DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter Four Review of Related Literature

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter Four Review of Related Literature CHAPTER FOUR REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Brief historical sketch 4.3 General studies on the fisherfolk 4.4 Sociology of Education : Perspectives on the study 4.5 Influence of home and related variables 4.6 Influence of School, Teachers etc. 4.7 Merit, Equality and Opportunity 4.8 Economy, PoHtics and Education 4.9 Education and Inequality 4.10 Education and the Political System 4.11 Education and Social Change 4.12 Education and Economic Development 4.13 Disadvantaged Communities and Educational attainment 4.14 Conclusion References CHAPTER FOUR REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 4.1 Introduction In studying the educational backwardness of the marine fishworkers of Kerala, relevant literature was identified in the following areas. From a general perspective, history of the fisherfolk of Kerala and general studies on the fisherfolk are looked into. Sociology of education, with particular reference to home and related variables, School, teachers and other related variables, and Merit, Equality and Opportunity debate is the second major part of the review. Economy, politics and education is another major area of interest wherein specific issues such as education and inequality, education and the political system, education and economic development, and education and social change are discussed. Studies on the educational standards and problems of various dis- advantanged communities especially of the Fishworkers is of most relevance and has been referred to. The one problem any researcher in this area is bound to face is the paucity of literature particularly on the history and the educational problems of the marine fishworkers. Hence, the review necessarily will not be a total coverage of all related literature. A spurt of interest in the fisheries sector has generated a lot of studies in the techno-economics of fisheries. Review of it appears in the introductory part of the study and hence is not repeated in this section. 4.2 Brief Historical Sketch A sense of history is essential for any community . Lack of it leads to the drying up of its roots " To live without history is to be a waif, or to use the roots of others. It is to renounce the possibility of being oneself a root for those who come after— for somewhere beneath the ashes of the past there are embers instinct with the light of resurrection."' The community under study, the fisherfolk, has very little sense of their own history. Consequently they have not been able to acquire a unity which other communities have been able to muster. There is not any serious history written of them. One attempt at writing their history has been N.K.Jose's "Children of the Sea", part of which has been published. What is presented here is primarily based on this author and hence does not have any claims of bemg a total picture.'^ Generally the fisherfolk are called Dheevaras but the term does not include all fisherfolk. There are mukkuvars, Arayas, Valars, Marakkans, Mukayar, Nulayars etc. Today, the Hindu categories of fisherfolk have come under the general name Dheevaras. The Christian and Muslim fisherfolk are not included in the Dheevara category. The Christian categories of fisherfolk probably have only a history of 3-4 centuries, though some Christian authors would claim the tradition to 13th century/' Similariy , Islam has claim to a tradition of nine centuries and Hinduism about 8th,9th century Prior to the influence of these major religions it is Hkely that the fisherfolk had their own gods and ways of worship They probably worshipped their own predecessors and exhibited tribal characteristics. 56 Fishing as a profession probably originated right at the beginning of human civilisational history, prior to the evolution of agriculture. Among the primitive people of Kerala, where history can be traced to B.C. 3-4, Kerala must have had categories who took to fishing. It must be from them that the fisherfolk as a category emerged. The historians also claim that the fisherfolk fi-om Tamilnadu and Kerala have been a common people and that a good chunk of them have come from the Sind culture and that there have been a mixture of original fisherfolk of Kerala and the Dravidas fi-om Sind region. The fisherfolk who came fi-om the Sind civilization were never slaves like the hill inhabitants. Pulayas, Kuravas, Parayas have been slaves, but Mukkuvas, Arayas or Parathavas have not been slaves. The bondage that has been forced on the hill inhabitants by the Aryan Brahmins based on religious beliefs and legends, have not been felt on the coast. Hence, the coastal fisherfolk have always been a fi^ee people. Even as late as 1869 fisherfolk are not included among the lower castes. In 1847 when the European, missionaries appealed to the Travancore Govt to prohibit slavery none of the fisherfolk are mentioned. In the letter of Devan peshkar to Travancore, Devan Sir Madhava Rao, there is mention of lowest castes, but fisherfolk are not included. So too in the memo of 16 April, 1872 fi-om the British Resident to the Devan. But the Malabar Manual of 1887 refers to the 24 ft. distance untouchability of Mukkuvas."* Kerala is known for its age-old contact with merchants and their contact has always been through the coast. Hence it is but impossible that the fisherfolk had the initial contact with foreign merchants. There was a time in history where fishing was more profitable than the other occupations That surely was the golden period of the fisherfolk. Some of the fisherfolk would have been 57 merchants and the mediators for the foreign merchants. This was a time when the fisherfolk were happy about their situation, occupied as they were with fishing business and salt making. Fishing was a technically superior occupation and a prestigious one. Though the Aryans would have ostracized the fisherfolk as well as those who crossed the sea, this did not at all affect the fisherfolk. As merchants in bargaining with both the foreigners and the hill inhabitants the fisherfolk would have achieved a remarkable degree of skill and expertise. N.K. Jose remarks that if the Roman Empire had got so apprehensive of endangering their economy and in buying up pepper at exorbitant rates, those merchants who bargained with them would have been none other than the fisherfolk. They would also have learned foreign languages suflficiently to communicate with the foreigners. Both Islam and Christianity entered Kerala coasts primarily through business interests. The Arabian merchants slowly settled down here. They married local women and a mixed population emerged. They established themselves on the Malabar coast. Between 12th and 16th centuries the Muslim community was at its glorious period. With the arrival of Vasco Da Gama in 1498 the Muslims lost their predominance in business and many of them left the coast. Theoe who remained took to fishing The Christian invasion on the other hand, particularly, with the conversion efforts of the Jesuit Francis Xavier and their educational efforts, the Christian Fishermen community was on a rich course. The Hindu counterparts again probably vvdth the Aryan invasion brought in also the varna system and its accompanying burdens. But the picture that emerges in the eariy history up to 13-14th century is one of a community 58 culturally superior, economically self sufficient and exposed to the international intrusions. Their occupation was considered noble. Kunjali Marakar built up his naval force on the fisherfolk strength. In Travancore, Marthanda Varma relied on the fisherfolk to replenish his army to fight the Dutch. Thus in brief, the fisherfolk had a flourishing period. But since then, there has been a sharp decline, the forces of which have not been sufficiently inquired into. Already with the insistence of Namboothiries no other lower castes were allowed to be educated.^ The educational efforts of Christian missionaries on the coast slowed down or even died. The fisherfolk slowly and steadily declined in their education, cultural levels and life styles. As the inland progressed the fisherfolk remained in the sea, and paradoxically the very progress of the inland and hill land made the fisherfolk vulnerable to exploitation. Once the Kings of the sea and the land now they are fast becoming the slaves of modem techno-scientific growth. Today, fishing is more and more considered a low job and the fisherfolk are clamouring for inclusion in the lower castes. Historically there is a gap wherein this process of deterioration and decline has to be explained. What is of relevance to us is that fisherfolk once a socially economically powerful group has become a depressed group , exploited and backward. 4.2.1 The Dheevara Community Dheevara, literally, means clever fisherman. The early inhabitants of the river valley of the Nils and the Dravidian aborigines were considered to be the precursors of the Dheevaras of Kerala. They were good navigators and 59 soldiers, who secured the fidelity of the native rulers and paid respect to them. They lived together in separate class or gotras, controlled and disciplined by able chieftains and their economy mainly depended on occupational income.^ Today, the Dheevaras consist of a variety of fisherfolk like Arayas, Mukkuvas, Nulayas, Mugeyas, Paravas, Valars and Marakkan, These categories with varying skills and tradition have come together under the banner of Dheevara Sabha. Some of the precursors of the Sabha were the foUowing- 'Samastha Kerala Araya Mahajan Yogam' (1919), which was established during a convention of the Dheevaras of Travancore, Cochin and Malabar. 'Araya Agitation League' was founded in 1929. The All Travancore Hindu Backwoard Communities Federation of 1946 in which the Travancore arayas actively participated was another step in the history. In 1924, Sri.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of Selected Works from Contemporary Malayalam Dalit Poetry Pambirikunnu, V
    NavaJyoti, International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research Volume 1, Issue 1, August 2016 Resisting Discriminations: An Analysis of Selected works from Contemporary Malayalam Dalit Poetry Reshma K 1 Assistant Professor, Dept. of English, St. Aloysius College, Elthuruth, India ABSTRACT Dalit Sahitya has a voice of anguish and anger. It protests against social injustice, inequality, cruelty and economic exploitation based on caste and class. The primary motive of Dalit literature, especially poetry, is the liberation of Dalits. This paper focuses on contemporary Dalit poets in Malayalam, Raghavan Atholi, S. Joseph and G. Sashi Madhuraveli, who use their poetry to resist, in a variety of ways their continuing marginalization and discrimination. The poems are a bitter comment on predicament of the Dalits who still live in poverty, hunger, the problems of their colour, race, social status and their names. Keywords: Dalit poetry, resistance, contemporary Malayalam poetry, contemporary Dalit literature Dalit is described as members of scheduled castes and tribes, neo-Buddhists, the working people, landless and poor peasants, women and all those who are exploited politically, economically and in the name of religion (Omvedt 72). B. R. Ambedkar was one of the first leaders who strived for these counter hegemonic groups. He was the first Dalit to obtain a college education in India. All his struggles helped Dalits to come forward. He raised his voice to eradicate untouchability, caste discrimination, non-class type oppressions and women oppressions. All these ‘Ambedkarite’ thoughts formed a hope for the oppressed classes. These counter hegemonic groups resist through literature. Sentiments, hankers and the struggles of the suppressed is portrayed in Dalit literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Kayal Sammelanam, a Meeting Organized by the Pulayas of the State in the Backwaters of Cochin Was First Kind of Such a Meeting Organized in the Water Instead of Land
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 22, Issue 10, Ver. VII (October. 2017) PP 28-36 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Subaltern Mobilization and Resistance: A Historical Exploration of Pulayas, the Untouchablesof erstwhile Cochin Vinayan M C Research Scholar Department of History Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit Kerala India Abstract: The paper titled as Subaltern Mobilization and Resistance: A Historical Exploration of Pulayas, the untouchables of erstwhile Cochin is a narrative discourse of history of Pulayas, the untouchables and their organized resistance against social exclusion.Mobilization also known as mass Mobilization or popular mobilization refers to mobilization of the civilian population. The process usually takes the form of large public gatherings such as mass meetings, Marches, parades, processions and demonstrations. Those gatherings usually are part of a protest action. The present study is an attempt to explore the historical importance of the social mobilization of subalterns; the Dalits of Cochin.It is an empirical study on the basis of both primary and secondary sources. Through a positivist approach, wide and the scientific arrangement of maximum available facts are incorporated with the study. Textual analysis is the major operation adopted to collect data. The present study is an analytical, interpretative and critical in nature and it is a narrative, descriptive account of dalit movements of Cochin an erstwhile princely state of Kerala. Keywords: Subaltern
    [Show full text]
  • Indian History Ancient Indian History : General Facts About Indian Rulers and Historical Periods
    Indian History Ancient Indian History : General Facts about Indian rulers and historical periods The Mauryan Empire (325 BC -183 BC) Chandragupta Maurya : In 305 BC Chandragupta defeated Seleucus Nikator, who surrendered a vast territory. Megasthenese was a Greek ambassador sent to the court of Chandragupta Maurya by Seleucus Bindusara: Bindusara extended the kingdom further and conquered the south as far as Mysore Asoka : (304– 232 BCE) Facts about Mauryas During Mauryan rule, though there was banking system in India. yet usury was customary and the rate of interest was 15’ /’ per annum on borrowing money. In less secure transactions (like sea Voyages etc) the rate of interest could be as high as 60 per annum. During Mauryan period, the punch marked coins (mostly of silver) were the common units of transactions. Megasthenes in his Indies had mentioned 7 castes in Mauryan society. They were philosophers, farmers, soldiers, herdsmen, artisans, magistrates and councilors. For latest updates : subscribe our Website - www.defenceguru.co.in The Age of the Guptas (320 AD-550 AD) Chandragupta I 320 - 335 AD Samudragupta 335-375 AD Ramagupta 375 - 380 AD Chandragupta Vikramaditya 380-413 AD Kumargupta Mahendraditya 415-455 AD Skandagupta 455-467 AD Later Guptas : Purugupia, Narasimhagupta, Baladitya. Kumargupta II, Buddhagupta, Bhanugupta, Harshagupta, Damodargupta, Mahasenagupta Literature : Authors and Book Bhasa -Svapanavasavdattam Shudrak -Mrichchakatika Amarkosh -Amarsimha Iswara Krishna -Sankhya Karika Vatsyana -Kama Sutra Vishnu (Gupta -Panchatantra Narayan Pandit -Hitopdesha For latest updates : subscribe our Website - www.defenceguru.co.in Bhattin -Ravan Vadha Bhaivi -Kiratarjunyam Dandin -Daskumarachanta Aryabhatta -Aryabhattyan Vishakha Datta -Mudura Rakshasa Indrabhuti -nanassiddhi Varahamihara -Panchasiddh antika, Brihad Samhita Kalidas : Kalidas wrote a number of such excellent dramas like Sakuntala, Malavikagnimitram, Vikrumorvasiyatn, epics like the Raghuvamsa, and lyric poetry like the Ritu-Samhara and the Meghaduta.
    [Show full text]
  • Entry Into Govt. Services
    SYLLABUS ADD ON COURSE ON ENTRY INTO GOVERNMENT SERVICES IN COLLOBORATION WITH CUSAT EMPLOYMENT BURAUE 1. Quantitative Aptitude Numbers Test of Divisibility H.C.F and L.C.M Simplification Ratio and Proportions Percentage Interest Time and Work Time and Distance Area Volume Calendar Clocks Trains Problems on Age. 2.Mental Ability and Test of Reasoning Calculation and Logic Coding and Decoding Classification Synonym Antonym Letter and Number Series Odd Man Out Analogy Common Sense Test Alphabetical Arrangement of Words Date and Calendar Sense of Direction 3.General Science Common Scientific Facts Important Scientific Phenomena Other basic facts in the field of Science. 4.Current Affairs Important World, National and Regional Events related to the Political and Scientific fields, Sports, Cinema and Literature. 5.Facts about India Geography of India Physical Features Climate Soils Rivers Famous Sites – Demography Economic and Social Development Poverty Alleviation Economy and Planning History of India Period from 1857 to 1947 National Movement. 6.Facts about Kerala Geographical Facts Physical Features Climate Soils Rivers Famous Sites – Renaissance of Kerala, Important Events / Movements / Leaders Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi, Chattampi Swami, Sree Narayana Guru, Vagbhatananda, Thycaud Ayya, Ayya Vaikundar, Poikayil Yohannan (Kumara Guru), Ayyankali, Pandit Karuppan, Mannathu Padmanabhan, V.T.Bhattathirippad, Dr. Palpu, Kumaranasan, Vakkom Moulavi, Blessed Kuriakose Elias Chavara. 7. Constitution of India and Civil Rights Basic Facts Features Citizenship Fundamental Rights and Duties Directive Principle Union Government Legislature State Executive Union Territories Apex Courts Comptroller and Auditor General Public Service Commissions and Other Important Offices Important Amendments. Rights Right to Education Human Rights Human Rights Commission Right to Information Information Commission Social Audit Lokayukta Ombudsman Women Empowerment Women’s Commission Legislation against Child Labour and Atrocities against women and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Spaces and the Public Sphere
    Social Spaces and the Public Sphere: A spatial-history of modernity in Kerala, India Harikrishnan Sasikumar B.Sc., M.A A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Law and Government, Dublin City University Supervisor: Dr Kenneth McDonagh January 2020 I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy is entirely my own work, that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed: (Candidate) ID No.: 15212205 Date: Dedicated to my late grandmother P.V. Malathy who taught me so much about Kerala’s culture; late uncle Prof. T. P. Sreedharan who taught me about its politics; and late Dr Vineet Kohli who taught me the importance of questioning Your absence is forever felt. Acknowledgements When I decided to pursue my PhD in 2015, I was told to expect a tedious and lonely journey. But the fact that I feel like the last five years passed quickly is also testimony that the journey was anything but lonely; and for this, I have a number of people to thank. My utmost gratitude firstly to my supervisor Dr Kenneth McDonagh for his patient and continued guidance and support, and for reminding me to “come back” to my question every time I wandered too far.
    [Show full text]
  • Kochi Metro Which Is Being Formulated by DMRC Also Should Be Taken Up
    CITY MOBILITY PLAN - KOCHI 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL Kochi, the largest agglomeration in the state of Kerala is the nerve centre of all commercial activities in Kerala. One of the major ports in the country Kochi is blessed with connection with other parts of the country through all modes of transport like road, rail, air and water. NH 17, NH 47, and NH 49 pass through Kochi. Kochi port is located on strategic International route. Broad gauge railway lines link up Kochi to all major cities of the country. Kochi has got one of the three international airports in the state. In addition to all these the regional road linkages are supplemented by an extensive network of navigation routes through the lagoon system, serving the movement of passenger and cargo. Insufficient carrying capacity of the intra-urban and sub urban routes, unhindered development of vast areas as urban extensions due to urbanization, unscientific planning in urban infrastructure development , absence of proper linkage of various forms of transportation etc. have resulted in an inadequate mobility system in the city and suburbs. As part of the comprehensive development of the city an efficient mobility plan has to be formulated. 1.2 STUDY AREA It was only in the beginning of the 19th century that Kochi , which was situated with in the narrow strip of land sandwiched between backwaters and sea outgrew to Ernakulam in the eastern side of the back waters. The narrow streets of Fort Kochi and Mattancherry were not sufficient to take up the travel demand even at that time.
    [Show full text]
  • Dalit Social Situation and Lincoln of Kerala: a Page from the Subaltern History of Erstwhile Cochin
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 10||October. 2017 || PP.09-14 Dalit social situation and Lincoln of Kerala: A page from the Subaltern History of erstwhile Cochin Vinayan M C Research scholar Department of History Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit Kerala India Corresponding Author: Vinayan M C ABSTRACT: The paper entitled Dalit social situation and Lincoln of Kerala: A page from the Subaltern History of erstwhile Cochin is an attempt to analyse the history of Dalit social movements in Cochin, one among the provincial state of Kerala and with special reference to Pandit K P Karuppan, a real social reformer, poet and philosopher known as The Lincoln of Kerala. The present study is an attempt to explore the historical importance of the social mobilization of subalterns, the Dalits of Cochin. It is an empirical study on the basis of both primary and secondary sources. Through a positivist approach, wide and the scientific arrangement of maximum available facts are incorporated with the study. Textual analysis and field study are the major operations adopted to collect data. The present study is an analytical, interpretative and critical in nature and it is a narrative, descriptive account of dalit movements of Cochin an erstwhile princely state of Kerala. KEYWORDS: Dalit, Subaltern History, Depressed Classes, Untouchability, Pulayas, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Date of Submission: 07-10-2017 Date of acceptance: 18-10-2017 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- I. INTRODUCTION The arrival of Aryans into South India changed the social life and tribal culture of Thamizhakam which is including modern Kerala.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Modern Kerala
    HISTORY OF MODERN KERALA QUESTION BANK HISTORY OF MODERN KERALA BA HISTORY – CORE COURSE VI Semester CUCBCSS 2017 Admission onwards SCHOOLOF DISTANCE EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT Prepared by: Dr. Sreevidhya Vattarambath Assistant Professor Department of History K K T M Govt. College, Pullut. 1. Captain Keeling reached Calicut in the year a. 1615 b. 1614 c.1812 ed. 1712 2. The British attained a sandy plot of land at Attingal from a. Dutch b French c. Rani of Attingal d. Portuguese 3. The most serious and widest revolt against the British in South India was a. Attingal Outbreak b. Revolt of Padinjare Kovilakam Rajas c. Kurichia Revolt d. Pazhassi Revolt 4. The author of the novel Kerala Simham is a.K. M Panikkar b. P K K Menon c. T.P.Sankaran kutty Nair d.William Logan 5. The leader of Kurichia revolt was a. Thalakkal Chandu b. Kunnavath Sankaran Nambiar c.Raman Naby d.Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja 6. The year in which Veluthamby had done his famous Kundara Proclamation a. 1808 b. 1807 c. 1810 d.1809 7. The Dewan of Travacor e who made Pathiramanal of Vembanattukayal as suitable for human life. a. Col. Muroe b.Macaulay c. P Rajagopalachari d. Veluthamby Dalawa 8.The fundamental caused for the agrarian problems in the 19th century in Malabar was a. Economic reforms introduced by the British in Malabar b.Agrarian reforms of the British Government c. Exploitation of the Jenmies d. Religious fanaticism of the Mappilas 9.According to------------- the first revolt of the Mappilas of Malabar took place at Pantallur in 1836.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Work in Princely Travancore
    Rural South Asian Studies Journal, Vol. II, No. 2, 2016 THE TRUTH ABOUT FISHING: IL (LEGALITY) OF WORK IN PRINCELY TRAVANCORE Levin N. R. Assistant Professor Department of History, Maitreyi College, Delhi, India Abstract: As a livelihood activity, fishing and the related activities of the subsistent economy was of least interest to the policy makers of both British and Princely Travancore. But over the years, under colonial supervisors, Travancore state went on to modernize, reform and change its society and economy. Social reformers took the responsibility of changing social morals and values. Whereas, economic reforms were largely under the purview of state officials. The state encountered a problem with fishing community, as their activities were deemed as non - productive, and therefore valueless labour. Valueless labour has to be value added the colonial officials insisted. Therefore fishing and related practices became on the verge of becoming illegal, because the community was neither a worker nor a peasant that contributed to the state revenue. My paper will look into the ambiguities of respectable and legal aspects of the definition of work in these policy debates. Keywords: British, Fishermen, Legal, Princely, Travancore Travancore Princely state situated in the south western peninsular India was one of the rich states of British Princely India. Under the resident system of rule, and with a choice of Dewans recognized by the colonial administrators, these Princely states had semi-autonomous status of rule that allowed them to develop unique styles of modernity and regional identity. In a recent work of importance on Princely rule in India namely Mysore, Janaki Nair recounts, ‘how the 21 Rural South Asian Studies Journal, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Samathwa Samajam”: Ayya Vaikundar 2. the Founder
    1. The founder of ‘Samathwa Samajam”: Ayya Vaikundar 2. The founder of ‘Travancore Ezhava Sabha’: Dr.Palpu 3. Sree Narayana Guru visited the Satyagrahis at Vaikkom in: 1924 4. The Maharaja of Travancore who invited Thycaud Ayya to his palace and became his disciple? Swati Tirunal 5. One of the leaders of Kerala renaissanmce who served as the manager of Residency in Thiruvananthapuram? Thycaud Ayya 6. Panmana Ashramam is related to: Chattampi Swamikal 7. Prabodha Chandrodayam Sabha patronised by Pandit Karuppan had its seat at: North Paravur 8. Sahodaran Ayyappan launched ‘Mishrabhojanam’ programme at Cherayi in: 1917 9. Sivagiri Theerthadanam, was conceived by Vallabhasseri Govindan Vaidyar and _____- T K Kittan Writer 10. Who was instrumental in the establishment of “Muslim Aikya Sangham”, a united Muslim forum for all the Muslims of the Travancore, Cochin and Malabar regions? Vakkom Maulavi 11. Who was also known as ‘Kumara Gurudevan’? Poikayil Yohannan 12. Who was also known by the name ‘Sree Bhatarakan’? Chattampi Swamikal 13. Who was born in 1814 in Nakalapuram? Thycaud Ayya 14. Who was called the ‘Lincoln of Kerala’? Pandit Karuppan 15. Sree Narayana Dharma Sangham was registed in: 1928 16. Sree Narayana Guru made his first visit to Sri Lanka in: 1918 17. The founder of All Travancore Muslim Mahajanasabha : Vakkom Moulavi 18. Kumaranasan passed away in: 1924 19. Kumaranasan was born in the year: 1873 20. Kummampalli Raman pillai Asan was the teacher of: Sree Narayana Guru 21. Name the organisation jointly launched by Mannath Padmanabhan and R.Sankar: Hindu Maha Mandalam 22. Name the social reformer who had contacts with Sree Narayana Guru and Brahmananda Sivayogi: Vagbhatananda 23.
    [Show full text]
  • Complementary Course- Evolution of Literary Movements: the Cross Currents of Change B a English- Fourth Semester
    Complementary Course- Evolution of Literary Movements: The Cross Currents of Change B A English- Fourth Semester 1. Who wrote The Spirit of Laws? a) Will Durant b) Diderot c) Montesquieu d) Voltaire 2. Which century is known as the Age of Johnson? a) Twentieth Century b) Seventeenth Century c) Nineteenth Century d) Eighteenth Century 3. Whose work set the tone of subsequent great works of history written by such luminaries as Voltaire and Gibbon? a) David Hume b) Montesquieu c) Diderot d) Rousseau 4. Which work opens with the words “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”? a) Kant’s “What is Enlightenment” b) Voltaire’s Candide c) Rousseau’s The Social Contract d) Coleridge’s Biographia Literaria 5. What marked the beginning of the women’s crusade for rights in America? a) The London Convention b) Seneca Falls Convention c) The publication of Woman in the Nineteenth Century by Margret Fuller d) American Equal Rights Association Convention 6. The introduction of a subversive language to question deep rooted assumptions in the second wave of feminism was the contribution of a) Simone de Beuvoir b) Teril Moi c) Mary Daly d) Elaine Showalter 7. Gynocriticism in Showalter’s words, is concerned with a) Woman as writer b) Woman as reader c) Woman as feminist d) Woman as sufferer 8. Dalit Sahitya Movement had its origins in a) Karnataka b) Tamilnadu c) Maharashtra d) Uttar Pradesh 9. Where was the term “Third World Literature” coined? a) Africa b) France c) Australia d) Canada 10. A milestone in the upliftment of the literatures of the Third World was the publication of a) Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children b) Achebe’s Things Fall Apart c) Raja Rao’s Kanthapura d) Edward Said’s Orientalism 11.
    [Show full text]
  • 1, 3 and 4 (D) All of the Above
    1. Consider the following statements with reference to the functions of The Kerala State Commission for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Act, 2007 1. To enquire about the complaints regarding the violation of the rights, rules and protective measures for Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes guaranteed in the constitution and to bring the matter before the concerned higher authority. 2. To participate in the planning process of economic and social development activities for Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes and to give advice and to review the development progress of these categories. 3. To give reports/recommendations regarding the measures to be taken by State Government for the effective implementation of the law and protective measures, welfare economics and social developmental activities annually or wherever the commission considers it necessary to give the same. 4. To perform any other duties for the protection, welfare and development of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) All of the above Correct Choice: (d) Solution: Option d is the right answer, All statements are correct Additional information The Kerala State Commission for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Act, 2007 Main Functions (a) To enquire about the complaints regarding the violation of the rights, rules and protective measures for Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes guaranteed in the constitution and to bring the matter before the concerned higher authority. (b) To participate in the planning process of economic and social development activities for Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes and to give advice and to review the development progress of these categories.
    [Show full text]