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Volume 15 NOS. 1 & 2 2011 Volume 15 NOS. 1 & 2 2011 Address for Correspondence The Managing Editor, JOSPA USP-IRETA, Alafua Campus Private Mail Bag Apia SAMOA Telephone : (685) 22372/21671 Fax: (685) 22347 / 22933 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Sales and Distribution IRETA Publications USP, Alafua Campus Private Mail Bag Apia SAMOA Telephone : (685) 22372/21671 Fax: (685) 22347 / 22933 Email: [email protected] Annual Subscription Free to agricultural workers in USP member countries. US $40.00 (including postage for non-USP member countries). Paper Contribution Authors wishing to submit papers are advised to refer to the Guide for Authors on the last pages of this volume. Layout: Adama Ebenebe Cover Design: Ejiwa Adaeze Ebenebe Printed by: IRETA Printery USP Alafua Campus Samoa ISSN 1016-7774 Copyright ©USP-IRETA 2011 JOURNAL OF SOUTH PACIFIC AGRICULTURE The Journal of South Pacific Agriculture (JOSPA) is a joint publication of the Institute for Research, Extension and Training iin Agriculture (IRETA) and the School of Agriculture and Food Technology (SAFT) of The University of the South Pacific (USP) Managing Editor Dr. Adama Ebenebe School of Agriculture and Food Technology Alafua Campus Apia, Samoa BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDITORS Associate Professor Mareko Tofinga Professor E. Martin Aregheore (Farming Systems/Agronomist) (Animal Science) SAFT-USP Marfel Consulting Samoa Canada Mr. Mohammed Umar Professor Umezuruike Linus Opara (Agriculture Project Development & Management) (Postharvest Technology) IRETA-USP Stellenbosch University Samoa South Africa Mr. David Hunter Professor Anthony Youdeowei (Scientific Research Organisaion of Samoa) (Consultant) SAFT, USP United Kingdom Samoa Dr. Lalith Kumarasingh Dr. Joel Miles (MAF Biosecurity) (Crop Protection) New Zealand Republic of Palua Acknowledgement The Journal of South Pacific Agriculture hereby acknowledges the generous contributions of those who reviewed manuscripts for this volume. i Journal of South Pacific Agriculture, Volume 15: Nos. 1 & 2, 2011 Table of Contents A descriptor list for giant swamp taro (Cyrtosperma merkusii) and its cultivars in the Federated States of Micronesia Shiwangni Rao, Mary Taylor and Anjeela Jokhan ..........................................................................1 Value of Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium and Ipomea batatas supplements for apparent nutritional adequacy and maintenance of adult Anglo-Nubian x Fiji local goats on a basal diet of Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) in the dry season Simon Baete and Eroarome Martin Aregheore................................................................................10 Forging Fijian Camaraderie: The cultural significance and social uses of kava (yaqona) (Piper methysticum Forst. f) in three upper watershed communities in north western Viti Levu (Fiji Islands) Dan F. Orcherton..............................................................................................................................19 Approach to address bean acidity problems in Papua New Guinea cocoa using solar dryer technology Noel Y. Kuman ................................................................................................................................35 Optimization of flowering, pollen quantity and seed production in taro (Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta) Rosalene Sharma, Mary Taylor and Anjeela Jokhan .......................................................................41 Observations on off-take and nutrient composition of milk from Papua New Guinea goats Atmaleo Aguyanto and Workneh Ayalew........................................................................................53 Effect of blending sweet potato silage with commercial pellet feed or farm-made concentrate (fish meal and copra meal) on the performance of local crossbred pigs in Papua New Guinea (PNG) Michael Dom, Workneh Ayalew and James Tarabu…………...…………………......……...........62 Evidence of environmental effects on cocoa flavour attributes Noel Y. Kuman…………...…………………………………………………………..........…........71 Comparative study of mutant and normal segregant seedlings of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Eremas Tade, Doug A. George, Richard R. Williams and Peter Bapiwai…..…………..…............76 Climate change and food security – some conceptual considerations Eberhard H. Weber………………………………………...……………….........…........................85 What Ails Rural Economy of Fiji? A Diagnosis and Prescription Sunil Kumar and Jagdish Prasad Bhati………………………...…………………….......…...........98 Food production and climate change in Pacific Islands Countries and Territories Morgan Wairiu, Viliamu Iese and Murari Lal…..…….………...…………….……......…............110 Constraints and gender involvement in relation to canarium nut marketing in Kakalano and Bitaama areas of Malaita Province, Solomon Islands Ramona S. Sulifoa and Sonny Lameta…………..…….………...…………….……......…...........122 Guide for authors...........................................................................................................................136 ii Journal of South Pacific Agriculture, Volume 15: Nos. 1 & 2, 2011 1 A descriptor list for giant swamp taro (Cyrtosperma merkusii) and its cultivars in the Federated States of Micronesia Shiwangni Rao1, Mary Taylor2 and Anjeela Jokhan3 ABSTRACT Atoll islands are the diversity hot spots for Cyrtosperma merkusii (giant swamp taro) and its traditional knowledge, especially in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). In these atoll islands the giant aroid is given high importance in the food, cultural and traditional systems. Despite this, a significant lack of knowledge and threat of salt water intrusion in the face of climate change exists for the aroid. To curb the issue, a classification descriptor list using the taro descriptors IPGRI (1999) and traditional knowledge of the FSM farmers was developed. The descriptor list was then employed to classify the many cultivars present in FSM. The list consisted of 37 morphological traits divided into plant habitat, leaves, petiole, inflorescence, root, corm, taste and special characteristics. Using this descriptor list, 40 distinct FSM cultivars were classified, three of which were unknown to the locals namely: ‗PF1‘, ‗Semes rao‘ and ‗Nah‘. The results of the classification provided some knowledge of the various cultivars and also showed that diversity did exist within the gene pool of the aroid. With further research and documentation, the diversity that exist within the gene pool of the aroid can be explored and utilized to buffer the impacts of salt water intrusion, while conserving the aroid and building its knowledge base. Key words: Giant swamp taro, diversity, descriptor, atoll, Cyrtosperma merkusii. INTRODUCTION some have concluded it to be of Indonesian or There are four types of taro which are Indo-Malayan origin (Bradbury, 1988). While normally found in the Pacific, these include it has been perceived that giant swamp taro the common taro Colocssia esculenta, was domesticated in Indonesia, the Indo- Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Alocasia Malayan region is the region which holds the macrorrhiza and the giant swamp taro greatest diversity of the root crop (Bradbury, Cyrtosperma merkusii (syn. Cyrtosperma 1988; Iese, 2005). However, employing chamissonis). Of these four types of taro, techniques of archaeobotanical analysis, Cyrtosperma is the largest reaching up to 5 Hather (2000) found that ―…Cyrtosperma was meters in height (Dunn, 1976; Iese, 2005; an aboriginal introduction across Polynesia Webb, 2007). It also takes the longest to reach except for New Zealand and Easter Island maturity, and is known for its hardy qualities where climate plus cultural preferences may of surviving in atoll environments (Thaman, have discouraged its growth...‖. He also found 2002; Manner, 2009). Giant swamp taro is one that Cyrtosperma merkusii was present as far of the root crops that have spread across the back as 1451 A.D. Pacific reaching as far as the Makatea Island The production levels of this giant on the northwest of Henderson Island in the aroid in the atolls are now under threat from Tuamotu Archipelago (Hather, 2000). the effects of climate change related sea level Hay (1990) and Lebot (1992) state the rise. The increased frequency and intensity of origin of the giant aroid to be the high lands of king tides and sea swell bring huge waves Papua New Guinea, while on the other hand, inundating the low lying atoll islands (Liz, 1.University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. Ph: 8744220. Email: [email protected]. 2Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees. Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Suva, Fiji. Phone: 332 0966. Email: [email protected] 3Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment. University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. Phone: 323 2567. Email: an- [email protected] Corresponding address: [email protected]. A descriptor list for giant swamp taro - Shiwangni Rao, Mary Taylor & Anjeela Jokhan Journal of South Pacific Agriculture, Volume 15: Nos. 1 & 2, 2011 2 2007; White & Falkland, 2010). This select the most pertinent descriptors to swamp inundated sea water percolates into the taro. There was common agreement among the groundwater lens increasing the fresh participants for all the selected descriptors groundwater lens salinity (Woodraffe, 1989; across both age range and gender. Mr. Adelino Mimura, 1999; Gerald, 2007). Along with this, Lorens from his previous trips to the outer the disturbance caused by rise in sea level to islands of FSM had collected approximately the sensitive balance
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