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Transformation of Collective Memory in the Case of Ankara Atatürk Boulevard

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Transformation of Collective Memory in the Case of Ankara Atatürk Boulevard TRANSFORMATION OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY IN THE CASE OF ANKARA ATATÜRK BOULEVARD A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY EBRU UĞUZ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN URBAN DESIGN IN CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING DECEMBER 2008 Approval of the thesis: TRANSFORMATION OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY IN THE CASE OF ANKARA ATATÜRK BOULEVARD submitted by EBRU UĞUZ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Urban Design in City and Regional Planning Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen _____________________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Melih Ersoy _____________________ Head of Department, City and Regional Planning Assist. Prof. Dr. Anlı Ataöv _____________________ Supervisor, City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Baykan Günay _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Assist. Prof. Dr. Anlı Ataöv _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Ali Cengizkan _____________________ Architecture Dept., METU Inst. Sevin Osmay _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Date: ______04.12.2008______ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Ebru Uğuz Signature: iii ABSTRACT TRANSFORMATION OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY IN THE CASE OF ANKARA ATATÜRK BOULEVARD Uğuz, Ebru M.S. in Urban Design, Department of City and Regional Planning Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Anlı Ataöv December 2008, 181 pages In Turkey, one of the main problems of architecture and urban design seem to be the rapid transformation of physical environments, street experiences, and consequently the transformation of collective memory. One consequence of this basic problem can be the loss of the meaning of urban space. This calls for an historical examination of salient features of urban space that compose the collective memory. In this respect, this thesis aims to explore the changing physical characteristics of the boulevards through examining the transformation of collective memory. To provide empirical evidence for this, the thesis will study the transformation of collective memory of inhabitants from different age groups about the Atatürk Boulevard, by exploring the changing salient features of urban space and human experiences in space through a period of the last 60 years. Key Words: Collective Memory, Street Experience, Human Experience, Transfromation of Physical Envrionment iv ÖZ ANKARA-ATATÜRK BULVARI ÇALIŞMA ALANI ÖZELİNDE KOLLEKTİF BELLEĞİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ Uğuz, Ebru Yüksek Lisans, Kentsel Tasarım – Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Anlı Ataöv Aralık 2008, 181 sayfa Türkiye’de mimarlık ve kentsel tasarımın temel problemlerinden biri fiziksel çevrede, sokak deneyimlerinde meydana gelen hızlı değişim ve bunların beraberinde getirdiği kollektif bellek dönüşümüdür. Bu temel problemin bir nedeninin kentsel mekanın anlamını yitirmesinden kaynaklandığı söylenebilir. Bu beraberinde, kentsel mekanda kollektif belleği oluşturan belirgin özelliklerin tarihsel bir değerlendirmesini yapmayı gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu tez bulvarların fiziksel karakterindeki değişimi, kollektif belleğin dönüşümü üzerinden incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunun için deneysel bir kanıt oluşturmak adına, farklı yaş gruplarından kişilerin Atatürk Bulvarı özelinde kollektif belleklerindeki değişimler, kentsel mekanın ve insan deneyimlerinin belirgin özelliklerindeki değişimler gözönüne alınarak son 60 yılın değerlendirmesi yapılacaktır. Anahtar kelimeler: Kollektif Bellek, Sokak Deneyimi, İnsan Deneyimi, Fiziksel Çevrenin Dönüşümü v To my family ... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would not have been possible without the support, guidance and encouragement of my supervisor, Assist. Prof. Dr. Anlı Ataöv. I also introduce my special thanks to Inst. Bahar Gedikli under whose support and helpful ideas I shape this thesis topic and draw the framework. I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Cengizkan with whom I learn to reshape my ideas and how the methodology turn into practice. I also wish to express my thanks to jury members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Baykan Günay, Assist. Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas, and Inst. Sevin Osmay for their guidance, advices and encouragements. I dearly thank all of my friends which, from my childhood until graduate school, have joined me in the discovery of what is life about and how to make the best of it. However, because the list might be too long and by fear of leaving someone out, I will simply say: thank you very much to you all. Some of you are, anyway, quite lucky: thank you Ahmet Ünver, Çiğdem Ünal and Zeren Erik for being my very best friends. I cannot end without thanking my family, especially my mother, Nedret Uğuz. My special thanks going for her. She bore me, raised me and supported me in every part of my life. Furthermore, I owe to my sister, Elif Uğuz and my brother, Emre Uğuz. They help me to become the person who I am and clean my way on the life to protect me and make me the princess of our family. Lastly but most importantly, I would like to thank to my darling, İlhami Güngör who help me for all my studies and decisions and whenever I feel the darkness and gloomy of the life, he hold my hand and support me to find the light again and give the hope to continue. Thank you very much, I can not imagine a life without you. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... iv ÖZ................................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................xii CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1 1.1. Aim of the Study .............................................................................................1 1.2. Rational of the Study.......................................................................................5 1.3. Outline of the Study........................................................................................ 7 2. STREET EXPERIENCE AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY .................................10 2.1. Street Experience...........................................................................................11 2.1.1. Boulevard and City ..............................................................................13 2.1.2. Boulevard and Users’ Needs.................................................................15 2.1.2.1. Sense of Place ............................................................................ 16 2.1.2.2. Sense of Belonging .....................................................................18 2.1.3. Human Experience .............................................................................. 19 2.1.3.1. Perception and Cognition............................................................ 20 2.1.3.2. Emotional Responses.................................................................. 23 2.1.3.3. Behavioral Responses................................................................. 24 2.1.4. Communication ....................................................................................29 2.2. Collective Memory .......................................................................................30 2.2.1. Collective Memory and City ................................................................31 viii 2.2.2. Boulevard as the Place of Collective Memory.....................................33 2.2.3. Transformations on Physical Environment and Their Effects on Collective Memory ..............................................................................35 3. THE CASE: THE ATATÜRK BOULEVARD .....................................................39 3.1. The Historical Development..........................................................................39 3.2. The Boulevard as Part of the Urban Space System.......................................52 4. THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................................55 5. THE RESEARCH FINDINGS ..............................................................................60 5.1. ‘Atatürk Boulevard’ as the mirror of different collective memories changing through years ................................................................................................60 5.1.1. Important Places..................................................................................61 5.1.2. Meaning of Boulevard......................................................................136 5.1.3. Indvidual, Community
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