................................................................................... 42 Sekundární literatura ................................................................................................ 42 Články v časopisech ................................................................................................. 44 Chronologie1 3. tisíciletí – 18. století př. n. l. Dynastie Xia 夏 18. – 11. století př. n. l. Dynastie Shang 商 11. století – 256 př. n. l. Dynastie Zhou 周 11. století – 771 př. n. l. Západní Zhou 西周 770 – 256 př. n. l. Východní Zhou 東周 / 东周 722 – 481 př. n. l. Období Letopisů 春秋 403 – 256 př. n. l. Období Válčících států 戰國 / 战国 221 – 207 př. n. l. Dynastie Qin 秦 206 př. n. l. – 220 n. l. Dynastie Han 漢 / 汉 206 př. n. l. – 9 n. l. Západní Han 西漢 / 西汉 9 – 23 n. l. Dynastie Xin 新 23 – 220 n. l. Východní Han 東漢 / 东汉 220 – 265 n. l. Dynastie Wei (Tří království) 西晉 / 西晋 265 – 317 n. l. Západní Jin dynastie 西晉 / 西晋 Jednotky2 li … 0.415km Způsob psaní 1 Anne Cheng, Dějiny čínského myšlení, Praha: Dharmagaia 2006, str. XIV–XV. 2 Denis Twitchett, John K. Fairbank (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume I.: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986, str. XXXVIII. V práci používám tradiční čínské znaky. Pro jejich přepis užívám pinyin, pouze v názvech citované literatury je ponechán systém původní. Pokud se nejedná o jména osob, zvýrazňuji přepis čínských znaků kurzivou. Jména božstev a podivuhodných bytostí podle vlastního uvážení překládám do češtiny nebo uvádím jména v pinyinu dle Strassbergova překladu Knihy hor a moří. „Lidé nazývají některé věci podivuhodnými či strašnými a jiné běžnými a známými, ale netuší, proč tomu tak je. Jaký k tomu mají důvod? Věci nejsou podivuhodné samy o sobě, vždy záleží na člověku, jak je interpretuje. Podivuhodnost je výsledkem lidského myšlení, věci ve své přirozenosti tuto vlastnost nemají.“3 Guo Pu 郭璞 (276–324 n. l.) z předmluvy ke komentářům Knihy hor a moří 3 Richard E. Strassberg, A Chinese Bestiary: Guide through Mountains and Seas, London: University of California Press 2002, str. 17. Úvodní část Abstrakt Mytologie je zajímavou součástí čínské kultury. Mýty v čínském prostředí vznikaly, vyvíjely se nebo zanikaly po mnoho století a jejich přenos byl omezen téměř výhradně na orální tradici. Současně s vývojem čínské kultury docházelo i ke změnám společenského významu mýtických příběhů. Přibližně od 4. stol. př. n. l. jsou mýty zaznamenávány v písemných pramenech. V tomto období již neměly mýtické příběhy zásadní společenskou důležitost ve smyslu zamýšlení se nad stvořením či řádem světa. Přestože se čínské mýty zachovaly většinou jen ve fragmentech, existuje několik souvislých textů s mýtickými příběhy a jedním z nich je Kniha hor a moří (Shanhaijing 山海经). Tato práce se zabývá významem Knihy hor a moří jako pramene mytologie v čínské kultuře. Jsou zkoumány důvody vzniku tohoto textu a společenský význam mýtických příběhů. Abstract Mythology is an interesting part of Chinese culture. Myths in the Chinese environment were created, developed or disappeared for many centuries and their transmission was limited almost exclusively on oral tradition. Simultaneously with the development of Chinese culture, there were changes in the social meaning of mythical stories. Myths have been approximately around the 4th century BC recorded into written sources. In this period there were no longer mythical stories with vital social importance in terms of reflection on the creation or order of the world. Although the Chinese myths are preserved only in fragments, we have a few relatively coherent sources with mythical stories. One of the most important is The Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhaijing 山海经). This work deals with the importance of The Classic of Mountains and Seas as a source of mythology in Chinese culture. This work finding reason for writing the book and investigate social significance of mythical stories. Klíčová slova Kniha hor a moří, Shanhaijing, čínské mýty, čínská mytologie, kult nesmrtelnosti, předzvěsti, příběhy o podivuhodném. 1 Popis struktury práce V úvodní části této práce jsou krátce nastíněny možné významy mýtů pro starověkou společnost, poté jsou vyjmenovány hlavní prameny čínské mytologie a jejich specifické vlastnosti. Druhá část popisuje hierarchickou strukturu kapitol a textu Knihy hor a moří. V dalším oddílu práce jsou určeni pravděpodobní autoři knihy a jsou zde zmíněny faktory, které mohly sepsání knihy ovlivnit. Následující oddíl se věnuje obsahové stránce Knihy hor a moří. Jsou zde rozebrány interpretace bytostí jako předzvěsti, obětní rituály božstvům a tzv. podivná zvířata. Rozsáhlejší část tohoto oddílu se věnuje nejznámějším božstvům, jejich sídlům a kultu nesmrtelnosti. V závěrečné části práce jsou uvedeny zmínky o Knize hor a moří v dobových pramenech. Anotace literatury Při psaní této práce jsem jako hlavní pramen Knihy hor a moří používal Strassbergův překlad A Chinese bestiary: Guide through Mountains and Seas. Jednotlivé odstavce překladu jsou komentované a přehledně číslované a jsou zde uvedeny názvy ve znacích a pinyinu. Dle potřeby jsem nahlížel i do překladu od Anne Birrell The Classic of Mountains and Seas. V tomto zdroji jsou bohužel původní čínské názvy přeloženy do angličtiny, což činí problémy při práci s další literaturou. Oba překlady obsahují v úvodní části cenný rozbor pramene. Jako třetí, doplňkový zdroj jsem používal online verzi Knihy hor a moří, dostupnou na portálu Chinese Text Project. Historický kontext starověké Číny jsem
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