DOCSLIB.ORG

The Correlation Between Cancer Incidence and Kava Consumption

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Correlation Between Cancer Incidence and Kava Consumption _____________________________________________________ The Correlation between Cancer Incidence and Kava Consumption Gregory G. Steiner DDS, MS A number of countries in the South Pacific have very Background. Table 1.— Age-standardized cancer incidence rates for all sites of the population low cancer incidence. In spite of a high percentage males and females per 100,000 population habituated to tobacco, the cancer incidence in countries such as Vanuatu and Fiji experience age-standardized cancer incidence in Country Incidence male Incidence female the 70’s. A number of studies have noted the low cancer incidence in these countries and have postulated that a dietary chemopreventive Vanuatu 70.9 83.7 1198-77990. agent might be responsible. Fiji2 75.0 112.2 (19791982) 3 90.2 93.7 Methods. The cancer incidence studies for the Pacific Islands were Western Samoa (1980.1988) completed in the 1980’s. During this time period accurate records Micronesia4 132.9 97.0 allow for a calculation of local kava consumption. This study (1980-1982) 5 182.0 154.0 compares the cancer incidence for a number of Pacific Island New Caledonia (977-1981) Nations with local kava consumption. Hawaii/Hawaiians6 3119* 297.6* (1978-1982) 6 322.9* 297.6* Results/Conclusions. The data indicates that the more kava con New Zealand/Maoris 10.8-1*80. the cancer incidence for that sumed by a population the lower 6 307.2* 276.2* USA. Los Angeles population. The data suggests there is a close inverse relationship (1978-19821 * between cancer incidence and kava consumption. all sites but 173 (other skin) Introduction In 1995 Le Marchand et al published a study on diet and lung science. 7 This study was population-based case- Cancer prevention is now a well-established medical cancer in the South Pacific. Chemoprevention has been described as the intervention with spe controlled using data from Caucasian. Japanese Hawaiian, Filipino cific agents to prevent, inhibit or reverse carcinogenesis before and Chinese groups to investigate the role of diet in explaining lung malignancy. At this time there is a concerted effort to find effective cancer incidence. He concluded much of the difference in lung chemopreventive agents for cancer and also to subject these agents cancer incidence was explained by smoking and the chemopreventive to mechanistic studies to determine their mode of action. properties of lutein. He found that a very high number of Fijians The South Pacific Commission Cancer Registry was established smoked but they smoked fewer cigarettes. The number of cigarettes in 1977. Many South Pacific Nations have significantly lower sold in Tahiti was used to confirm the data. In rural areas of the South cancer incidence than other parts of the world. Table 1 lists the age- Pacific tobacco is a cultivated crop and tobacco is commonly sold standardized cancer incidence rates for males and females in the loose in local markets. It is possible the number of cigarettes Pacific Island Nations with Los Angeles Caucasians as a reference. consumed in Fiji is higher when local production and consumption In 1985 Henderson et al published a paper on the cancer incidence of tobacco is calculated. However, when Le Marchand et al con in the islands of the Pacific. He noted the high rate of smoking among ducted the survey the amount of cigarettes consumed by Fijians was Fijians and postulated the low cancer incidence might be related to recorded and is assumed to be accurate. Le Marchland et al was chemopreventive actions of certain vitamins and trace elements unable to completely explain the low lung cancer incidence and 4 Paksoy et al studied the cancer incidence in proposed that the difference might be related to the chemopreventive found in the diet. Western Samoa and also summarized other cancer incidence studies actions of certain vitamins and trace elements in the diet. 3. In conclusion Paksoy et al also Another possible explanation for the low cancer rates in Vanuatu, for countries throughout the Pacific proposed that dietary protective factors might be responsible for the Fiji, Western Samoa, and Micronesia could be the consumption of low cancer rates found in some South Pacific Nations. kava. Kava (Piper methysticum) is a plant indigenous to the Pacific Islands. All major Pacific Islands developed kava as a beverage and it is commonly consumed much like alcohol in western culture. Correspondence to: However, western intervention has resulted in a significant reduc Gregory G. Steiner DOS, MS POBox6l5l5 tion and sometimes the complete cessation of kava drinking in some Honolulu, HI 96839 HAWAII MEDICAL JOURNAL, VOL 59, NOVEMBER 2000 420 of males and females South Pacific Islands. Kava is traditionally prepared from the root of There is no information on what percentage Men will often stop at the the plant, which is worked in water to extract the active ingredients. drink kava in the countries being studied. kava with friends. While The active ingredients have been identified to be a group of com kava bar after work and enjoy bowls of of kava consumption is by pounds known as kavapyrones or kavalactones, women often drink kava the majority of people drink The commonly accepted actions of kava, which are referenced in men. We have no information on what percentage 9, eupho kava or what percentage of men or women drink kava.. Because 8, antidepressant the literature, are as an anti-anxiety agent 3. Kava kava consumption is believed to vary significantly for women in 2. and anti-convulsant’ riant’°. muscle relaxant”, analgesic’ used for comparison. As has become popular in the west as an anti-anxiety agent. No side each culture the cancer rate for males was for cancer rates and effects have been identified when used on a daily basis in moderate discussed earlier the most accurate numbers Therefore the amounts.’4 kava consumption is from data gathered in the 1980’s. population figures that were used to calculate the kava consumption Materials and Methods per person is based on figures form l989.’ The cancer incidence studies for the Pacific Islands were com pleted in the 1980’s (TABLE 1). During this time period we also ResultslDiscussion kilograms of kava consumed have the most accurate records of local kava consumption. Vanuatu Table 2 lists the cancer incidence and greater the amount of kava recognized the potential of kava as an export crop and conducted a in each country. In every country the 5 With the consumption the lower the cancer incidence. The data from table 2 study in 1984 to count the plants growing in that country.’ is not charted due to exception of Vanuatu, prior to the 1990’s, all production of kava can is displayed in chart 1. The Kingdom of Tonga the cancer incidence for this be considered to be for local consumption. The kava production for the author’s inability to determine between cancer inci Fiji, Western Samoa and Micronesia is primarily for local consump country. There is a close inverse relationship 6 In the 1990’s kava became a dence and kava consumption. tion at least until the early 1990’s.’ 6 During the mid 1990’s significant export crop for Vanuatu and Fiji.’ there was a significant increase in plantings of kava and also sporadic harvesting of kava due to price fluctuations. For these Table 2 reasons the data presented is from the 1980’s in an effort to produce the most accurate figures on the amount of kava consumed in the Country Population Kilograms Cancer rate! Kilograms! 100,000 males person various Pacific Island Nations.. 1989 consumed In the 1980’s Vanuatu was the primary exporter of kava. It is estimated that 20% of the production was exported outside the Vanuatu 155,000 1,042,252 70.9 6.7 unknown 4.0 The remaining 80% ofVanuatu’s kavaproduction is consid Tonga 100,000 400,000 Pacific. 2,100,000 75.0 2.8 figures used to Fiji 749,000 ered to be consumed locally. Irrespective of the Western Samoa 180,000 400,000 90.2 2.2 calculate the kava consumption in Vanuatu, it is obvious that this Micronesia 108,000 150,000 132.9 1.4 182.0 0.6 country’s kava consumption per person far exceeds any other New Caledonia 161,000 100,000 Hawaiians 208,476 0 311.9 0.0 country. Reliable estimates are available for the number of6plants being cultivated in Vanuatu, Fiji, Western Samoa, Tonga and Micronesia.’ In 1984 Vanuatu counted the number of plants being cultivated, Chart 1.—Comparison of Cancer Incidence and Kava Consumption 5 The number of hectares of kava which totaled 2,605,635 plants.’ plants being cultivated totaled 4,200 hectares in Fiji, 800 hectares in Western Samoa, 800 hectares in Tonga and 300 hectares in Micronesia.’6 New Caledonia does not cultivate kava but imports approximately 100 tons of kava each year. Each hectare of cultiva c) 5 On average kava plants are to hold 1000 plants.’ tion is estimated C 5 The average plant when harvested after four years and replaced.’ 5 When fresh harvested yields ten kilograms of fresh rootstock.’5 rootstock is dried it retains 20% of it original weight.’ 0) Therefore, 0) Kava plants on average are harvested after four years. C-, 0) each year 25% of the plants are processed. Each plant produces an -C CiC average of 10 kilograms offresh rootstock, which, when dried yields a) dried rootstock. The following formula provides us with C-)C 2 kilograms 0) the amount of kilograms of dried kava root consumed each year. C) kava consumption on kilograms per year kava root = kg consumed per year Number of plants X 2 kg dry cancer!lOOk vs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Page 1 Y O U R K a V a K a V a I N F O R M a T I O N K I T ZEND
    Y O U R K A V A K A V A I N F O R M A T I O N K I T Z E N D L O U N G E I N T R O D U C T I O N & F A Q K A V A C U L T U R E W H A T I S I T ? K A V A From Piper Methysticum - Kava is a herbal medicine and a tropical root. It is a member of the pepper family of plants. It has been used within different cultures for over 3,000 years. D I F F E R E N T We use Kava that is no more than 4 years of C U L T U R E S & age as it is carefully produced with care from O N E B E L O V E D the local farmers and tribes. P L A N T The common preparation of Kava in these Kava Kava can be found in cultures is by the chewing, grinding and/or Fiji, Vanuatu, Tonga, Hawaii pounding of the Kava root. It is usually mixed & Samoa and are known by with water and often served in a half different names such as coconut shell (bilo). Depending on the ritual, Yongona, Ava, etc. Each many cultures create their own Kava culture prepares Kava in ceremonies. their own unique way as this plant pertains to BULA is a Fijian celebratory term meaning various cultural traditions "Appreciation of the moment".
    [Show full text]
  • Social and Psychological Aspects of Clothing: Independent Study Vs Lecture-Discussion Verna Mary Lefebvre Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1973 Social and psychological aspects of clothing: independent study vs lecture-discussion Verna Mary Lefebvre Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Home Economics Commons Recommended Citation Lefebvre, Verna Mary, "Social and psychological aspects of clothing: independent study vs lecture-discussion " (1973). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 4951. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/4951 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Encounters with Cultural Difference: Cosmopolitanism and Exoticism in Tanna (Martin Butler and Bentley Dean, 2015) and Embrace of the Serpent (Ciro Guerra, 2015)
    Encounters with Cultural Difference: Cosmopolitanism and Exoticism in Tanna (Martin Butler and Bentley Dean, 2015) and Embrace of the Serpent (Ciro Guerra, 2015) Daniela Berghahn Abstract: This essay aims to critically reassess and, ultimately, rehabilitate exoticism, understood as a particular mode of cultural representation and a highly contested discourse on cultural difference, by bringing it into dialogue with cosmopolitanism. It offers a theoretical exploration of exoticism and cosmopolitanism alongside associated critical frameworks, such as the contact zone, autoethnography, authenticity and cultural translation, and brings them to bear on two award- winning films that aptly illustrate a new type of exoticism in contemporary world cinema. Using Tanna (Martin Butler and Bentley Dean, 2015) and Embrace of the Serpent (Ciro Guerra, 2015), both made in collaboration with Indigenous communities, as case studies, this essay proposes that exoticism is inflected by cosmopolitan, rather than colonial and imperialist, sensibilities. It therefore differs profoundly from its precursors, which are premised on white supremacist assumptions about the Other which legitimised colonial expansion and the subjugation of the subaltern. By contrast, the new type of exoticism challenges and decentres Western values and systems of knowledge and aligns itself with the ethico-political agendas of cosmopolitanism, notably the promotion of crosscultural dialogue, an ecological awareness and the empowerment of hitherto marginalised communities. From the travelogues of early cinema over ethnographic documentaries to contemporary world cinema, cinema has always played a pivotal role in mediating visions of cultural Otherness. By projecting images of faraway exotic landscapes, peoples and their traditions, cinema indulges armchair travellers to marvel at “wondrous difference” (Griffiths) and promotes intercultural exchange and cosmopolitan connectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 15 NOS. 1 & 2 2011
    Volume 15 NOS. 1 & 2 2011 Address for Correspondence The Managing Editor, JOSPA USP-IRETA, Alafua Campus Private Mail Bag Apia SAMOA Telephone : (685) 22372/21671 Fax: (685) 22347 / 22933 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Sales and Distribution IRETA Publications USP, Alafua Campus Private Mail Bag Apia SAMOA Telephone : (685) 22372/21671 Fax: (685) 22347 / 22933 Email: [email protected] Annual Subscription Free to agricultural workers in USP member countries. US $40.00 (including postage for non-USP member countries). Paper Contribution Authors wishing to submit papers are advised to refer to the Guide for Authors on the last pages of this volume. Layout: Adama Ebenebe Cover Design: Ejiwa Adaeze Ebenebe Printed by: IRETA Printery USP Alafua Campus Samoa ISSN 1016-7774 Copyright ©USP-IRETA 2011 JOURNAL OF SOUTH PACIFIC AGRICULTURE The Journal of South Pacific Agriculture (JOSPA) is a joint publication of the Institute for Research, Extension and Training iin Agriculture (IRETA) and the School of Agriculture and Food Technology (SAFT) of The University of the South Pacific (USP) Managing Editor Dr. Adama Ebenebe School of Agriculture and Food Technology Alafua Campus Apia, Samoa BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDITORS Associate Professor Mareko Tofinga Professor E. Martin Aregheore (Farming Systems/Agronomist) (Animal Science) SAFT-USP Marfel Consulting Samoa Canada Mr. Mohammed Umar Professor Umezuruike Linus Opara (Agriculture Project Development & Management) (Postharvest Technology) IRETA-USP Stellenbosch University Samoa South Africa Mr. David Hunter Professor Anthony Youdeowei (Scientific Research Organisaion of Samoa) (Consultant) SAFT, USP United Kingdom Samoa Dr. Lalith Kumarasingh Dr. Joel Miles (MAF Biosecurity) (Crop Protection) New Zealand Republic of Palua Acknowledgement The Journal of South Pacific Agriculture hereby acknowledges the generous contributions of those who reviewed manuscripts for this volume.
    [Show full text]
  • Piper Methysticum) in the Pacific
    Effects of Varietal Diversity on Knowledge of Kava (Piper methysticum) in the Pacific A Senior Honors Project Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Interdisciplinary Studies. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Bachelor of Ethnomedicine and Plant Conservation with Honors By Andrew Gerren April 15, 2017 Committee: Dr. Orou G. Gaoue, Assistant Professor, Mentor Dr. Noa Kekuewa Lincoln, Assistant Professor Dr. Michael Thomas, Ethnobotanist i Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Orou Gaoue for the continuous support of my undergraduate research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance has helped me from the beginning to the end of my research and writing of this thesis. I am forever indebted to Dr. Gaoue for choosing to work with me. I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: my co-adviser Dr. Noa Kekuewa Lincoln for his insightful comments and hard questions, and Dr. Michael Thomas for his encouragement and support with this project. This thesis would have remained a dream had it not been for the many amazing individuals who contributed financially to allow me to conduct research in Vanuatu. It has been an honor to work with so many people throughout this process and be the recipient of their knowledge. There are many I would like to thank who have contributed to this project. I would like to thank Dr. Vincent Lebot and Jerry Konanui for their valuable insights. I would like to thank the multiple individuals who allowed me to interview them: Jerry Ooka, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Ritual and Cultural Performance
    Ritual and Cultural Performance Taonga pūoro, Allen Hall Theatre, University of Otago. Photograph by Martyn Roberts. Edited by Jennifer Cattermole & Hilary Halba Performance of the Real Research Theme, University of Otago 2017 This edited volume is © the Performance of the Real Research Theme, University of Otago. Authors retain individual copyright over their original intellectual property. Papers re-printed from this volume should acknowledge the original source. All copyrighted materials included in this volume appear on the understanding that permission from the reproduction of these materials has been obtained individually by the author in whose work they appear. The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the authors alone, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Performance of the Real Research Theme. Published by: The Performance of the Real Research Theme, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand ISSN 2463-6207 ISBN 978-0-473-41401-6 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORS’ INTRODUCTION Jennifer Cattermole and Hilary Halba……………….………….………………....... iii THE LIMITS OF RITUAL Ian Maxwell…………………………………………………………………….……...1 REFLECTIONS ON TAONGA PŪORO (TRADITIONAL MĀORI MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS) TEACHING AND LEARNING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO Jennifer Cattermole …..……………………………………….……………………..13 TÅNO’/ LAND Ojeya Cruz-Banks…………………………………………..……….……………….26 “SPIRITUAL PLAY”: RITUAL PERFORMANCE AND SPIRITUALITY IN SAMOAN THEATRE David O’Donnell……………………………………………………………………..27 KINBAKU: THE LIMINAL AND THE LIMINOID IN RITUAL PERFORMANCE Heather Pennington…………………………………………………..........................42 TONGAN KAVA: PERFORMANCE, ADAPTATION, AND IDENTITY IN DIASPORA Arcia Tecun (Daniel Hernandez)…………………………………………………….52 iii EDITORS’ INTRODUCTION The Performance of the Real Research Theme held its inaugural event – the Ritual and Cultural Performance Hui and Symposium – from the 14th-15th of April 2016. Day one took place at Araiteuru Marae, and day two at St Margaret’s College, Otago University.
    [Show full text]
  • Māori and Kava: New Drug Fashion Or Re-Engagement with 'Kawa'?
    Pacific Dynamics: Volume 3 Number 1 August 2019 Journal of Interdisciplinary Research http://pacificdynamics.nz Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Māori and kava: New drug fashion or ISSN: 2463-641X re-engagement with ‘kawa’? S. Apo Aporosa* University of Waikato Jacinta Forde University of Waikato Abstract The Pacific “cultural keystone species” (Garibaldi & Turner, 2004, pp.1,5) kava is uniquely linked with notions of mana (spiritual power) and used to infuse efficacy into celebrations and life events. The drink, made from this potent icon of identity, brings on feelings of relaxation without marked euphoria, aiding clear-minded talanoa (discussion) to facilitate important and/or contentious dialogue. The sharing and drinking of kava as part of host/guest formalities is used in bringing about mutuality and unity (Aporosa, 2019). It is estimated there are more than 20,000 kava users in Aotearoa/New Zealand on an average Friday or Saturday night, with increasing interest and uptake of this indigenous drink by Māori. Crowley (1994) reports that the Māori word ‘kawa’, literally meaning ‘marae protocol’, has its linguistic foundations in ‘kava’ and the practices associated with this cultural keystone species. This paper explores that linguistic union to ask whether increased kava use by Māori has greater significance than simply a new interaction with a foreign drug substance. Further, due to the use of kava in facilitating talanoa (discussion), the possibility of kava playing a similar role for Māori is considered, one linked to ancestral Pacific connections aimed at assisting kōrero (talanoa), cultural connectedness and practice. Keywords: kava, Māori, kawa, tapu / noa, cultural re-engagement, kōrero *Corresponding author: S.
    [Show full text]
  • Kava, the Devil, and the Snake: Pentecostal Iconoclasm in Contemporary Fiji
    Kava, the Devil, and the Snake: Pentecostal Iconoclasm in Contemporary Fiji Reference: Aporosa, A. S. (2019). Kava, the Devil, and the Snake: Pentecostal iconoclasm in contemporary Fiji. Paper presented at the Kava: A global phenomenon?, a panel within the Association For Social Anthropology In Oceania annual conference (ASAO19), University of Auckland, Feb. 13- 16. Abstract: In his book, The Polynesian Iconoclasm, Jeff Sissons (2014) explains that within a short period of time during the early 1800’s a number of island societies in eastern Polynesia desecrated or destroyed many of their temples and sacred icons as part of their process of rejecting traditional cosmologies and embracing Christianity. This included the renunciation of kava use and the destruction of kava related utensils such as kumete and tanoa (kava bowls). Although some people within these societies recently have begun reengaging with kava and its related practices as part of cultural renaissance, scepticism remains. In Tonga, Samoa and Fiji (with Fiji having both Melanesian and Polynesian influences), iconoclasm was experienced with less intensity than elsewhere in Polynesia. For instance, although the early missionaries encouraged the destruction of weapons of warfare and objects linked to traditional worship, kava and its use was mostly ignored. Indeed, in the case of both Methodism and Roman Catholicism, kava was incorporated into Christian rituals. However, over the past thirty years, Pentecostal Christian groups have gained traction in Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. Their teachings call for the necessity to be ‘born again’, which often includes the rejection of traditional cultural conventions. For some, particularly in Fiji, the ‘born again’ message includes the renunciation of kava, a practice these Christian groups argue has its foundations in ancestral worship and ‘the workings of the Devil’.
    [Show full text]
  • CBD Kava Kava Brochure
    Kava Pharmacodynamics CBD. This is why whole-plant extraction matters and why Kanabia™’s Broad Spectrum THC free Cannabinoid Complex The following pharmacological actions have been containing significant and effective levels of Cannabidiol reported for kava and/or its major active constituents: (CBD), Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabidivarin (CBD-V) and • Potentiation of GABA receptor activity (by kavain, Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THC-V) is your best choice for dihydrokavain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, accessing the healing potential of these rare cannabinoids. and yangonin) • Inhibition of the reuptake of norepinephrine (by What makes Natural Traditions® CBD+ kavain and methysticin) and possibly also of Kava Kava so special? dopamine (by kavain and desmethoxyyangonin) • Binding to the CB1 receptor (by yangonin) Our Kava Kava extract with its anxiety reducing and relaxing properties pairs well with our Golden Harvest™ multi- cannabinoid hemp extract. The synergy between these two CBD+ Kava Kava products allows for restful, peaceful sleep. Natural Traditions CBD+ Kava Kava contains a Broad Spectrum Cannabinoid Our Natural Traditions® CBD+ Kava Kava utlizes complex sourced from unique varietals of industrial hemp. Golden Harvest™ hemp extract which delivers the Our Golden Harvest™ oil brings a significantly higher most robust range of cannabinoids found in any range of naturally occurring CBG, CBD-V and THC-V, than CBD formula. Featuring CBD, CBD-V, CBG and any other brand in the market. Other brands claiming to THC-V our Natural Traditions® CBD+ Kava Kava be broad spectrum extracts usually contain additional rare multi-cannabinoid complex delivers a combination of cannabinoids in very small amounts. Our extraction process constituents that puts you in a very relaxed state.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Submissions on Scheduling Matters Referred to ACCS#3 and ACMS#4
    EDITED SUBMISSIONS RECEIVED IN RESPONSE TO THE NOTICE INVITING SUBMISSIONS ON MATTERS REFERRED TO THE: Advisory Committee on Chemicals Scheduling – 18 October 2011 (ACCS#3); and Advisory Committee on Medicines Scheduling – 19 October 2011 (ACMS#4). Regulation 42ZCZL, Therapeutic Goods Regulations 1990 (the Regulations) A delegate of the Secretary of the Department of Health and Ageing publishes herein all valid public submissions made in response to t he invitation contained in t he notice inviting public submissions for ACCS#3 and ACMS#4 (the October 2011 meetings), with the closing date of 7 September 2011. In ac cordance w ith th e requ irements of subsection 42 ZCZL of the Regu lations these submissions hav e b een ed ited to re move in formation that a d elegate considers to be confidential. As advised in th e no tice inviting public submissions, it w as up to th e person making the submission to high light any information w hich they wis hed to re quest be c onsidered as confidential. Material claimed to be commercial-in-confidence has been considered against the guidelines f or the use and release of confid ential infor mation set ou t in Chapter 6 of t he Scheduling Polic y Framework (SPF), issu ed b y the Nation al Coo rdinating Co mmittee o n Therapeutic Goods. The SPF is accessible at www.tga.gov.au/industry/scheduling-spf.htm. Discrete submissions have been grouped by item. However, a n umber of applicants provided submissions that rel ated to multiple it ems.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceremonial Items and Etiquette
    Miller, F. P., Vandome, A. F., & McBrewster, J. (Eds.). (2009). Fijian traditions and ceremonies: Kava, tabua, culture of Fiji, religion in Fiji, Kubuna Confederacy, Viti Levu, Namosi, Fiji, history of Fiji, politics of Fiji, 2006 Fijian coup d'etat, demographics of Fiji, local government in Fiji. USA: Alphascript. (selected pages: kava related) Deaths When a death occurs, related clans and family come together in a religious and social gathering to share their sorrow and to reaffirm the connections between them. The death has the 'Reguregu' lead them up to the burial where all the friends and extended family come to pay their respects. The presentation etiquette utilises Mats, Yaqona and Tabua and varies from province to province. After several days of this the actual burial takes place and Mats and masi are placed over the grave site. The death is commemorated at the burial ceremony and again on the forth and tenth nights thereafter. One hundred days after the death the mourning is lifted and the various Taboos, or in Fijian Tabu, are lifted from the family members in what is called the Yakataraisulu ceremony. The grave site is then cemented in. A further ceremony is held one year later. Each of the gatherings mentioned above include both the mother's and the father's sides being bought together. These ceremonies are not as stringent today as in times past. Each province follows a similar pattern but with specific variations. Ceremonial items and etiquette Items that will be shared generally across the Fiji group in ceremony and social interactions are Yaqona, Tabua, Mats, Masi, the following will discuss this in further details.
    [Show full text]
  • Yaqona (Kava) and Education in Fiji
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL 11 DEC. 2012 Yaqona (kava) and education in Fiji: Investigating ‘cultural complexities’ from a post-development perspective. A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Development Studies At Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. S. Aporosa 2012 FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL 11 DEC. 2012 Ai Vakananumi (Dedication) Na vakadidike oqo sa votai kivei ira na turaga na Tui Rauni (Turaga ni Yasana: Natokalau, Korovou kei Busa, Yawe, Kadavu) sa bale, Sivorosi Tomasi Vasu (1927- 2009), na turaga au vakatokai ira me ra tamaqu, sa ka levu kina na noqu rokova na nodra i tutu vakatama. Na nodra bula sa i yaloyalo titobu ni veivakaturagataki kei na i vakarau ni bula dina vakaViti. This thesis is dedicated to the late Tui Rauni (sub-district chief: Yawe, Kadavu, Fiji) Sivorosi Tomasi Vasu (1927-2009), a father figure I greatly respected and a man who demonstrated to me what it is to be chiefly and Fijian. A i Vakananumi (Dedication) i FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL 11 DEC. 2012 iVakamacala Taumada (Abstract) Na gunu yaqona se tiki ni itovo vakavanua e Viti ena gauna qo. Ia e vica na itukutuku se bera ni vakadeitaki e vakaraitaki kina ni gunu yaqona vakasivia e dau vakaleqa na cakacaka kei na toso ena levu ni sikele.
    [Show full text]