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L'exemple Du Bassin De Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi

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L'exemple Du Bassin De Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi Bassins de rift à des stades précoces de leur développement: l’exemple du bassin de Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi, Botswana et du bassin Sud-Tanganyika (Tanzanie et Zambie). Composition géochimique des sédiments: traçeurs des changements climatiques et tectoniques Philippa Huntsman-Mapila To cite this version: Philippa Huntsman-Mapila. Bassins de rift à des stades précoces de leur développement: l’exemple du bassin de Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi, Botswana et du bassin Sud-Tanganyika (Tanzanie et Zambie). Composition géochimique des sédiments: traçeurs des changements climatiques et tec- toniques. Géochimie. Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2006. Français. tel-00161196 HAL Id: tel-00161196 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161196 Submitted on 10 Jul 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 2 Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Jean-Jacques Tiercelin et Christophe Hémond, mes directeurs de thèse. Je leur suis très reconnaissante pour leurs conseils et leur sympathie. Je remercie beaucoup Mathieu Benoit et Jo Cotten pour la patience qu’ils ont montré lors de la mesure d’échantillons au cours de ma thèse et pour avoir accepté de travailler sur mes échantillons de sédiments. Mille merci au Professeur Lars Ramberg, directeur de Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Maun pour m’avoir donné le temps de travailler sur ce manuscrit et d’avoir accepté mes absences aux réunions. Grand merci au Professeur Susan Ringrose pour avoir suivi mon travail et pour les discussions fructueuses. Merci à Mike Talbot pour la datation des carottes du Tanganyika. Ma reconnaissance va également à Claire Bassoullet et Danièle Hureau-Mazaundier (et Laurence), non seulement pour m’avoir aidé dans le laboratoire mais également pour leur hospitalité inoubliable. C’est grâce à vous, que j’ai reussi à survivre aux absences de ma petite famille. Je remercie Mathieu Schuster pour son aide généreuse dans la rédaction en français. Merci beaucoup à Monica Morrison et Dominique Gac pour leur aide avec la bibliographie et à Sidonie Revillon pour ses commentaires dans la relecture des chapîtres. Thank you to all my colleagues at HOORC especially Ineelo Mosie, Billy Mogojwa, Wilfred Kaneguba and Thebe Kemosedile for all their field assistance. Mes plus sincères remerciements vont à mon mari Tlamelo et mes deux filles, Jessica et Elena (née le mois où j’ai commencé la thèse) pour leur soutien permanent. Ils ont supporté mes absences avec courage. Mille merci à mes parents pour m’avoir toujours encouragé. Cette thèse est dédiée à mon mentor, Professeur Henri A.B. Kampunzu, qui m’a donné le courage de commencer ce travail. Même après son décès en 2004, c’est lui qui m’a donné l’inspiration pour continuer. 3 4 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION (VERSION FRANÇAISE) .........................................................8 0.1 Problématique ......................................................................................................8 0.2 Organisation du manuscrit .................................................................................10 INTRODUCTION (ENGLISH VERSION) ............................................................14 0.1 Statement of the problem...................................................................................14 0.2 Organisation of the manuscript..........................................................................16 I. STUDY SITE......................................................................................................21 I.1 The Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi Basin...................................................23 I.2 Lake Tanganyika ................................................................................................25 I.3 Regional climate.................................................................................................27 II. SYNTHESIS OF PALEOCLIMATIC DATA FOR THE REGION ...............32 II.1 Last Glacial Maximum......................................................................................32 II. 2 Deglacial period ...............................................................................................33 II.3 The Younger Dryas Event.................................................................................34 II.4 The Early Holocene...........................................................................................35 II.5 The Late Holocene ............................................................................................35 III. SUMMARY OF GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES.....40 IV. CRYPTIC INDICATORS OF PROVENANCE FROM THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE OKAVANGO DELTA SEDIMENTS, BOTSWANA ..............................................................................................................44 IV.1. La géochimie des sédiments de l’Okavango comme indicateur de provenance ..................................................................................................................................44 IV.2. Cryptic indicators of provenance from the geochemistry of the Okavango Delta sediments, Botswana ......................................................................................45 IV.2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 46 IV.2.2. Geological setting............................................................................................... 46 IV.2.3. Local setting ....................................................................................................... 47 IV.2.4. Sampling and analytical procedures ................................................................... 51 IV.2.5 Petrography.......................................................................................................... 59 IV.2.6 Major element composition................................................................................. 62 IV.2.7. Trace element compositions ............................................................................... 69 IV.2.7.1. Transition metals ......................................................................................... 69 IV.2.7.2. Alkalis and alkali-earth elements ................................................................ 71 IV..2.7.3. High-field-strength-elements (HFSE), Th and U........................................ 73 IV.2.7.4. Rare earth elements ..................................................................................... 74 IV.2.8. Discussion........................................................................................................... 78 IV.2.8.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 78 IV.2.8.2. Grain-size and density-controlled sorting ................................................... 79 IV.2.8.3. Source area weathering and diagenetic processes...................................... 80 IV.2.8.4. Source rock lithology................................................................................... 82 IV.2.9. Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 86 References .............................................................................................................. 87 V. SEDIMENT GEOCHEMISTRY, PROVENANCE AND TECTONIC SETTING: APPLICATION OF DISCRIMINATION DIAGRAMS TO VERY EARLY STAGE OF INTRACONTINENTAL RIFT EVOLUTION, WITH EXAMPLES FROM THE OKAVANGO AND SOUTHERN TANGANYIKA RIFT BASINS.............................................................................................................91 V.1. Géochimie et provenance des sédiments, contexte tectonique : application des diagrammes de discrimination aux sédiments des phases précoces d’un rift intracontinental, exemples des bassins de l’Okavango et du Sud Tanganyika........91 V.2 Sediment geochemistry, provenance and tectonic setting: Application of discrimination diagrams to very early stages of intracontinental rift evolution, with examples from the Okavango and Southern Tanganyika rift basins .......................92 V.2.1.Introduction........................................................................................................... 92 5 V.2.2. Geological setting ................................................................................................ 93 V.2.2.1. Classification of tectonic settings ................................................................. 93 V.2.2.2. Description of rift settings............................................................................. 94 V.2.2.3. The East African Rift System......................................................................... 94 V.2.2.4. Okavango Delta setting................................................................................. 97 V.2.2.5. Lake Tanganyika setting ............................................................................. 100 V.2.3 Description of samples and analysis ..................................................................
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