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Environment Agency Guidance on the Management of Landfill Gas 1 the Document Consists of Three Parts

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Environment Agency Guidance on the Management of Landfill Gas 1 the Document Consists of Three Parts LFTGN 03 Lfd Landfill directive www.environment-agency.gov.uk Guidance on the management of landfill gas www.environment-agency.gov.uk The Environment Agency is the leading public body protecting and improving the environment in England and Wales. It’s our job to make sure that air, land and water are looked after by everyone in today’s society, so that tomorrow’s generations inherit a cleaner, healthier world. Our work includes tackling flooding and pollution incidents, reducing industry’s impacts on the environment, cleaning up rivers, coastal waters and contaminated land, and improving wildlife habitats. Published by: Statement of Use Environment Agency This guidance is one of a series of documents relating to the Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West management of landfill gas. It is issued by the Environment Almondsbury, Bristol BS32 4UD Agency and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409 as best practice guidance and will be used in the regulation of landfills. It is primarily targeted at regulatory officers and the © Environment Agency September 2004 waste industry. It will also be of interest to contractors, consult- All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced with ants and local authorities concerned with landfill gas emissions. prior permission of the Environment Agency. The document provides an update to Waste Management Paper This report is printed on Cyclus Print, a 100% recycled stock, 27. which is 100% post consumer waste and is totally chlorine free. Environment Agency and SEPA officers, servants or agents accept Water used is treated and in most cases returned to source in no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage arising better condition than removed. from the interpretation or use of the information, or reliance on Dissemination Status views contained herein. It does not constitute law, but officers Internal: Released to Regions may use it during their regulatory and enforcement activities. External: Public Domain Any exemption from any of the requirements of legislation is not Environment Agency’s Project Team: implied. The following were involved in the production of this guidance: Throughout this document, the term ‘regulator’ relates jointly to Chris Deed Head Office (Project Manager) the Environment Agency and SEPA. SEPA does not necessarily Mark Bourn North East Region support and is not bound by the terms of reference and recom- Peter Braithwaite Head Office mendations of other documentation mentioned in this guidance, Ged Duckworth Head Office and reserves the right to adopt and interpret legislative require- Jan Gronow Head Office ments and appropriate guidance as it sees fit. The term ‘Agency’ Mark Maleham Head Office should therefore be interpreted as appropriate. Jill Rooksby Midland Region Alan Rosevear Thames Region Richard Smith Head Office SEPA Project Team Rowland Douglas John McFeat Overview of the guidance The EU Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC, which came into force on 16 July 1999, aims to improve standards of landfilling across Europe by setting specific requirements for the design and operation of landfills, and for the types of waste that can be accepted in landfills. All landfills are required to comply with the Directive’s requirements, although a transitional period is allowed for landfills existing at 16 July 2001. In England and Wales, the Directive is implemented through the Landfill Regulations (England and Wales) 2002, made under the Pollution Prevention Control Act 1999. In Scotland, the Directive is implemented through the Landfill (Scotland) Regulations 2003, as amended. The role of the regulator is to condition the operation of an installation under the Pollution Prevention Control (PPC) Regulations 2000 by issuing a PPC permit. Once a PPC permit is issued, the regulator ensures that its conditions are met until such times as the regulator accepts its surrender. The regulator fulfils a similar role for landfill sites operating under waste management licensing. This document, which updates Waste Management Paper 27 Landfill gas (DoE, 1991a), has been prepared to provide clear and concise guidance on the management of gas from landfill sites. The document sets out the legislative requirements of the Landfill Regulations, the PPC Regulations, the Waste Framework Directive and current good practice. This guidance will form the basis for setting conditions in PPC permits (including landfill permits) that provide for all appropriate measures to be taken against pollution, to limit emissions and impact on the environment, and when setting appropriate conditions in waste management licences. Future revisions of this guidance will further develop Best Available Techniques for landfill gas utilisation. Readers of this guidance are expected to be familiar with the Landfill Directive requirements and the national regulatory frameworks. This includes the Defra guidance, IPPC: a practical guide (Defra, 2002a), which sets out how Government expects the PPC regime to operate in England and Wales. In Scotland the relevant PPC guidance is, The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2000: a practical guide that is issued by the Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department and SEPA. This overarching guidance on the management of landfill gas is supported by a number of specific guidance documents. The series comprises: ● Guidance on landfill gas flaring ● Guidance for monitoring enclosed landfill gas flares ● Guidance for monitoring landfill gas engine emissions ● Guidance for monitoring trace components in landfill gas ● Guidance for monitoring landfill gas surface emissions (in England and Wales); ● Guidance on gas treatment technologies for landfill gas engines. Scope This guidance sets out a structured approach to the management of all gases generated from landfilled waste. It covers the assessment of landfill gas impacts, the implementation of control methods and the monitoring required to demonstrate proper performance of the control measures. Environment Agency Guidance on the management of landfill gas 1 The document consists of three parts: ● Part A sets out the regulatory framework under which landfill gas is to be managed. ● Part B sets out the legislative requirements for landfill gas management and the role of risk assessment. ● Part C provides technical information and details of current best practice on landfill gas management. Where technical standards explicitly required by the Landfill Regulations (England and Wales) for landfill gas management and control are referred to in this document, they are highlighted in a box for clarity. 2 Environment Agency Guidance on the management of landfill gas Contents PART A: Regulatory framework 1. Regulatory framework 7 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 The Landfill Directive 7 1.3 The Landfill (England and Wales) Regulations 2002 7 1.4 The Landfill (Scotland) Regulations 2003 8 1.5 Waste management licensed landfill sites 8 1.6 Unlicensed (closed) landfill sites 8 1.7 Pollution Prevention and Control Regulations 2000 8 1.8 Environment Agency’s strategy for regulating landfill gas 9 1.9 Planning and development 10 1.10 Other regulations and guidance 11 PART B: Legislative requirements and risk assessment 2. Risk assessment 17 2.1 A risk-based strategy 17 2.2 Risk assessment framework 17 2.3 The conceptual model, hazard identification and risk screening 19 2.4 Tier 2 and Tier 3: simple and complex quantitative risk assessments 28 2.5 Accidents and their consequences 31 2.6 Monitoring and reviews 33 2.7 Global warming potential 34 3. Gas Management Plan 36 3.1 Definition 36 3.2 Objectives 36 3.3 Framework for the Gas Management Plan 36 4. Requirements for gas control 40 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2 Gas containment 40 4.3 Gas collection 42 4.4 Utilisation, flaring and treatment 42 Environment Agency Guidance on the management of landfill gas 3 5. Requirements for monitoring 44 5.1 Introduction 44 5.2 Monitoring at the site preparation phase 46 5.3 Monitoring during site operational and aftercare phases 46 5.4 Other guidance 47 PART C: Technical considerations 6. Landfill gas production and emissions 51 6.1 Composition of gas from biodegradable waste 51 6.2 Landfill gas characteristics 53 6.3 Gas production 56 6.4 Landfill gas emissions 63 7. Gas control measures 69 7.1 Design and construction quality assurance 69 7.2 Containment 70 7.3 Gas collection 72 7.4 Utilisation, flaring and treatment 80 8. Monitoring 85 8.1 Source monitoring 85 8.2 Emissions monitoring 86 8.3 Monitoring air quality 90 8.4 Meteorological monitoring 92 8.5 Monitoring procedures 92 8.6 Data analysis and reporting 94 Appendices Appendix A: Identified trace components in landfill gas 96 Appendix B: Compositional comparison of gas sources 100 Appendix C: Effects of CO2 on the flammable limits of methane 101 Appendix D: Average flare emissions data 102 Appendix E: Example emergency procedures 103 Appendix F: Characteristics of various gas sensors 105 Glossary 109 Acronyms 113 References 114 Index 118 4 Environment Agency Guidance on the management of landfill gas A Guidance on the management of landfill gas Part A: Regulatory framework Environment Agency Guidance on the management of landfill gas 5 6 Environment Agency Guidance on the management of landfill gas 1 Regulatory framework 1.1 Introduction (amongst other things to reduce global warming) through a reduction in the landfilling of The management of landfill gas at permitted landfills biodegradable waste and requirements to introduce
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