The History of Quantum Mechanics (Physics) Is More Than a Century Old
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Unit 1 Old Quantum Theory
UNIT 1 OLD QUANTUM THEORY Structure Introduction Objectives li;,:overy of Sub-atomic Particles Earlier Atom Models Light as clectromagnetic Wave Failures of Classical Physics Black Body Radiation '1 Heat Capacity Variation Photoelectric Effect Atomic Spectra Planck's Quantum Theory, Black Body ~diation. and Heat Capacity Variation Einstein's Theory of Photoelectric Effect Bohr Atom Model Calculation of Radius of Orbits Energy of an Electron in an Orbit Atomic Spectra and Bohr's Theory Critical Analysis of Bohr's Theory Refinements in the Atomic Spectra The61-y Summary Terminal Questions Answers 1.1 INTRODUCTION The ideas of classical mechanics developed by Galileo, Kepler and Newton, when applied to atomic and molecular systems were found to be inadequate. Need was felt for a theory to describe, correlate and predict the behaviour of the sub-atomic particles. The quantum theory, proposed by Max Planck and applied by Einstein and Bohr to explain different aspects of behaviour of matter, is an important milestone in the formulation of the modern concept of atom. In this unit, we will study how black body radiation, heat capacity variation, photoelectric effect and atomic spectra of hydrogen can be explained on the basis of theories proposed by Max Planck, Einstein and Bohr. They based their theories on the postulate that all interactions between matter and radiation occur in terms of definite packets of energy, known as quanta. Their ideas, when extended further, led to the evolution of wave mechanics, which shows the dual nature of matter -
Ca Alogue 1950-1951 Bulletin of the California Institute of Technology Volume 59 Number 4
CA ALOGUE 1950-1951 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 59 NUMBER 4 The California Institute of Technology Bulletin is published quarterly Entered as Second Class Matter at the Post Office at Pasadena, California, under the Act of August 24, 1912 CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY A College, Graduate School, and Institute of Research in Science Engineering, and the Humanities CATALOGUE 1 950 . 195 1 PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE, OCTOBER, 1950 PASADENA, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS PART ONE. GENERAL INFORMATION. PAGE Academic Calendar 11 Board .of Trustees ........................................... 15 Trustee Committees. 16 Administrative Officers of the Institute . .. 17 Faculty Officers and Committees, 1950-51 ....................... 18 Staff of Instruction and Research-Summary . 20 Staff of Instruction and Research ................... 35 Fellows, Scholars, and Assistants .............................. 65 California Institute Associates .... 76 .Historical Sketch . 80 Educational Policies ......................................... 82 Buildings and Facilities ...................................... 84 Study and Research at the California Institute 1. The Sciences .......................................... 87 Astronomy and Astrophysics ............................. 87 Biological Sciences ..................................... 88 Chemistry and Chemical Engineering . .. 89 Geological Sciences . .. 91 Mathematics ........................................... 92 Physics ........ , ....... '" ...... '" ............... " .. 93 2. Engineering -
I. I. Rabi Papers [Finding Aid]. Library of Congress. [PDF Rendered Tue Apr
I. I. Rabi Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 1992 Revised 2010 March Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms998009 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm89076467 Prepared by Joseph Sullivan with the assistance of Kathleen A. Kelly and John R. Monagle Collection Summary Title: I. I. Rabi Papers Span Dates: 1899-1989 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1945-1968) ID No.: MSS76467 Creator: Rabi, I. I. (Isador Isaac), 1898- Extent: 41,500 items ; 105 cartons plus 1 oversize plus 4 classified ; 42 linear feet Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Physicist and educator. The collection documents Rabi's research in physics, particularly in the fields of radar and nuclear energy, leading to the development of lasers, atomic clocks, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to his 1944 Nobel Prize in physics; his work as a consultant to the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and as an advisor on science policy to the United States government, the United Nations, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during and after World War II; and his studies, research, and professorships in physics chiefly at Columbia University and also at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. -
Copy of DOC001
BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 48 NUMBER 1 CATALOGUE NUMBER jor 1939 PUB LIS H E D BY 'T H E INS 'T I'T U 'T E, JAN U A R Y, 1939 The California Institute of Technology Bulletin is Published Quarterly Entered as Second-Class Matter at the Post Office ~t Pasadena. California. Under the Act of August 24. 1912 BlJLLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 48 NUMBER I A COLLEGE, GRADUATE SCHOOL, AND INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND THE HUMANITIES CATALOGUE NUMBER jor 1939 PASADENA· CALIFORNIA· JANUARY, 1939 CONTENTS PAGE ACADEMIC CALENDAR ....•...•..•..••..•.....•••........•..•.....•• BOARD OF TRUSTEES. • . • . • • . 6 OFFICERS: Board of Trustees. 6 Administrative Officers of the Institute. 7 Officers and Committees of the Faculty. 8 STAFF OF INSTRUCTION AND RESEARCH ...•••...... " ••. .. .. .. ....••• •• 9 STAFF OF INSTRUCTION AND RESEARCH SUMMARY. .. ... ......•..•..• .. 47 CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE ASSOCIATES................................... 58 HISTORICAL SKETCH .....•..............•...........•......•....... 60 EDUCATIONAL POLICIES .....................•............••••...•... 62 BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES. • . • . • . • . • . • . 65 ATHENJEUM ..••...•.....•••............•••....•......••.•........ 69 STUDENT HOUSES .•...••..•....................................... 70 EXTRA-CURRICULAR OPPORTUNITIES .................................. 71 STUDENT HEALT:H AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION ..••••••.•...... " • • . • . • 75 REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION TO UNDERGRADUATE STANDING. .. 78 EXPENSES ....••..........................•..•................... -
William A. Fowler Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt2d5nb7kj No online items Guide to the Papers of William A. Fowler, 1917-1994 Processed by Nurit Lifshitz, assisted by Charlotte Erwin, Laurence Dupray, Carlo Cossu and Jennifer Stine. Archives California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Blvd. Mail Code 015A-74 Pasadena, CA 91125 Phone: (626) 395-2704 Fax: (626) 793-8756 Email: [email protected] URL: http://archives.caltech.edu © 2003 California Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Guide to the Papers of William A. Consult repository 1 Fowler, 1917-1994 Guide to the Papers of William A. Fowler, 1917-1994 Collection number: Consult repository Archives California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California Contact Information: Archives California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Blvd. Mail Code 015A-74 Pasadena, CA 91125 Phone: (626) 395-2704 Fax: (626) 793-8756 Email: [email protected] URL: http://archives.caltech.edu Processed by: Nurit Lifshitz, assisted by Charlotte Erwin, Laurence Dupray, Carlo Cossu and Jennifer Stine Date Completed: June 2000 Encoded by: Francisco J. Medina. Derived from XML/EAD encoded file by the Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics as part of a collaborative project (1999) supported by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. © 2003 California Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: William A. Fowler papers, Date (inclusive): 1917-1994 Collection number: Consult repository Creator: Fowler, William A., 1911-1995 Extent: 94 linear feet Repository: California Institute of Technology. Archives. Pasadena, California 91125 Abstract: These papers document the career of William A. Fowler, who served on the physics faculty at California Institute of Technology from 1939 until 1982. -
RHIC Begins Smashing Nuclei
NEWS RHIC begins smashing nuclei Gold at STAR - side view of a collision of two 30 GeV/nucleon gold End view in the STAR detector of the same collision looking along beams in the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at the direction of the colliding beams. Approximately 1000 tracks Brookhaven. were recorded in this event On Monday 12 June a new high-energy laboratory director for RHIC. It was a proud rings filled, the ions will be whipped to machine made its stage debut as operators in moment for Ozaki, who returned to 70 GeV/nucleon. With stable beams coasting the main control room of Brookhaven's Brookhaven from Japan to oversee the con around the rings, the nuclei collide head-on, Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) finally struction and commissioning of this eventually at the rate of tens of thousands of declared victory over their stubborn beams. challenging machine. collisions per second. Several weeks before, Derek Lowenstein, The high temperatures and densities Principal RHIC components were manufac chairman of the laboratory's collider-acceler achieved in the RHIC collisions should, for a tured by industry, in some cases through ator department, had described repeated fleeting moment, allow the quarks and gluons co-operative ventures that transferred tech attempts to get stable beams of gold ions to roam in a soup-like plasma - a state of nology developed at Brookhaven to private circulating in RHIC's two 3.8 km rings as "like matter that is believed to have last existed industry. learning to drive at the Indy 500!". -
JUAN MANUEL 2016 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE RECIPIENT Culture Friendship Justice
Friendship Volume 135, № 1 Character Culture JUAN MANUEL SANTOS 2016 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE RECIPIENT Justice LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT Dear Brothers, It is an honor and a privilege as your president to have the challenges us and, perhaps, makes us question our own opportunity to share my message with you in each edition strongly held beliefs. But it also serves to open our minds of the Quarterly. I generally try to align my comments and our hearts to our fellow neighbor. It has to start with specific items highlighted in each publication. This with a desire to listen, to understand, and to be tolerant time, however, I want to return to the theme “living our of different points of view and a desire to be reasonable, Principles,” which I touched upon in a previous article. As patient and respectful.” you may recall, I attempted to outline and describe how Kelly concludes that it is the diversity of Southwest’s utilization of the Four Founding Principles could help people and “treating others like you would want to be undergraduates make good decisions and build better treated” that has made the organization successful. In a men. It occurred to me that the application of our values similar way, Stephen Covey’s widely read “Seven Habits of to undergraduates only is too limiting. These Principles are Highly Effective People” takes a “values-based” approach to indeed critical for each of us at this particularly turbulent organizational success. time in our society. For DU to be a successful organization, we too, must As I was flying back recently from the Delta Upsilon be able to work effectively with our varied constituents: International Fraternity Board of Directors meeting in undergraduates, parents, alumni, higher education Arizona, I glanced through the February 2017 edition professionals, etc. -
The Concept of the Photon—Revisited
The concept of the photon—revisited Ashok Muthukrishnan,1 Marlan O. Scully,1,2 and M. Suhail Zubairy1,3 1Institute for Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 2Departments of Chemistry and Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 3Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan The photon concept is one of the most debated issues in the history of physical science. Some thirty years ago, we published an article in Physics Today entitled “The Concept of the Photon,”1 in which we described the “photon” as a classical electromagnetic field plus the fluctuations associated with the vacuum. However, subsequent developments required us to envision the photon as an intrinsically quantum mechanical entity, whose basic physics is much deeper than can be explained by the simple ‘classical wave plus vacuum fluctuations’ picture. These ideas and the extensions of our conceptual understanding are discussed in detail in our recent quantum optics book.2 In this article we revisit the photon concept based on examples from these sources and more. © 2003 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 270.0270, 260.0260. he “photon” is a quintessentially twentieth-century con- on are vacuum fluctuations (as in our earlier article1), and as- Tcept, intimately tied to the birth of quantum mechanics pects of many-particle correlations (as in our recent book2). and quantum electrodynamics. However, the root of the idea Examples of the first are spontaneous emission, Lamb shift, may be said to be much older, as old as the historical debate and the scattering of atoms off the vacuum field at the en- on the nature of light itself – whether it is a wave or a particle trance to a micromaser. -
Otto Stern Annalen 4.11.11
(To be published by Annalen der Physik in December 2011) Otto Stern (1888-1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics J. Peter Toennies,1 Horst Schmidt-Böcking,2 Bretislav Friedrich,3 Julian C.A. Lower2 1Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Göttingen 2Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt 3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin Keywords History of Science, Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics, Stern- Gerlach experiment, molecular beams, space quantization, magnetic dipole moments of nucleons, diffraction of matter waves, Nobel Prizes, University of Zurich, University of Frankfurt, University of Rostock, University of Hamburg, Carnegie Institute. We review the work and life of Otto Stern who developed the molecular beam technique and with its aid laid the foundations of experimental atomic physics. Among the key results of his research are: the experimental test of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities (1920), experimental demonstration of space quantization of angular momentum (1922), diffraction of matter waves comprised of atoms and molecules by crystals (1931) and the determination of the magnetic dipole moments of the proton and deuteron (1933). 1 Introduction Short lists of the pioneers of quantum mechanics featured in textbooks and historical accounts alike typically include the names of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arnold Sommerfeld, Niels Bohr, Max von Laue, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Max Born, and Wolfgang Pauli on the theory side, and of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Ernest Rutherford, Arthur Compton, and James Franck on the experimental side. However, the records in the Archive of the Nobel Foundation as well as scientific correspondence, oral-history accounts and scientometric evidence suggest that at least one more name should be added to the list: that of the “experimenting theorist” Otto Stern. -
Theory and Experiment in the Quantum-Relativity Revolution
Theory and Experiment in the Quantum-Relativity Revolution expanded version of lecture presented at American Physical Society meeting, 2/14/10 (Abraham Pais History of Physics Prize for 2009) by Stephen G. Brush* Abstract Does new scientific knowledge come from theory (whose predictions are confirmed by experiment) or from experiment (whose results are explained by theory)? Either can happen, depending on whether theory is ahead of experiment or experiment is ahead of theory at a particular time. In the first case, new theoretical hypotheses are made and their predictions are tested by experiments. But even when the predictions are successful, we can’t be sure that some other hypothesis might not have produced the same prediction. In the second case, as in a detective story, there are already enough facts, but several theories have failed to explain them. When a new hypothesis plausibly explains all of the facts, it may be quickly accepted before any further experiments are done. In the quantum-relativity revolution there are examples of both situations. Because of the two-stage development of both relativity (“special,” then “general”) and quantum theory (“old,” then “quantum mechanics”) in the period 1905-1930, we can make a double comparison of acceptance by prediction and by explanation. A curious anti- symmetry is revealed and discussed. _____________ *Distinguished University Professor (Emeritus) of the History of Science, University of Maryland. Home address: 108 Meadowlark Terrace, Glen Mills, PA 19342. Comments welcome. 1 “Science walks forward on two feet, namely theory and experiment. ... Sometimes it is only one foot which is put forward first, sometimes the other, but continuous progress is only made by the use of both – by theorizing and then testing, or by finding new relations in the process of experimenting and then bringing the theoretical foot up and pushing it on beyond, and so on in unending alterations.” Robert A. -
FROM NIELS BOHR to QUANTUM COMPUTING* Klaus Mølmer, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Denmark†
FRYBA1 Proceedings of IPAC2017, Copenhagen, Denmark FROM NIELS BOHR TO QUANTUM COMPUTING* Klaus Mølmer, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Denmark† Abstract quickly appreciated that cooling of atoms, squeezing of Quantum mechanics replaces determinism with proba- light, control of molecular wave packets … would enable bilistic predictions for measurement outcomes and de- new precise studies and applications, but also truly revo- scribes microscopic particles by wave functions as if they lutionary possibilities emerged. are simultaneously at different locations. The paradoxical Among them were ideas to employ quantum mecha- properties of quantum mechanics caused painstaking nisms for applications outside of physics: quantum money discussions between Schrödinger, Einstein and Bohr who that cannot be counterfeited, unbreakable quantum cryp- disagreed fundamentally about the meaning of the theory. tograhy, and quantum computing. Richard Feynman’s Today, scientists and engineers try to harness the hotly 1982 proposal for quantum computing also included the debated issues of those discussions for technological idea to simulate quantum many-body physics and chemis- applications in quantum encrypted data transmission and try by use of a suitably controllable quantum system. in quantum computing that uses quantum states to do Research in quantum computing has received much at- many calculations in parallel. tention since the theoretical proposal of promising algo- rithms in the mid 1990’s. Following generous funding INTRODUCTION for more than a decade, the European Union has just released its plan to sponsor a 1 Bn € Flagship in Quantum In 1913, Niels Bohr introduced his model of the atom Technologies, engaging both Industry and Academia. with an electron orbiting the atomic nucleus as a satellite Similar activities are operated at national level, and big in orbit around a planet. -
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics the Manchester Physics Series Generaleditors D
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics The Manchester Physics Series GeneralEditors D. J. SANDIFORD: F. MANDL: A. C. PHILLIPS Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester Properties of Matter: B. H. Flowers and E. Mendoza Statistical Physics: F. Mandl Second Edition Electromagnetism: I. S. Grant and W. R. Phillips Second Edition Statistics: R. J. Barlow Solid State Physics: J. R. Hook and H. E. Hall Second Edition Quantum Mechanics: F. Mandl Particle Physics: B. R. Martin and G. Shaw Second Edition The Physics of Stars: A. C. Phillips Second Edition Computing for Scientists: R. J. Barlow and A. R. Barnett Nuclear Physics: J. S. Lilley Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: A. C. Phillips INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICS A. C. Phillips Department of Physics andAstronomy University of Manchester Copyright # 2003 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, England National 01243 779777 International (44) 1243 779777 e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, UK W1P 9HE, without the permission in writing