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Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. Task Force

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Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. Task Force Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa, USA Printed in the United States of America Cover design by Lynn Ekblad, Different Angles, Ames, Iowa Cover photo of painting entitled The Beggars by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (ca. 1525–1569). Copyright Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, Louvre, Paris, France Graphics and layout by Richard Beachler, Instructional Technology Center, Iowa State University, Ames ISBN 1-887383-22-0 ISSN 0194-4088 06 05 04 03 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging–in–Publication Data Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems p. cm. -- (Task force report, ISSN 0194-4088 ; no. 139) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-887383-22-0 1. Mycotoxins. I. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. II. Task force report (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology) ; no. 139. RA1242.M94 M97 2002 615.9'5295-dc21 2002010538 Task Force Report No. 139 January 2003 Council for Agricultural Science and Technology Ames, Iowa, USA The Beggars by Pieter Bruegel The Elder The oldest recognized Bruegel the Elder, gener- mycotoxicosis of humans ally considered the great- is ergotism caused by the est Flemish painter of the plant parasitic fungus, sixteenth century, is by Claviceps purpurea. Af- far the most important ter periodic outbreaks in member of the family. He central Europe, the dis- was probably born in Bre- ease became epidemic in da in the Duchy of Bra- the Middle Ages, where it bant, now in The Nether- was known as St. Antho- lands. Accepted as a ny’s fire (Matossian 1989; master in the Antwerp van Rensburg and Alten- painters’ guild in 1551, kirk 1974). Gangrenous he was apprenticed to Co- symptoms were described ecke van Aelst, a leading in medieval episodes of Antwerp artist, sculptor, ergotism in humans, architect, and designer of where early symptoms tapestry and stained were hallucinations and glass. Bruegel traveled to swollen limbs with burn- Italy in 1551 or 1552, ing sensations, with subsequent necrosis leading to completing a number of paintings, mostly landscapes, loss of appendages. Ergotism results from consump- there. Returning home in 1553, he settled in Antw- tion of products made with grains contaminated with erp but ten years later moved permanently to Brus- ergots. The ergots or sclerotia are often larger than sels. He married van Aelst’s daughter, Mayken, in the normal grain, are typically black in color, and may 1563. His association with the van Aelst family drew replace several grains in one spike or head of the re- Bruegel to the artistic traditions of the Mechelen (now spective grain. Malines) region in which allegorical and peasant Pieter Bruegel (ca. 1525–1569) was the first in a themes run strongly. His paintings, including his family of Flemish painters. His career spanned me- landscapes and scenes of peasant life, stress the ab- dieval times when many people were victims of gan- surd and vulgar, yet are full of zest and fine detail. grenous ergotism caused by Claviceps purpurea. This They also expose human weaknesses and follies. He particular painting was likely a depiction of some of was sometimes called the ‘peasant Bruegel’ from such the victims of this tragic condition. works as Peasant Wedding Feast (1567)” (Pioch 2002). “Pieter Bruegel was usually known as Pieter Brue- The Beggars by Pieter Bruegel in 1568 is in The gel the Elder to distinguish him from his elder son. Louvre in Paris, France. Copyright Réunion des He spelled his name Brueghel until 1559, and his sons Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, Louvre, Paris, retained the ‘h’ in the spelling of their names. Pieter France ii Task Force Members John L. Richard (Cochair), Romer Labs, Inc., Union, Missouri Gary A. Payne (Cochair), Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Anne E. Desjardins, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Ag- ricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois Chris Maragos, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricul- tural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois William P. Norred, III, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia James J. Pestka, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lan- sing Timothy D. Phillips, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station Hans P. van Egmond, Laboratory for Residue Analysis, National Institute of Public Health and the Environ- ment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands Peter J. Vardon, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Wash- ington, D.C. Thomas B. Whitaker, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Biolog- ical and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Garnett Wood, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washing- ton, D.C. Reviewers Deepak Bhatnagar, Food and Feed Safety Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana Wayne Bryden, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Cam- den, NSW, Australia Willem de Koe, Food and Public Health Consultant, Wageningen, The Netherlands iii iv Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems John Gilbert, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom Albert E. Pohland, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, Maryland Contributors Glenn Bennett, Retired, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois A. J. Bermudez, Fusarium\Poultry Research Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia Eva Maria Binder, Biomin G.T.I., Industriestrasse 21, A-3130, Herzogenburg, Austria Achim Boenke, European Commission; Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme (SMT), Brussels, Belgium Genevieve Bondy, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Willem de Koe, Food and Public Health Consultant, Wageningen, The Netherlands Linda Harris, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Sara Henry, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washington, D.C. David R. Ledoux, Fusarium\Poultry Research Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia Christina McLaughlin, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washington, D.C. Gary Munkvold, Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames Clark Nardinelli, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Wash- ington, D.C. Alan L. Patey, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, U.K. Daniel Prelusky, Schering Plough, Kenilworth, New Jersey Ronald Riley, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia G. E. Rottinghaus, Fusarium\Poultry Research Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia Barbara Rotter, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Christopher Schardl, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington Task Force Members v Peter Scott, Health Canada, Health Products and Food Branch, Ottawa, Ontario Mary Trucksess, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Wash- ington, D.C. Kenneth Voss, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia Charles Woloshuk, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Contents Interpretive Summary . 1 Introduction, 1 Major Classes of Mycotoxins, 1 Major Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi, 1 Mycotoxin Control, 1 Mycotoxins in Processed Foods, 1 Mycotoxicoses in Humans and Animals, 1 Diagnosis of Mycotoxicoses, 1 Analytical Testing for Mycotoxins, 2 Mycotoxin Control and Regulation, 2 Economic Costs of Mycotoxins, 2 Mechanisms of Mycotoxicity, 2 Research and Policy Needs, 2 Executive Summary . 4 Introduction, 4 Major Classes of Mycotoxins, 4 Minor Classes of Mycotoxins, 4 Mycotoxin Formation, 4 Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi and Their Control, 5 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds, 6 Surveillance of Mycotoxin Occurrence, 6 Human Mycotoxicoses, 6 Animal Mycotoxicoses, 7 Major Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, 7 Mycotoxin Effects on Animal Systems, 7 Mycotoxin Diagnosis, 8 Mycotoxin Occurrence in the Food Chain, 8 Analytical Testing for Mycotoxins, 8 Mycotoxin Control and Regulation, 9 Decontamination and Detoxification Strategies for Mycotoxins, 9 Economic Costs of Mycotoxins, 10 Mechanisms of Mycotoxicity, 10 Research and Policy Needs, 10 1 Objectives . 12 2 Introduction . 13 Overview and Definitions, 13 Major Classes of Mycotoxins, 15 Minor Classes of Mycotoxins, 16 Major Genera of Mycotoxigenic Fungi, 18 Preharvest and Postharvest Occurrence of Mycotoxins, 18 vi Contents vii 3 Fungal Growth and Mycotoxin Development by Major Mycotoxigenic Fungi . 20 Summary, 20 Introduction, 20 Aspergillus Infection and Mycotoxin Development, 21 Aspergillus flavus, 21 Preharvest Control Strategies, 22 Aspergillus ochraceus and Other Aspergillus Species, 23 Fusarium Infection and Mycotoxin Development, 23 Fusarium, 23 Ear Rot of Corn Caused by Fusarium graminearum, 25 Ear Rot of Corn Caused by Other Fusarium Species, 26 Preharvest Control Strategies,
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