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BRICS's AFRICAN POLICY: FRIEND OR ENEMY? Ahmet Yiğitalp TULGA1 Ankara University, Ankara/ Turkey [email protected] ABST

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BRICS's AFRICAN POLICY: FRIEND OR ENEMY? Ahmet Yiğitalp TULGA1 Ankara University, Ankara/ Turkey Ahmettulga@Hotmail.Com ABST BRICS’S AFRICAN POLICY: FRIEND OR ENEMY? Ahmet Yiğitalp TULGA1 Ankara University, Ankara/ Turkey [email protected] ABSTRACT In recent years, BRICS’ countries (Brazil, Russia, China, India and South Africa) have become Africa’s biggest economic partner across trade, investment, aid, and infrastructure, there is no other country with such depth and breadth of engagement in Africa. BRICS is a rising power and Africa is a continent that is still developing. There is evidence of an unequal parity of force, both financial and political, between the two areas in today’s worldwide connection. It will ask questions about BRICS’ diversions and strategies, and their suggestions towards the exchange agreements with African states. In this study, China, India and Brazil, which make the biggest investments in Africa, are discussed. This study will examine the researchers conducted by African, non-Western, Western and BRICS’ scholars. Their opinions will be considered objectively. From time to time, this study will compare the opinion of African and Western. This research will examine this association in comparison with Africa’s old colonial powers, and today enormous exchange inclusion with BRICS countries. Mainly qualitative method is used in this research. A number of secondary sources and official documents are collected to support qualitative method in this study. This research aims to analyze Western, non-Western and local’s view about BRICS’ African policy. The main question to answer will be: Is BRICS the best model for the development of Africa? And How do Western and non-Western scholars see BRICS influence in Africa? This study analyses political and socio-economic advantages and disadvantages of BRICS’ Africa policy and relations between BRICS and African states. As a result of this study, two important findings have been reached. The first finding is that the vast majority of non-Western and local scholars have very positive view about BRICS’ African policy. The second finding is that BRICS is neither a neo-colonialist power in Africa in the past nor in the present. Keywords: BRICS, China, Russia, Brazil, Africa, African’s View, BRICS’ African Policy INTRODUCTION The term "BRIC" was first created in 2001 by Jim O'Neill, former president of Goldman Sachs Investment Bank. BRICS was founded in 2008 by China, Russia, India and Brazil. The first name was BRIC (Brazil, China, India and Russia). South Africa joined in 2011 and with the participation of South Africa, the name became BRICS. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) expanding role in the world and also the emergence of BRICS’ 1 PhD student in political Science in National Sun Yat Sen University in Kaohsiung / Taiwan, [email protected] 171 internationalization has been carefully analyzed not only by academics and business leaders but also by press professionals. BRICS growing number of aid to Africa and its political and economic engagement with different countries are attracting more attention and analysis. Especially, BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) - African countries relation became more and more popular in recent years. In this study, China, India and Brazil, which make the biggest investments in Africa, are discussed. Consequently, there is a large and growing literature such as Beato (2004), Taylor (2006), Kuo (2015) and Ayodele (2014) from policy organizations, academic researchers, and the press on the various aspects of BRICS’ aid, its policies for overseas countries, and its economic engagement more extensively. However, these researches generally do not care about non-Western and local scholars’ opinion about BRICS’ African policy. This is the greatest deficiency of these studies. Literature Review The existence literature covered a given largish literature and multiple topics, but this literature review can only present an illustrative selection of studies and very brief synthesis of some key points seen in the literature. The review focuses mainly on Brazil, India and China’s African aid, African and western opinion about BRIC’s African policy. These topics are central to the analysis of this research. This study didn’t include South Africa as a BRICS member because it is an African country. This study will analyze two main views about non-Western scholar’s view on BRIC's African aid, investment, and policy. On the one hand, some Western scholar, leader, and media believe that BRIC's African investment, aid, and policy have negative effects while on the other hand, some point out that BRIC's African policy, investment, and aid have positive effects. Particularly in regard to the impacts, BRIC’s activities have on the African economy. Muekalia (2012) thinks that China’s investments to Africa will increase productivity in Africa, reduce hunger and increase job opportunities in most of the African states. Also, he 172 thinks that Chinese major driver in Sino-African relations is diplomatic support for China. Beato (2004) says that Brazil and the African continent have long-standing cultural, social and economic relations. Beato (2004) thinks that Brazil could play a role in the development of African continent. Fırat (2012) states that trade relations between India and Africa began in the 14th century. Especially during the twentieth century, close relations continued with the non-aligned movement between India and most of the African states. In addition, the Indian diaspora in Africa has played important roles from time to time in relations. Today, the idea of "south- south" cooperation plays an important role in India-Africa relations. Nowadays, India has good relations with the continent both economically and culturally. On the other hand, Elu (2010) thinks that China is in Africa just because of the Africa’s natural resources. There is no “win- win” situation in Sino-African relations. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: COLONIALISM – NEO - COLONIALISM In recent years, in the academic community, there have been debates on whether the BRICS-African relations are beneficial for both sides and BRICS countries are neo-colonialism power in Africa or not. Neo-colonialism, in particular, is selected as the theoretical background of the research. Colonialism means that establishment of a colony in one area by a military and political power from other area, and the subsequent maintenance, expansion, and exploitation of that colony’s.area, sources, and human power. According to Junbo (2014), in the colonial period the colonization over one colonized country or a region which belongs to another country was a systematic project implemented by just one or several country. When some western countries (UK, France, etc) started to occupy African lands in 15th century, its marked the start of classical colonialism. However, original colonialism started after 1885 Berlin Conference. Berlin Conference played an important role in colonialism. Berlin Conference was orginized by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (Craven, 2015). The purpose of Berlin Conference 173 was to manage the process of colonisation in Africa and to avoid conflict between western colonial Powers (Craven, 2015). At the end of the conference a General Act was prepared by colonial powers. According to this General Act (Craven, 2015): 1) Belgian Congo was confirmed as the private property of Leopold, king of Belgium, which supported Leopold's promises to keep the country open to all Western colonial powers investment, 2) The 14 signatory colonial powers would have free trade throughout the Congo basin and Lake Malawi, 3) The Niger and Congo rivers became free for all colonial power’s ship traffic. Source: http://goblackcentral.com/2013/05/the-scramble-for-africa-berlin-conference-1884- 1885-video/ After the First World War, General Act of Berlin Conference changed because Germany fought against the British and French in first World War and Germany was defeated by British and French.Therefore, after this defeat British and French forces took away Germany’s territories in Africa from Germany. After World War II, de-colonization 174 movements started in Africa, which finally overthrew and buried the colonial system. But those new independent state did not escape from their old colonial Powers. With decolonization movement, colonialism did not end but, only its name and form changed. A new colonialism paradigm subsequently emerged and quickly grew in 1960s as some Western nations became new colonizing powers through capital investments and high-tech production (Junbo, 2014). Neocolonialism means that old colonial forces continued economic relationship with their old colonies. Also, those old colonial Powers continued to control their old colonies in many ways. According to Nkrumah (1965): “first president of Ghana, neo-colonialism means that the colonial masters are, in theory, independent and had all the outward trapping of international sovereignty. In reality, neo- colonization economic system and in this way neo-colonialism political policy was directed from other nations” According to Junbo (2014), there are some important characteristics of neocolonialism such as follows: 1. The neo-colonialist imports resources, raw materials and unprocessed products in very low price, and at the same time exports manufactured properties and daily necessities to colonized countries. This fixed international division of labor can maintain the colonial power’s dominion and superiority over their former colonial countries in international markets. The former colonies act as the supplier of rural materials,
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