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Radiolarian Faunal Turnover Through the Paleocene-Eocene Transition, Mead Stream, New Zealand

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Radiolarian Faunal Turnover Through the Paleocene-Eocene Transition, Mead Stream, New Zealand 0012-9402/06/01S079-21 Eclogae geol. Helv. 99 (2006) Supplement 1, S79–S99 DOI 10.1007/s00015-006-0604-3 Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2007 Radiolarian faunal turnover through the Paleocene-Eocene transition, Mead Stream, New Zealand CHRISTOPHER J. HOLLIS1 Key words: South Pacific, Paleogene, Radiolaria, diatoms, paleoecology, global change ABSTRACT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG The Mead Stream section, northern Clarence Valley, is the most complete Pa- Das Mead Stream Profil, nördliches Clarence Tal, ist die vollständigste Paläo- leocene-early Eocene record of pelagic sedimentation in the mid-latitude zän-Früh Eozän Aufzeichnung pelagischer Sedimentation in mittleren Breiten (~55° S paleolatitude) Pacific Ocean. Integrated studies of sediments, siliceous (~55° S Paläobreite) des Pazifischen Ozeans. Integrierte Studien von Sedi- and calcareous microfossils and carbon isotopes have shown that major global menten, kieseligen und kalkigen Mikrofossilien und Kohlenstoffisotopen climate events are recorded by distinct changes in lithofacies and biofacies. haben gezeigt, dass bedeutende globale Klimaereignisse durch deutliche Ver- The consistent and often abundant occurrence of siliceous microfossils in the änderungen in Litho- und Biofazies gekennzeichnet sind. Das beständige und section provides a rare opportunity to undertake quantitative analysis of high- oft sehr häufige Vorkommen kieseliger Mikrofossilien im Profil bietet eine latitude radiolarian population changes through the late Paleocene and early seltene Gelegenheit, quantitative Studien von Veränderungen innerhalb von Eocene. Late Paleocene assemblages are dominated by spumellarians, al- Radiolarienpopulationen hoher Breiten während des späten Paläozäns und though the nassellarian species Buryella tetradica is the most abundant species. frühen Eozäns durchzuführen. Spätpaläozäne Vergesellschaftungen werden The Paleocene-Eocene boundary (= base of Paleocene-Eocene thermal maxi- von Spumellarien dominiert, obwohl die Nassellarienart Buryella tetradica die mum) in the Mead Stream section is marked by major faunal turnover, includ- häufigste Art ist. Die Paläozän-Eozän Grenze (=Basis des Paläozän-Eozän ing an abrupt decrease in B. tetradica, first occurrences of several low-latitude Wärmemaximums) im Mead Stream Profil ist durch bedeutende faunistische species (e.g. Amphicraspedum prolixum s.s., Lychnocanium auxilla, Podocyrtis Erneuerungen gekennzeichnet, einschließlich der abrupten Abnahme von B. papalis, Phormocyrtis turgida, Theocorys? phyzella) and increased abundance tetradica, dem ersten Auftreten zahlreicher Arten niederer Breiten (z. B. Am- of large, robust spumellarians relative to small actinommids. Above an 18-m phicraspedum prolixum s.s., Lychnocanium auxilla, Podocyrtis papalis, Phor- thick, lowermost Eocene interval in which radiolarians are abundant to com- mocyrtis turgida, Theocorys? phyzella) und der zunehmenden Häufigkeit von mon, radiolarian abundance declines progressively, falling to <10 individuals großen, robusten Spumellarien im Verhältnis zu kleinen Actinommida. Ober- per gram in the marl-dominated unit that is correlated with the early Eocene halb eines 18 Meter mächtigen Intervals des untersten Eozäns, in dem Radio- climatic optimum. These trends in siliceous microfossil populations signal larien sehr zahlreich bis häufig sind, nimmt die Radiolarienhäufigkeit progres- major changes in watermass characteristics along the northeastern New sive ab, bis auf eine Anzahl von weniger als zehn Individuen pro Gramm Zealand margin in the earliest Eocene. Assemblages typical of cool, eutroph- innerhalb der Mergel-dominierten Einheit, die dem früheozänen Klimaopti- ic, watermasses that dominated the Marlborough Paleocene were replaced in mum entspricht. Diese Trends innerhalb von Populationen kieseliger Mikro- the early Eocene by assemblages more characteristic of oligotrophic, strati- fossilien signalisieren bedeutende Veränderungen in Wassermassencharakte- fied, subtropical-tropical watermasses. ristika entlang des nordöstlichen neuseeländischen Kontinentalrandes im frü- hesten Eozän. Vergesellschaftungen typisch für kühle, eutrophische Wasser- massen, die das Marlborough Paläozän dominierten, wurden im frühen Eozän durch Vergesellschaftungen ersetzt, die eher für oligotrophische, stratifizierte, subtropische-tropische Wassermassen charakteristisch sind. 1. Introduction Radiolaria are the most diverse and widely distributed group sedimentary successions have the potential to reveal much of marine plankton preserved in the fossil record (Lipps 1993; about biosphere-geosphere interactions in the marine realm De Wever et al. 2001). High evolutionary turnover and consid- during critical episodes in Earth history. Whereas quantitative erable geographic variation in populations make radiolarian studies are common for late Cenozoic radiolarians (e.g. fossils invaluable research tools in biostratigraphy and paleo- Boltovskoy 1987; Caulet et al. 1992), very few such studies ceanography. Consequently, detailed census studies through have been made of early Cenozoic or Mesozoic assemblages. 1 Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Email: [email protected] Paleocene-Eocene radiolarians, Mead Stream S79 20 26 5950 70 80 90 00 10 13 d C River 13 Cape Lithostratigraphy d [ LITH C [bulk carb] benthic]* Nanno Z. Foram Z. Rad Z. (SP) Age Auckland Campbell NZ Stage Lake 250 50 Awatere Grassmere Dm NP12 0 200 km 40 an an Ma Wellington 51 Ward Christchurch ? Flaxbourne EECO 30 RP9 Chancet Fault 60 NP11-12 52 Lower Marl aipawan-Mangaorap EECO aipawan-Mangaorap e 200 W watere W A lin c ti 53 50 n 20 A Woodside Early Eocene Wharanui e NP11 r RP8-9 MEAD o Legend Mt T Tapuae-o-apuae-o- M Uenuku n Section P6 Fault e 54 B metres Kekerengu Undifferentiated, aipawan NP10? Dee Amuri Limestone Upper 10 River post-Eocene units W Branch RP8 Ribbon Chert River Upper Cret. to Eocene P5 9b Dee Marl IETM watere sedimentary rocks 55 A e ng Clarence Ra Clarence Mid-Cretaceous 150 intrusiveigneous rocks IETM ra ou Mid-Cretaceous P4 ik RP7 00 Ka sedimentary rocks NP9a Mudstone 56 nd Inla Older Mesozoic C PCIM rocks Lower Limestone Clarence 0 10 20 km organic mst 57 5890 RP6 PCIM NP6-8 Waipawa Formation 40 25 100 58 Late Paleocene Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of eastern Marlborough (after Crampton et RP5 al. 2003) showing location of Mead Stream and other stratigraphic sections 59 mentioned in the text. eurian T eurian T NP4-6 RP4-5 60 50 0 1 2 3 4 Lower 61 Ribbon per mil PBD RP4 Chert undifferentiated Rock symbols Notable exceptions are studies of Cretaceous-Tertiary bound- NP4 Marl 62 0 1 2 ary radiolarians in New Zealand and Ecuador (Hollis 1996; Early Paleocene Mead Hill Formation Limestone per mil PBD Keller et al. 1997; Hollis et al. 2003a, b). In this article we re- RP3 Siliceous limestone * from RP1-2 K/T boundary Zachos et al. 0 mudstone Ribbon chert port the results of the first quantitative study of radiolarian as- (2001) Massive Chert Late K - NP4 Mh Mh semblage variation through the Paleocene-Eocene (P-E) tran- RK9 Mudstone sition (~60-50 Ma). -20 Late K In addition, this is the first study of radiolarian faunal Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and carbon isotope stratigraphy of change through the P-E transition in the mid-latitude South Upper Cretaceous-lower Eocene strata at Mead Stream (after Hollis et al. Pacific; eastern Marlborough being situated at ~55° S in the 2005). For age and biostratigraphy columns, intervals of uncertain age or bio- latest Paleocene (King et al. 1999; Sutherland et al. 2001). San- zone are shaded. Three episodes of major global change are identified from bulk carbonate δ13C stratigraphy: late Paleocene carbon isotope maximum filippo & Nigrini (1998a) reviewed DSDP and ODP records of (PCIM), Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and early Eocene cli- late Paleocene-early Eocene radiolarians and established a matic optimum (EECO). For comparison, the global compilation of benthic composite biostratigraphy from well-preserved, low-latitude foraminiferal δ13C data of Zachos et al. (2001) is also shown; the plotted values assemblages in 12 sites between 40°N and 30°S. Most of these are running five-point averages calibrated to the geochronometric time scale of Berggren et al. (1995) following Hollis et al. (2005). sites are in the western central and North Atlantic, with two in the South Atlantic, one in the western central Indian Ocean and one in the North Pacific. Subsequently, Nigrini & Sanfilip- po (2000) and Sanfilippo & Blome (2001) reported on radio- larian assemblages in well-constrained P-E boundary records Paleocene-Eocene (P-E) transition (Hollis et al. 2005). In the in Caribbean and western North Atlantic ODP holes, respec- latter study, carbon isotope stratigraphy was integrated with tively. radiolarian, foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil bios- The section exposed in the southern branch of Mead tratigraphy in order to relate lithofacies changes to major per- Stream, Clarence River valley (Fig. 1), is the most complete turbations in the early Paleogene global carbon cycle and cli- known record of South Pacific pelagic-hemipelagic sedimenta- mate system. Three of these episodes of perturbations have tion from Late Cretaceous to middle Eocene (Strong et al. been identified in upper Paleocene and lower Eocene strata at 1995; Hollis et al. 2005). Rich radiolarian assemblages make it Mead Stream (Fig. 2): the late Paleocene carbon isotope maxi- a key reference section for early Paleogene radiolarian
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