Nutrition Profile -Jamshoro
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1 | P a g e District Nutrition Profile 1. Jamshoro District Jamshoro district, created in December 2004 with the division of Dadu district in Sindh province, comprises four talukas (namely Kotri, Manjhand, Thana Bula Khan and Sehwan). The district has a total geographical area of 11,402 square kilometres1 and its capital is Jamshoro city. It is situated on the west bank of the River Indus and shares its border with the districts of Shaheed Benazirabad, Naushahro Feroze, Matiari, Hyderabad, Thatta, Karachi and Dadu. It also shares a boundary with the province of Balochistan. The geographical position of the district is depicted below in Figure 1: Figure 1: Geographical Map of Jamshoro District 2. Overall Development Situation in Jamshoro District According to the Human Development Index (HDI) of 2013, Jamshoro is an underdeveloped district with a value of 0.54, which is lower than the gross HDI value of Sindh province (0.59). The index reflects a composite statistic used to rank life expectancy, education and per-capita Gross National Income in the area to judge the level of “human development” where Medium Human Development ranges from 0.555 to 0.699 and any score below 0.555 signifies Low Human Development. When compared with the neighbouring districts, Jamshoro appears to be in second place after Karachi as reflected in Figure 2 below. Jamshoro and all neighbouring districts except Karachi (which is in the Medium Human Development Category) fall into the underdeveloped district category2. 1 USAID/IMMAP Pakistan Emergency Situation Analysis – District Jamshoro, August 2014 Page i 2 SPDC Social Development in Pakistan, 2014/15 Page 135 2 | P a g e District Nutrition Profile Jamshoro District Human Development Index Rankings in Comparison to its Neighbours 0.69 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.41 Jamshoro Hyderabad Matiari Dadu Shaheed Naushehro Thatta Karachi Benazirabad Feroze Figure 2: HDI Ranking of Jamshoro District and its Neighbours 3. Demographics According to a 2016 estimate, Jamshoro has an estimated population of 919,093 individuals (with an annual population growth rate of 2.57%). In 1998, the current area constituting Jamshoro had a population of 582,094. The 1998 census reported the Male-to-Female ratio to be 54:46 while the EU Programme for Improved Nutrition in Sindh (PINS) survey in the district gave a ratio of 51:49. The ratio of men to women in Jamshoro is higher as a result of underreporting of women, a high maternal mortality rate, a preference for son leading to selective abortions, infanticide amongst other reasons. This reflects high discrimination towards women which also leads to poor nutrition situation amongst women as a girl child is less likely to receive same care as a boy child in the same family. In addition, a very high maternal mortality rate, poor healthcare and the non-availability of basic health facilities at district and provincial level are likely to be instrumental to this difference. Based on the EU profiling exercise for Jamshoro, the distribution of age groups by percentage of the district population is shown in Table 1. Table 1: Age of the Population in Jamshoro District Age Group Male (%) Female (%) Total 0-5 10.16% 9.26% 19.42% 6-14 14.57% 12.96% 27.53% 15-18 4.99% 4.74% 9.73% 19-49 18.08% 18.34% 36.42% 50-59 2.80% 2.48% 5.28% 60+ 0.72% 0.90% 1.62% Total 51.32% 48.68% 100.00% Jamshoro, like most districts in Sindh, can be characterised as rural since 77% of the population resides in rural areas as compared to the 23% that resides in urban areas. According to census data, the average household size is 5.7 members but based on the profiling survey, the average household size is 6.9 members. The Sindhi language is spoken by 84.0% of the total population followed by Urdu (6.3%), Punjabi (4.2%) and Pashto (3.0%). The remaining 2.5% of the population speaks other languages (see Table 2 for key population and demographic figures for the district)3. 3 USAID/IMMAP Pakistan Emergency Situation Analysis - District Jamshoro, August 2014 3 | P a g e District Nutrition Profile Table 2: Key Figures for Jamshoro District Population 1998 582,094 Estimated Population 2016 919,093 Males 496,310 (54%) Females 422,783 (46%) Urban 211,391 (23%) Rural 707,702 (77%) Sindhi (84.0%) Urdu (6.3%) Languages Spoken Punjabi (4.2%) Pashto (3.0%) Others (2.5%) Population Annual Growth 2.57% Rate (1981-1998) Total Households (est. 2016) 161,244 Average Household Size 5.7 persons per household Population Density 80.60 persons per km2 Total Area 11,402 km2 4. Poverty Status According to the Multidimensional Poverty Report (MPR) of 2014/15, Jamshoro is among the few districts to have witnessed a steady improvement in poverty rates over the years.4 In 2008/09, 72.4% of the population of the district was living below the poverty line but this fell to 70.7% in 2010/11 and 67% in 2012/13. In 2014/15, the district registered a poverty rate of 55.6% (which is lower than the provincial average)5. The poverty scorecard survey conducted by the Rural Support Programme Network (RSPN) under the Sindh Union Council and Community Economic Strengthening and Support (SUCCESS) project reports that Jamshoro has the lowest poverty rate (45.9%) of all seven districts surveyed. This survey collected and analysed data against various indicators6. 33.5% of households in Jamshoro do not own any durable goods, 36.1% do not own any productive assets and 82.7% do not own any cultivable land. Across all districts profiled by SUCCESS, 56.2% of households do not own any durable goods, 35.8% do not own any productive assets and 83.9% do not own any cultivable land7. Approximately 3.6% of the population consists of widows/widowers, 4 The MPR includes the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) which is based on the Alkire-Foster methodology and has 3 dimensions: education, health and living standards. To tailor the measure to Pakistan’s context and public policy priorities, 15 indicators were used for this national measure instead of the 10 employed for the global measure. Of these 15 indicators, 3 are included under the dimension of education (years of schooling, child school attendance and educational quality), 4 under health (access to health facilities/clinics/Basic Health Units, immunisation, ante-natal care and assisted delivery) and 8 under living standards (water, sanitation, walls, overcrowding, electricity, cooking fuel, assets and a land/livestock indicator specifically for rural areas). All these elements are directly related to nutrition as better education, health and income leads to improved nutrition status within the district. 5 UNDP-Multidimensional Poverty in Pakistan Page 70-71 6 RSPN-Sindh Union Council and Community Economic Strengthening Support (SUCCESS) Programme Page 6 7 RSPN-Sindh Union Council and Community Economic Strengthening Support (SUCCESS) Programme Page 11 4 | P a g e District Nutrition Profile 0.1% is divorced and 0.2% is separated. The population of widows/widowers in Jamshoro (3.6%) is the lowest of all seven districts covered under the RSPN survey8. 5. Economy and Agriculture Much of the population of the district is rural and involved in cultivation. Some people work in industrial areas and power plants while towns are providing business opportunities to the residents. The inhabitants of mountainous areas keep cattle while the Mallahs (fisherfolk) of Manchhar Lake earn their living by fishing. Approximately 20% of the district population works for the federal and provincial government. Nooriabad Industrial Area and Kotri Industrial Area are two big industrial zones where more than 500 different industries are located. Jamshoro Power Station, Lakhra Power Project and Kotri Thermal Power Station are the main power units in the districti. According to the EU PINS Survey, in Jamshoro district 43.7% of the households had an income of PKR 10,000 or below, 33.1% had an income of PKR 10,001-15,000 and 23.2% had an income of PKR 15,001 or above as can be seen from the pie chart in Figure 3 below. The average monthly income across the surveyed households is PKR 13,805. 10.9% 12.3% PKR 10,000 or below 43.7% PKR 10,001 - 15,000 PKR 15,001 - 20,000 PKR 20,001 and above 33.1% Figure 3: Household Income In Jamshoro district 40.8% of the households had a monthly expenditure of PKR 10,000 or below, 36.4% had a monthly expenditure of PKR 10,001-15,000 and the remainder had an expenditure of PKR 15,001 or above as can be seen from the pie chart in Figure 4 below. On average, household expenditure is PKR 13,047 per household per month in Jamshoro. Food constitutes by far the most important item of household expenditure followed by health. Almost 18% of the households are making regular payments with regard to debt (the amount of debt being below PKR 10,000 in 88% of cases). 8 RSPN-Sindh Union Council and Community Economic Strengthening Support (SUCCESS) Programme Page 7 5 | P a g e District Nutrition Profile 8.5% 14.3% PKR 10,000 or below 40.8% PKR 10,001 - 15,000 PKR 15,001 - 20,000 PKR 20,001 and above 36.4% Figure 4: Household Expenditure In 67% of households in Jamshoro, there is only one earner while 21.6% of households have two earners. Of all the households in Jamshoro, 26.8% are earning below PKR 10,000 per month and 54.6% are earning between PKR 10,000 and 20,000 per month.