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5-31 IPAC Study on The INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREA CO-MANAGEMENT (IPAC) STUDY ON THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES RESOURCES OF THE SUNDARBANS (DRAFT) December 19, 2010 This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by International Resources Group for the IPAC project. INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREA CO-MANAGEMENT (IPAC) STUDY ON THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES RESOURCES OF THE SUNDARBANS (DRAFT) USAID Contract N° EPP-1-00-06-00007-00 Order No : EPP-I-01-06-00007-00 Submitted to : USAID/Bangladesh Prepared by: Professor Dr. Md. Saifuddin Shah Professor Dr. Khandaker Anisul Huq Professor Dr. S.M. Bazlur Rahaman Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline Khulna University Submitted for : International Resources Group (IRG) With subcontractors: WWF-USA, dTS, East-West Center Environmental Law Institute, Epler-Wood International World Fish Center, CIPD, CNRS, CODEC BELA, Asiatic M&C, Oasis Transformation Module Architects, IUB/JU International Resources Group 12 11 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20036 202-289-0100 Fax 202-289-7601 www.irgltd.com Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. 6 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 7 Abbreviation .............................................................................................................................. 8 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 10 1. Fisheries resources of the Sundarbans ................................................................................. 14 1.1 Extent and Distribution ............................................................................................................... 14 1.2 Water area ................................................................................................................................... 16 1.3 Production ................................................................................................................................... 18 1.4 Economic Importance ................................................................................................................. 19 1.5 Seasonality .................................................................................................................................. 32 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 33 2. Important biological and Ecological parameters ................................................................. 34 2.1 Biological Parameters ................................................................................................................. 34 Vegetation ..................................................................................................................................... 34 Fauna ............................................................................................................................................. 35 Microorganisms ............................................................................................................................ 37 2.2 Ecological parameters ................................................................................................................. 37 Soils............................................................................................................................................... 37 Climate .......................................................................................................................................... 38 Hydrology and salinity regimes .................................................................................................... 39 2.3 Significance of the parameters for biodiversity conservation ..................................................... 41 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 42 3. Current harvesting patterns in terms of fishing area, time, gears, user groups and beneficiaries ............................................................................................................................. 43 1 3.1 Fishing Area, Time and Gears .................................................................................................... 43 3.2 Fishing gear and catch composition ............................................................................................ 43 3.3 Main fishing areas ....................................................................................................................... 50 3.4 User group and Beneficiaries ...................................................................................................... 50 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 52 4. Trend regarding the productivity and use of Sundarbans fisheries resource ....................... 53 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 57 5. Importance and impact of current practices that are degrading or destroying the Sundarbans fisheries .................................................................................................................................... 58 5.1 Importance of Sundarbans fisheries resources ............................................................................ 58 Habitat of fishes ............................................................................................................................ 58 Breeding & nursery ground........................................................................................................... 58 Sources of nutrition ....................................................................................................................... 59 Aquaculture purpose ..................................................................................................................... 59 Protective purpose ......................................................................................................................... 59 5.2 Impact of current practices .......................................................................................................... 60 5.3 Denudation of mangrove forest due to shrimp farming .............................................................. 61 PL Collection ................................................................................................................................ 61 Zatka Fishing ................................................................................................................................ 61 Use of illegal and destructive nets (Behundi jal) .......................................................................... 62 Impact of using Gill nets ............................................................................................................... 62 Acidification of soil ...................................................................................................................... 62 Freshwater supply ......................................................................................................................... 62 Siltation and rising of riverbeds and forest floor .......................................................................... 63 Impact of Increased Trawling ....................................................................................................... 63 Fishing with poisons ..................................................................................................................... 63 Pollution in Coastal Water ............................................................................................................ 64 2 Estuarine Water Pollution ............................................................................................................. 64 Intensive Shrimp Monoculture & Coastal Aqua-culture .............................................................. 64 Shrinking tiger prawn population ................................................................................................. 65 Indiscriminate seed collection ....................................................................................................... 65 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 65 6. Potential use and fisheries management practices ............................................................... 66 6.1 Main components of Fisheries Management System (FMS) for Sundarbans ............................. 68 6.2 Traditional approaches for fisheries management ...................................................................... 68 Gear restrictions ............................................................................................................................ 68 Protected areas or reserves ............................................................................................................ 70 Integrated management ................................................................................................................
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