Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84796-4 - The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Tool Makers to Most Recent Foragers Lawrence Barham and Peter Mitchell Index More information INDEX !Kung, 463 African archaeological record, richness !nara melon seeds, 318 of, 3–5 *Baakaa language, 325, 326 African archaeology //Gana, removal from Central Kalahari Africa’s Three Age system, 9–10 Game Reserve, 438–439 antiquarian phase, 7–8 /Xam people, 429 future frames of reference, 460–461 future methodologies, 455–456 AAR (amino-acid racemisation), 464 future research areas, 454–455, Abatwa, 420 456–460 accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS), 50 literature review, 5–15 Acheulean Industrial Complex, 465 post Second World War, 10–13 Acheulean, as Developed Oldowan, recent decades, 13–15 126–131 African societies, recognition of past, Acinonyx jubatus (cheetah), 40–44 7 AD, use in dating, 2 Afroasiatic languages, 352 adhesives, use in hafting, 219–220 afromontane forest, 44 Adrar Bous, 3 Agulhas Shelf, 31 –32 ceramics, 335, 341 Ahaggar, mountain, 35–37 Aduma industry, 244–246 A¨ın Hanech Afalou Mode 2 artefacts, 134–135 cemetery, 347–348 raw material selectivity, 116–118 ceramic figurines, 347–348 Air, mountain, 35–37 skeletal samples, 348 Aka people, 325, 326–434 Afian industry, 332 Akafula, 420 Africa Akira ware, 408 as humanity’s continent of origin, 2 Alcelaphus buselaphus (red hartebeest), biome distribution, 204–206 40–44 climate and ecology, 32–44 Algeria, Upper Capsian hunter-gatherers, climate fluctuations, 44–45 363 exit from, 292–294 amino-acid racemisation (AAR), 464 physical geography, 29–32 Ammotragus lervia (Barbary sheep), 244, re-entry to, 294–295 295–296, 337, 345–346 587 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84796-4 - The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Tool Makers to Most Recent Foragers Lawrence Barham and Peter Mitchell Index More information 588 Index AMS (accelerator mass spectrometer), 50 Baardale industry, 328–330 anatomical modernity, 211–214 Bab el-Mandab Antidorcas australis (southern springbok), as exit from Africa, 292–294 313 –314 rarely closed, 31 –32 Aqualithic, 334, 341–342, 351–352 baboons (Papio cynocephalus), 35 archaeological record Bailey, R., 19 limitations of. See also African Baka people, 325, 326–434, 473 archaeological record, richness of, Balfour, Henry, 8 109–110 Bambata ware, 422 archaeologists Bamkao, quartz microlithic industry, communication with local 364–365 communities, 447–449 Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), 244, treatment of human remains, 445–446 295–296, 337, 345–346 archaeology Batwa, 420 and ethnography. See also African Bayesian modelling, use in African archaeology, 451–454 archaeology, 50–51 archaic Homo sapiens, 211–214, Baza Basin, 135 216 BC, use in dating, 2 Ardipithecus kadabba, 70 behavioural modernity, emergence, Ardipithecus ramidus, 72 255–257, 270 argon-argon dating, 52 Besaka industry, 327–328 Arkin 2, 241 Bet´ eI,´ 236–237 arrow poison, Swartzia pods, 377 Big Dry artefact typology, use in dating, definition. See also MIS 4–2, 260–262 48–49 Bingerville, 346 Asokrochona, 136 biostratigraphy, use in dating, 54–55 Aterian industry, 241–243 bipedalism Atlas Mountains, 30 and manual dexterity, 74 Au//eisi, Kalahari debate, 431 evolution of, 70–72 aurochs (Bos primigenius), 35 bipolar flaking, 123–124 Australopithecus Bir Kiseiba dental morphology, 84–85 evidence of Sahara occupation, 335 hearing, 466 pottery, 341 species assigned to genus, 72–73 Bir Tarfawi, BT-14, Australopithecus afarensis butchery, 241 as habitual biped, 72 Bir-el-Ater, 468 fossil evidence of voice, 172–173 Birimi, 269, 366 tool making ability, 76–78 black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou), Australopithecus africanus, 72, 84–85 40–44 diet, 88 Bleek, Wilhelm, 21 Australopithecus anamensis, 72 blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas), 40–44 Australopithecus aramis. See Ardipithecus Blombos, 251–252, 270–271 ramidus Blue Nile, river, 30, 334 Australopithecus garhi, 72–73, 76–78 blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), use of tools for butchering carcasses, 40–44 95–96 boats, earliest, 336 autosomal DNA, 206–207 Bodo cranium, 215–216 axes. See handaxes; polished Bohor reedbuck (Redunca redunca), 37 stone axes bone apatite, radiocarbon dating Azawad Basin, first settlement, 363–364 problems, 284–285 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84796-4 - The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Tool Makers to Most Recent Foragers Lawrence Barham and Peter Mitchell Index More information Index 589 bone, dating of, 57–58 Bushman Rock Shelter bonobo (Pan paniscus) food resources, 318 –320 knapping, 75–76 jewellery, 271 locations, 40 Bushmen. See Botswanan Bushmen; Boomplaas Hukwe Bushmen backed artefacts, 280 Busidima Formation, early knapping, jewellery, 271 82 Border Cave Byneskranskop, 320 dating, 467 early microlithic industry, 280–282 Cabu, Francis, 10 Homo sapiens fossils, 254–255 Cambridge History of Africa, 5 jewellery, 271 Camelus thomasi, 313 –314 Mode 2/3 transition, 232 Cameroonian highlands, 30 bored stone digging stick weights, campsites, and language, 178–179 302 Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf), 38 Bos primigenius (aurochs), 35 cannibalism Bosumpra Cave, ceramics, 366 Klasies River caves. See also defleshing, Bosumtwi meteor impact crater, use in crania, 217–218, 249–250 dating, 48 Cape horse (Equus capensis), 313 –314 Botswanan Bushmen, 438–439 caprines Boucle du Baoule,´ rock art, 364–365 Aures` Mountains 6500 bp, 362–363 Bouri Enkapune ya Muto, 372 percussion tool use, 122–123 Capsian industry, 348–351 tools and butchered carcasses. See also capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.,), tool use, Herto Member, Bouri Formation, 61–62 95–96 Cartwright’s Farm, Kinangop Plateau, bp (before present), 2 228 Breuil, Henri, 8 Casablanca sequence, 134–135 Bronze Age, 3 catfish (Clarias), 296 Broom, Robert, 10 Cave of Hearths, 230–232, 271 bubaline engravings, 338–340 Cebus spp, (capuchin monkeys), tool use, Buia cranium, 166–168 61–62 bulrushes (Schoenoplectus spp,), 297 cemeteries, Maghreb, Bundu Farm, 229 Pleistocene/Holocene transition, Burg-Wartenstein conference 347–348 (1965), 14 central Africa burial practices Mode 3/Mode 5 transition, 287 Capsian groups, 351 Pleistocene/Holocene transition, Kalemba, 378–380 324–325 Mauritania, 363–364 recent foragers, 415–416 Thandwe, 378–380 central and western Africa burials MIS 5 record, 246 Border Cave, 254 Mode 2 technology, 135–137 Gogoshiis Qabe, 328–330 centripetal flaking, 112, 114–116 Iwo Eleru, 346 ceramics. See pottery/ceramics Mbi Shelter, 366–367 Chad, Lake, 30, 311 MIS 4–2, 279–280 Charama industry, 232 Burkitt, Miles, 8 cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), 40–44 bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), 37 Chencherere, 378–380 Bushman rock art, 388–392 Chesowanja, controlled use of fire, 142 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84796-4 - The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Tool Makers to Most Recent Foragers Lawrence Barham and Peter Mitchell Index More information 590 Index Childe, V. G., 3 rock art, 392–393 chimpanzees use of artefact typology, 48–49 locations, 40 use of stratigraphy. See also amino-acid socially learned tool use, 63–66 racemisation (AAR); cosmogenic tool-set use. See also nuclide dating; electron-spin human-chimpanzee divergence; Ta¨ı resonance (ESR); fission-track Forest chimpanzees, 62–63 dating; global marine isotope Clarias (catfish), 296 record, as chronological framework; Clark, Desmond, 5, 10 luminescence dating; Clark, Grahame, 16 obsidian-hydration dating; classification schemes, cores and flakes, palaeomagnetism; potassium-argon 118–120 dating; radiocarbon dating; cleavers, 124–126 Uranium-series dating, 48 climate change, and evolution, 198–200 De Hangen, 384 climate fluctuations Deacon, H. J., 320 2.5–1.7 mya late Pliocene to early Deacon, J., 320 Pleistocene, 146–147 debitage,´ 114 5.0–1.7 mya early Pliocene to early Deep Sea Drilling Project, site 55, 97–98 Pleistocene, 96–100 deep sea record, 45–47 Africa, 44–45 defleshing, crania, 215–216 and tool use, 96 dental morphology, and diet, 84–85, mid-Pleistocene, 161 93–95 common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia), Developed Oldowan A., 126–127 40–44 Developed Oldowan B., 127 Congo Basin, first human occupation, Developed Oldowan C., 127 236 Developed Oldowan, as Acheulean, Congo, river, 30 126–131 Connochaetes gnou (black wildebeest), Die Kelders, 268 40–44 Diepkloof, jewellery, 271 conservation of African heritage, diet 449–450 and dental morphology, 84–85, 93–95 continental shelf, 31 –32 and stone tool use, 83–84 Conus shells stable carbon isotope analysis, 88 Border Cave, 271–272 digging stick weights, 302 grave goods, 254 DIK-1–1, 156 , 172–173 core types, 114–116 Dinofelis, 133 cosmogenic nuclide dating, 53–54 discoidal cores, 114–116 Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyena), 40–44 Divuyu, 432 Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass), 296–297 Djebel Irhoud, 217 Cyrenaica, mixed farming, 362–363 Dmanisi, Georgia, as Homo erectus place of origin, 144–145 Dakhleh, collector strategy, 340–341 DNA, 206–207 Damaliscus dorcas (blesbok), 40–44 dom palm fruits (Hyphaene thebaica), 297 Dar es Soltan, 467 Dome C ice core, 47 dating domestication, 344–345, 395–398 continual improvements in, 58 Dorobo, 411, 412 glacial/interglacial sequence, 9–10 dotted wavy line decoration, 341, 368 linking African/European records, 2–3 Drimolen, 76–78, 92 of bone, 57–58 droughts, 32 overview, 48–49 Dufuna, earliest boat, 336 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org