Election Code

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Election Code Act of 5 January, 2011 Election Code (Journal of Laws 31 January, 2011) Section I. Introductory provisions Chapter 1 General Provisions (Article 1 - Article 9) Chapter 2 Voting rights (Article 10 - Article 11) Chapter 3 Electoral Districts (Article 12 - Article 17) Chapter 4 The register of voters (Article 18 - Article 25) Chapter 5 Roll of voters (Article 26 - Article 37) Chapter 6 Common provisions on voting (Article 38 - Article 53) Chapter 7 Voting by proxy (Article 54 - Article 61) Chapter 8 Voting by correspondence in the electoral wards established abroad (Article 62 - Article 68) Chapter 9 Determining the results of voting in the circuit (Article 69 - Article 81) Chapter 10 Election protests (Article 82 - Article 83) Chapter 11 Electoral committees (Article 84 - Article 103) Chapter 12 The election campaign (Articles 104 - 115) Chapter 13 The election campaign in the programs of radio and television broadcasters (Article 116 - Article 122) Chapter 14 Funding of elections from the state budget (Article 123 - Article 124) Chapter 15 Financing of election campaigns (Article 125 - Article 151) Section III. Elections to the Sejm Chapter 1 General principles (Article 192 - Article 200) Chapter 2 Constituencies (Article 201 - Article 203) Chapter 3 Reporting of candidates for deputies (Article 204 - Article 222) Chapter 4 Ballot (Article 223 - Article 226) Chapter 5 The method of voting and the conditions of validity of the vote (Article 227) Chapter 6 Determination of voting results and election results in constituency (Article 228 - Article 237) Chapter 7 Announcement of results of elections to the Sejm (Article 238 - Article 240) Chapter 8 Validity of election (Article 241 - Article 246) Chapter 9 The expiration of the mandate of Mr and complement the composition of the Sejm (Article 247 - Article 251) Chapter 10 The election campaign in public programs, radio and television broadcasters (Article 252 - Article 254) Section IV. Elections to the Senate Unofficial translation for OSCE/ODIHR. 1 Chapter 1 General principles (Article 255 - Article 259) Chapter 2 Constituencies (Article 260 - Article 261) Chapter 3 Specific tasks of the election commissions (Article 262) Chapter 4 Notification of candidates to the Senate (Article 263 - Article 265) Chapter 5 Ballot (Article 266 - Article 267) Chapter 6 The method of voting and the conditions of validity of the vote (Article 268 - Article 269) Chapter 7 Determination of voting results and election results in constituency (Article 270 - Article 275) Chapter 8 Announcement of election results to the Senate (Article 276 - Article 278) 93 Chapter 9 The expiration of the mandate of a Senator and complete the composition of the Senate (Article 279 - Article 283) Chapter 10 The election campaign in public programs, radio and television broadcasters (Article 284 - Article 285) Chapter 11 Special rules for financing the election campaign for the Senate (Article 286) Section V : Elections of the President of the Republic Chapter 1 General principles (Article 287 - Article 295) Chapter 2 Reporting a candidate for President of the Republic (Article 296 - Article 306) Chapter 3 Ballot (Article 307 - Article 310) Chapter 4 The method of voting and the conditions of validity of the vote (Article 311 - Article 312) Chapter 5 Determination of voting results and election of the President of the Republic. The validity of the election. (Article 313 - Article 325) Chapter 6 The election campaign in public programs, radio and television broadcasters (Article 326) Chapter 7 Financing of election campaigns (Article 327) Section VI. Elections to the European Parliament Chapter 1 General principles (Article 328 - Article 338) Chapter 2 Electoral commissions and constituencies (Article 339 - Article 340) 109 Chapter 3 Reporting of candidates for deputies to the European Parliament (Article 341 - Article 346) Chapter 4 The election campaign in public programs, radio and television broadcasters (Article 347 - Article 348) Chapter 5 Determination of voting results and election results (Article 349 - Article 360) Chapter 6 Announcement of election results to the European Parliament (Article 361 - Article 362) Chapter 7 Expiry of mandate. Loss of mandate (Article 363 - Article 368) Section VII. Elections to constitutive organs of units of local government Chapter 1 General principles (Article 369 - Article 379) Chapter 2 Assignment of seats without a vote (Article 380 - Article 381) Chapter 3 Announcement of election results in the country (Article 382) Chapter 4 The expiration of the mandate of a councilor. By-elections and pre-term (Article 383 - Article 389) Unofficial translation for OSCE/ODIHR. 2 Chapter 5 Changes in the territorial division of the state (Article 390 - Article 391) Chapter 6 Validity of election (Article 392 - Article 398) Chapter 7 Reporting of candidates for council (Article 399 - Article 407) Chapter 8 Assigning numbers of registered lists of candidates (Article 408 - Article 410) Chapter 9 The election campaign in public programs, radio and television broadcasters (Article 411 - Article 412) Chapter 10 Special provisions for elections to municipal councils (Article 413 - Article 449) Chapter 11 Special provisions for elections to county councils (Article 450 - Article 458) Chapter 12 Special provisions for elections to regional assemblies (Article 459 - Article 469) Section VIII. Election of mayor, mayor and president of the city Chapter 1 General Provisions (Article 470 - Article 477) Chapter 2 Reporting of candidates for reeve (Article 478 - Article 483) Chapter 3 Ballot (Article 484 - Article 485) Chapter 4 The method of voting, the voting conditions and determine the validity of election results (Article 486 - Article 490) Chapter 5 The election campaign in public programs, radio and television broadcasters (Article 491 - Article 491a) Chapter 6 The expiration of the mandate of the mayor (Article 492 - Article 493) Section IX. Penal provisions (Article 494 - Article 516) Section X Final provision (Article 517) Appendix 1 The list of constituencies to the Polish Sejm Appendix 2 The list of constituencies to 162 of the Polish Senate Appendix 3 The list of constituencies in the European Parliament elections Act of 5 January 2011, the regulations implementing the law - Election Code Unofficial translation for OSCE/ODIHR. 3 ACT dated 5 January 2011 election Code (Journal of Laws No. 21, pos. No. 112, No. 26, item. 134, No. 94, pos. 550 and No. 102, pos. 588) (codified by the National Electoral Office) Section I Preliminary provisions Chapter 1 General Provisions Article 1 The Election Code defines the principles and procedure for nominating candidates, the conduct and the conditions of validity of elections: 1) to the Polish Sejm and the Senate of the Polish Republic; 2) the President of the Polish Republic; 3) to the European Parliament; 4) the constitutive organs of local government units; 5) mayors, town mayors and city mayors. Article 2 Unless otherwise provided for by the Code, voting may only be done in person Article 3 A person is entitled to vote only once, in the same election. Article 4 § 1 Elections are held only on non-working days § 2 The elections management body may provide that a vote in the elections will be carried out within two days. § 3 If voting in an election is carried out over a two day period the voting time is set on on a non- working day and the day preceding it. Article 5 Whenever the code refers to: 1) elections – this should be understood as elections to the Sejm and the Senate, elections of the President of the Republic, the European Parliament elections, elections to constitutive organs of units of local government elections for mayors, town mayors and city mayors; 2) referenda – this should be understood as national referenda and local referenda; Unofficial translation for OSCE/ODIHR. 4 3) bodies representing local government – this should be understood, respectively, as the bodies of the municipalities, county councils and local councils provinces; 4) The council of the municipality – this shall mean the city council established by law; 5) Council – this shall mean the council of the region; 6) Mayor – this shall mean the town mayor and city mayor; 7) health care institution –it shall mean a hospital, health care and treatment facility, nursing care facility, rehabilitation home, preventative medicinal institution, hospice, and another facility for people whose health condition requires the allocation of full time health benefits, which referred to in the Act of 30 August 1991 on health care (Journal of Laws of 2007 No. 14, item. 89, as amended. d..) 8) A nursing home - it shall an institution providing full time care to disabled, chronically ill or elderly people, referred to in the Act of 12 March 2004 on social assistance (Journal of Laws 2009, No. 175, item. 1362, as amended.) 9) place of domicile - it shall mean domicile in a particular place at a specific address with the intention of permanent residence; 10) Social Security Number - should be understood as a passport of other document confirming the identity of persons who are European Union citizens but not Polish citizens, Article 6 All documents as well as judicial and administrative proceedings in matters concerning elections shall be free from administrative fees and court costs. Article 7 Documents required under the provisions of the Code prepared in Polish language shall be submitted together with a sworn translation into Polish. Article 8 § 1 Documents from the election are transferred
Recommended publications
  • Elections Held and Mitigating Measures Taken During COVID-19 – As of October 21, 2020
    Featured Elections Held and Mitigating Measures Taken During COVID-19 – As of October 21, 2020 Contents Mitigating Measures During Recent Elections ................................................................................. 1 Other Mitigating Measures ............................................................................................................... 15 Mitigating Measures During Recent Elections This list focuses on some of the measures election management bodies (EMBs) around the globe are using when holding electoral activities amid COVID-19. The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) has not analyzed these mitigating measures for their effectiveness or desirability. Please contact IFES at [email protected] if you know of additional mitigating measures or believe any data in this resource to be inaccurate. Israel General Elections – March 4, 2020 Israelis under quarantine from the coronavirus voted at separate, tented-off polling locations. Paramedics “dressed in head-to-toe protective gear stood guard” at these designated polling stations, where election officials sat behind sheeted plastic to ensure voting operations went smoothly while staying protected.1 France Municipal Elections – Round 1 on March 15, 2020 On March 14, France introduced significant restrictions to curb the spread of COVID-19, such as banning gatherings of over 100 people, closing schools and nonessential shops and suspending sporting events. However, France continued to hold local elections on March 15. Proxy voting is permitted
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Trafficking in Women ______3 2
    Directorate-General for Research WORKING PAPER TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN Civil Liberties Series LIBE 109 EN This publication is available in English. At the end of this working paper you will find a full list of the other 'Civil Liberties Series' publications. PUBLISHER: The European Parliament B-1047 Brussels AUTHOR: Carmen GALIANA, lawyer EDITOR: Andrea Subhan Directorate-General for Research Division for Social, Legal and Cultural Affairs Tel. (0032) 284 3684 Fax: (0032) 284 9050 E-Mail: [email protected] The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. Manuscript completed in March 2000 Directorate-General for Research WORKING PAPER TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN Civil Liberties Series LIBE 109 EN 3-2000 Trafficking in women Executive summary The principal objective of this study is to identify the characteristics of the phenomenon of trafficking in women for sexual purposes: its causes, structure and consequences, with the aim of increasing the visibility of the problem and bringing together a number of possible means of putting an end to this lamentable phenomenon, which is taking on ever more alarming proportions in relation to the violations of the victims' rights and its links to organised crime. Given the lack of documentary material on the subject, the attempt has been made to combine a wide range of material from disparate sources. These include: the documentation of the EU institutions; information provided by NGOs fighting this form of organised crime; information provided by governments and by Europol and Interpol; and information obtained from the press and the Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • Law on Elections of the President
    UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN “ON ELECTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN” (Bulletin of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 1992, No. 1, Art. 34; Bulletin of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 1998, No. 3, Art. 38; 1999, No 9, Art. 206; 2000, No 5-6, Art.153; Compilation of the Legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2004, No.51, Art. 514) Chapter I. General provisions Article 1. Elections of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan The election of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be undertaken by the citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret voting. A citizen of the Republic of Uzbekistan, who has reached the age of thirty five, has an excellent command of the state language and resided permanently in the territory of Uzbekistan no less than ten years directly prior to the elections, can be elected as the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be elected for a term of five years. (the third part of the article 1 was amended by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from December 12, 2011, № LRUZ-306- The bulletin of the chambers of the Oliy Majlis, 2011, № 12/1, art.344) Article 2. Electoral rights of citizens The citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan at the age of 18 shall have the right to participate in the election of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Electoral Code of the Republic of Armenia
    Legislation: National Assemly of RA http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=2020&lang=eng ELECTORAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA 05.02.1999 Non official translation PART ONE SECTION ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS SECTION TWO ELECTORAL COMMISSIONS SECTION THREE VOTING SUMMARIZATION OF THE VOTING RESULTS PART TWO SECTION FOUR ELECTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC CHAPTER THIRTEEN GENERAL PROVISIONS SECTION FIVE ELECTIONS TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SECTION SIX ELECTIONS TO THE LOCAL SELF-GOVERNING BODIES PART ONE SECTION ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS CHAPTER ONE FUNDAMENTAL PROVISIONS Article 1: Electoral Bases 1. In accordance with Article 3 of the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, elections of the President, elections to the National Assembly, elections of the local self-governing bodies of the Republic of Armenia are held through universal, equal, direct suffrage, by secret ballot. 2. Citizens of the Republic of Armenia having the right to vote participate in elections directly, by the expression of free will, on voluntary basis. 3. The state encourages that the elections of the President of the Republic, elections to National Assembly, local self-governing bodies are held under competitive and alternative principles. 4. The state holds responsibility for the preparation, organization and conduct of elections, and for the legality of elections. Article 2: Citizens' Electoral Right 1. The citizens of the Republic of Armenia who have attained the age of 18 years have the right to vote. 2. During the preparation and conduct of the elections, the citizens of the Republic of Armenia who live or are living outside Armenia, have the electoral right.
    [Show full text]
  • VI Europe–Russia Economic Forum
    VI Europe–Russia Economic Forum Sejm of the Republic of Poland Warsaw, Poland ST OF MAY – ST OF JUNE Under the High Patronage of Grzegorz Schetyna, Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland Organizer Publisher Foundation Institute for Eastern Studies ul. Solec 85 00–382 Warsaw Tel.: + 48 22 583 11 00 Fax: + 48 22 583 11 50 e–mail: [email protected] www.forum–ekonomiczne.pl Layout BikerStudio www.biker.wns.pl Print Flexergis Sp. z o.o. (Drukarnia BAAD) Warsaw 2011 Contents Programme . 5 Speakers. 19 List of Participants . 55 Programme Programme 6 Programme Programme 7 May 31, 2011 Registration of participants 11:30–12:15 Presentation of the Economic Forum “Russia 2010. Report on Transformation”. Political and Economic 12:15–13:30 Situation in Russia in 2010 Break 13:30–13:45 Partnership for Modernization 13:45–15:15 Lunch 15:15–16:15 Russia in 21st Century. Expectations and Projects 16:15–17:45 Coffee break 17:45–18:00 European Union and Russia: Common Values 18:00–19:30 Reception 20:00 www.economic–forum.pl www.economic–forum.pl 6 Programme Programme 7 June 1, 2011 Energy Industry. Russian Resources and European Security 09:00–10:30 NATO–EU–Russia Relations after the Lisbon Summit 09:00–10:30 Coffee break 10:30–10:45 Europe and Russia in the Global Economy: Opportunities and Threats 10:45–12:15 EU and Russia – Foreign Policy Directions 10:45–12:15 Coffee break 12:15–12:30 EU–Russia. New Perspectives for Partnership and Cooperation 12:30–14:00 Regional Cooperation.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall 2019 Final DFID
    Governance Initiative Review Paper J-PAL Governance Initiative October 2019 This paper was primarily written by Benjamin A. Olken and Rohini Pande, with assistance from Adil Ababou, Alison Fahey, Yuen Ho, Gabriel Tourek, and Eliza Keller. We gratefully acknowledge funding support from DFID, the Hewlett Foundation, and an anonymous donor. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of DFID, the Hewlett Foundation, or any other third party. Governance Initiative Review Paper Contents 1. What do we mean by governance? ............................................................................................ 5 2. Participation in the political and policy process ........................................................................ 7 2.1. Impacts of participation ......................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1. Impact on policy outcomes................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1.1. Participation as voters .................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1.2. Participation as leaders ................................................................................................................ 9 2.1.1.3. Participation as community monitors ...........................................................................................11 2.1.1.4. Participation through decentralization .........................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter E-3.3 ELECTION ACT Election
    Chapter E-3.3 ELECTION ACT Election regulations © Chief Electoral Officer of Québec, 2015 Legal Deposit – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2015 Library and Archives of Canada ISBN 978-2-550-73074-3 (PDF version) Chapter E-3.3 ELECTION ACT Election regulations LE DIRECTEUR GÉNÉRAL DES ÉLECTIONS DU QUÉBEC FOREWORD This edition contains the Election Act and the Election Regulations. Where it is intended to interpret or to enforce the Act or Regulations, the official wording published by the Éditeur officiel du Québec should be used. Me Lucie Fiset Chief Electoral Officer President of the “Commission de la représentation électorale” Updated May 1st , 2015 SUMMARY page Election Act.................................................................................................. 1 Election Regulations .................................................................................... 199 Election Calendar ......................................................................................... 277 ELECTION ACT INFORMATION PERTAINING TO THE ELECTION ACT The Election Act (1989, c. 1), approved March 22, 1989 and effective April 24, 1989, except subparagraph 4 of the first paragraph of section 1 which came into force on April 15, 1990, has been modified by the following acts: 1990, c. 4 2001, c. 2 2011, c. 21 1991, c. 48 2001, c. 13 2011, c. 27 1991, c. 73 2001, c, 26 2011, c. 38 1992, c. 38 2001, c. 45 2012, c. 26 1992, c. 21 2001, c. 72 2013, c. 5 1992, c. 61 2002, c. 6 2013, c. 13 1994, c. 18 2002, c. 10 2013, c. 16 1994, c. 23 2004, c. 36 2015, c. 6 1995, c. 23 2005, c. 7 1996, c. 2 2006, c. 17 1997, c. 8 2006, c. 22 1998, c. 52 2007, c.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Law on Elections of Deputies to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation
    Federal Law On Elections of Deputies to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation Adopted by State Duma February 14, 2014 Approved by Council of the Federation February 19, 2014 Amended: Federal law of 24.11.2014 Nо 355-FZ, 13.07.2015 Nо 231-FZ, 14.07.2015 Nо 272-FZ, 05.10.2015 Nо 287-FZ, 15.02.2016 Nо 29-FZ, 09.03.2016 No 66-FZ, 05.04.2016 No 92-FZ Table of Contents CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS .......................................................................................................... 4 Article 1. Basic Principles of Conducting Elections of Deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly.......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Article 2. Legislation on Elections of Deputies ................................................................................................. 5 Article 3. Electoral System........................................................................................................................................ 5 Article 4. Electoral Rights of Citizens ................................................................................................................... 5 Article 5. Announcement of Elections of Deputies ......................................................................................... 7 Article 6. Right to Nominate Candidates ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Bill Election
    FIRST SESSION THIRTY-SEVENTH LEGISLATURE Draft Bill Election Act Tabled by Mr. Jacques P. Dupuis Minister for the Reform of Democratic Institutions Québec Official Publisher 2004 1 EXPLANATORY NOTES This draft bill proposes to replace the current Election Act with a new one featuring more logically organized titles and chapters. The purpose of the draft bill is to regulate the organization and holding of free and democratic elections in accordance with the right of every person to vote and to run as a candidate. The main objectives of the draft bill are to encourage all electors to vote, ensure effective representation for all electors, taking into account that all votes are of equal weight, ensure equal opportunity for all candidates and parties during an election, particularly through equitable financing and efficient control of election spending, and encourage fair representation of women and ethnocultural minorities in the National Assembly that mirrors their demographic representation in Québec society. To that end, the draft bill proposes measures designed to facilitate the voting process, including – extending the revision period for the list of electors, setting up mobile boards of revisors and allowing revision requests to be filed by mail, fax or electronic means; – allowing voting in any of the offices set up by the returning officer in an electoral division over the entire electoral period; – allowing persons domiciled in Québec to vote by correspondence in the same manner as electors outside Québec; voting by correspondence will thus be possible for hospitalized persons, inmates, workers and students, among others; and – extending advance polling hours and allowing advance polling in private residences for the elderly.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Poland
    Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights REPUBLIC OF POLAND PRE-TERM PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 21 October 2007 OSCE/ODIHR Election Assessment Mission Final Report Warsaw 20 March 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................................... 1 II. INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................. 2 III. BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................... 2 IV. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................ 3 A. OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................3 B. ELECTORAL SYSTEM ................................................................................................................4 C. SUFFRAGE AND CANDIDACY ELIGIBILITY ...............................................................................5 D. COMPLAINTS AND APPEALS......................................................................................................6 E. OBSERVERS ...............................................................................................................................7 V. ELECTION ADMINISTRATION............................................................................................. 7 A. OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Dissolution of the Parliament According to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland
    Katarzyna Dunaj University of Humanities and Sciences in Siedlce, Poland DISSOLUTION OF THE PARLIAMENT ACCORDING TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND Abstract Dissolution of the parliament is a characteristic feature of parliamentary system of government. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland has adopted a rationalized parliamentary system of government, inter alia the constructive vote of no confidence, modeled on the German Basic Law. For this reason the president can dissolve the House of Representatives ( Sejm ) only in two situations: in the event that a vote of confidence has not been granted to the Council of Ministers pursuant to Article 155 Paragraph 1 or if, after 4 months from the day of submission of a draft Budget to the Sejm, it has not been adopted or presented to the president for signature (Article 225). Furthermore the Sejm may shorten its term of office by a resolution passed by a majority of at least two-thirds of the votes of the statutory number of Deputies (Article 98, Paragraph 3). Key words: dissolution of the parliament, Constitution of the Republic of Poland, president . Dissolution of parliament is an inherent feature of the parliamentary system of government. In the event of a cabinet crisis (a vote of no-confidence passed by the parliament towards the government) a normal means of its removal is dissolution of the parliament and selecting by means of elections a new government majority. Therefore, this institution is common in the constitutions of European states i. However, it is not known by the United States Constitution of 1787, which adopted a presidential system of government, characterized by, among others the lack of the equivalent of the Council of Ministers.
    [Show full text]
  • Poland's Constitution of 1997
    PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:44 constituteproject.org Poland's Constitution of 1997 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:44 Table of contents Preamble . 3 Chapter I: The Republic . 3 Chapter II: The Freedoms, Rights, and Obligations of Citizens . 7 Chapter III: Sources of Law . 17 Chapter IV: The Sejm and The Senate . 19 Chapter V: The President of the Republic of Poland . 26 Chapter VI: The Council of Ministers and Government Administration . 32 Chapter VII: Local Government . 36 Chapter VIII: Courts and Tribunals . 38 Chapter IX: Organs of State Control and For Defence of Rights . 44 Chapter X: Public Finances . 47 Chapter XI: Extraordinary Measures . 49 Chapter XII: Amending the Constitution . 51 Chapter XIII: Final and Transitional Provisions . 52 Poland 1997 Page 2 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:44 • Motives for writing constitution • Preamble Preamble Having regard for the existence and future of our Homeland, Which recovered, in 1989, the possibility of a sovereign and democratic determination of its fate, We, the Polish Nation -all citizens of the Republic, • God or other deities Both those who believe in God as the source of truth, justice, good and beauty, As well as those not sharing such faith but respecting those universal values as arising from other sources, Equal in rights and obligations towards the common good
    [Show full text]