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Ocular Pharmacology II

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Ocular Pharmacology II 4/24/2018 Miotics, Glaucoma Meds, Antibiotics, Corticosteroids, NSAIDS Antivirals, Antihistamines Christopher J. McDevitt, M.D. Direct agonists . Indirect agonist . Antagonist . Direct agonist: . Acetylcholine rapid effect but short lived . Miosis, accomodation . Carbachol 100 times more effective . Increase aqueous outflow decrease longer lasting 24 hours and IOP decreases IOP . Acetlycholine 1% carbachol 0.01% intracameral use constrict pupil anterior segment surgery 1 4/24/2018 . Pilocarpine: . Side effects: . Phospholine iodide . Physostigmine, . Miosis older patients with . lowers IOP by increasing . No longer available for neostigmine, edrophonium outflow cataract difficulty in scotopic conditions ophthalmic use in US . Open angle glaucoma . Cataractogenesis . More potent than direct treatment . Induced myopia and acting use twice a day accommodation problems for younger patients; slow dissolving pilocarpine gel at bedtime . Atropine: post-synaptic blockage of . Side effects of systemic . Edrophonium test: increases acetylcholine at acetylcholine absorption of atropine eye neuromuscular junction . Pupil dilation,cycloplegia for iritis, drops: accurate cycloplegic refraction . Myasthenia gravis: antibodies to acetylcholine receptor . Side effects treated with resulting in generalized weakness, ptosis and diplopia . Treat malignant glaucoma physostigmine . Systemic atropine given during . Other antagonists: . Edrophonium used to diagnose myasthenia gravis ophthalmic surgery involving EOM tropicamide, cyclopentolate, manipulation to block oculocardiac homatropine, scopolamine, . Neostigmine can be given IM for the same purpose and reflex and prevent bradycardia and has a longer duration of activity hypotension Flushing, tachycardia, constipation, urinary . Allows clinician more time to make orthoptic measurement retention, delirium. for desired endpoint . Globe laceration repair under general anesthetic . Use of neuromuscular blocking drugs by anesthetist; i.e. succinylcholine is a “depolarizing” neuromuscular blocker and can cause contraction of EOMs on induction of general anesthetic and should not be used . Exert force on open globe . increase IOP in other cases where pressure measurement is desired such as in an examination under anesthesia 2 4/24/2018 . Norepinephrine (NE) is transmitter . Alpha and beta receptors for NE . Direct agonists . Indirect agonist . antagonists . Alpha-1 phenylephrine Mydriasis . Apraclonidine (Iopidine) . Brimonidine (Alphagan) stimulate iris dilator muscle . Pre and post YAG cap and SLT, . Topical sensitivity 15% cataract extraction to manage . 0.2% with BAK . Naphazoline: decongestant with increased IOP rebound vasodilation and hyperemia . 0.15% with polyquad . Prevents NE release decrease . Elevate systemic blood pressure pupil size . 0.1% with sodium chlorite preservative Purite Alphagan-P . Caution: using 10% phenylephrine . Decreases aqueous production and increases outflow . Avoid in infants less than 2 topically 5mg per drop; MI, stroke, years: hypotension, cardiac arrest risks . Topical sensitivity 40% and hypothermia, bradycardia tachyphylaxis limit long term . Systemic “pressor” dose bolus IV 50- use . CNS effects resulting from 100gram medication crossing the blood- brain barrier . Caution in patients using apraclonidine or brimonidine : . Cocaine 4% or 10% . Patients taking systemic MAO inhibitors or tricyclic . Hydroxyamphetamine 1% antidepressants . Office diagnostic testing to confirm Horner syndrome . Hypertensive risks . Available through compounding pharmacies 3 4/24/2018 . Epinephrine not available for glaucoma treatment . Reduce aqueous production by . 6 drugs: up to 50% . Betaxolol selective -1 inhibitor; . Dipiveprin (Propine) 0.1% available as generic 0.5% solution or 0.25% suspension . Inhibit the normal (Betoptic S) less irritating . Reduce aqueous production and increase trabecular physiological responses of outflow increasing pulse and BP with . Nonselective blockers: exertion: may be poorly . Reduced effectiveness over time . Carteolol (Ocupress) tolerated in active or elderly . Levobunolol (Betagan) with routine activities . Metipranolol (Optipranolol) . Induce bronchospasm in . Timolol maleate (Timoptic) asthma and COPD patients . Timolol hemihydrate (Betimol) . Carbonic anhydrase is enzyme involving the production of aqueous humor in the ciliary body . Topical preparations for Glaucoma treatment . Acetazolamide (Diamox) oral in the management of pseudotumor cerebri . Systemic: . Topical: . Acetazolamide 4 times daily . Dorzolamide (Trusopt); In . Methazolamide twice daily combination with Timolol . Side-effect is a systemic metabolic (Cosopt) acidosis . Low potassium may also result . Brinzolamide (Azopt) . Renal stone formation 11 times higher . Numbness and tingling hands and feet, weight loss from anorexia . Skin rash 4 4/24/2018 . Latanoprost (Xalatan) . Ocular side effects: darkening of iris and periocular skin . Bimatoprost (Lumigan) . Hypertrichosis of eyelashes . Travoprost (Travatan) . Cystoid macular edema(CME) . Tafluprost (Zioptan) . Conjunctival hyperemia . Uveitis . Unoprostone (Rescula) . Reactivation of HSV keratitis . Use with caution in pregnant patients since uterine contractions are mediated by prosaglandins Routes of Administration Categories . Adverse ocular effects from topical . Most important effect is steroids: inhibition of arachidonic acid . Glaucoma . Local injection . Glucocorticoids (AA) . Posterior subcapsular . Ocular implantation . Non-steroidal anti- . AA is converted into potent cataract . inflammatory drugs mediators of inflammation: . Bacterial, viral infections Topical increase . prostaglandins Mast cell stabilizers . Systemically . endoperoxidases Fungal infection . Antihistamines . Ptosis . leukotrienes . Scleral melt . Antifibrotics . thromboxanes . Eyelid skin atrophy 5 4/24/2018 . 4% develop an IOP than 31 mm Hg after 6 weeks . Suppression of pituitary–adrenal axis . Reduce aqueous outflow is cause of IOP rise . Hyperglycemia, muscle-wasting, osteoporosis . Dexamethasone>prednisolone>FML . Redistribution of fat from periphery to trunk . Reversible upon discontinuation of the drug if use is less than one . Euphoria year . Insomnias . Permanent elevations of IOP if used more than 18 months . Aseptic necrosis of the hip . Loteprednol 0.2%, 0.5% have lower incidences of increased IOP . Peptic ulcer . Diabetes mellitus . Fluocinolone implant for chronic uveitis . psychosis . Triamcinolone 40mg/ml preservative free for intravitreal use: increased rates of cataract and need for glaucoma treatment . Flurbiprofen 0.3% (Ocufen) first available topical NSAID used pre- op to reduce intraoperative miosis for cataract surgery . Diclofenac 0.1% (Voltaren) prophylaxis and treatment of post-op inflammation and CME . Ketorolac (Acular) post-op inflammation and allergic conjunctivitis treatment . Nepafenac (Nevanac), Bromfenac (Xibrom) twice daily dosing treating postop cataract and retinal surgery inflammation . NSAIDS have topical anesthetic properties: useful in short term management of: corneal abrasion, anterior segment procedures and refractive surgery . Human eye has approximately 50 million mast cells containing granules containing chemical mediators . Immediate hypersensitivity reaction triggered when antigens combine with IgE on the surface of mast cells . Mast cells release histamine and other factors . Histamine increases capillary dilation, conjunctival swelling and injection . Safer than steroids for chronic use 6 4/24/2018 . H1 antagonist: emedastine (Emadine), azelastine (Optivar) . Mast cell stabilizers: cromyln (Crolom), lodoxamide (Alomide), pemirolast (Alamast), nedocromil (Alocril) take days to weeks to reach peak efficacy . Mixed H1 antagonists/mast cell stabilizers: olopatadine (Patanol), ketotifen (Zaditor, Alaway), epinastine (Elestat), azelastine (Optivar) . Fluoroquinolones: . ofloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, besifloxacin . Broad spectrum: gram-positive and gram-negative . Older generation have good potency with gram-negative . Newer meds have expanding gram-positive coverage . Treat corneal ulcers, conjunctivitis . High rate of intraocular penetration . Sulfonamides: sulfacetamide ophthalmic solution and . Aminoglycosides: gentamicin, tobramycin ointment . Neomycin 8 % of patients (maxitrol) develop allergy . Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin . Sensitivity reactions 5% incidence . Bacitracin alone or in combination with polymixin, neomycin . More effective when combined with trimethoprim or . Polymyxin/trimethaprim (Polytrim) may be used sulfa allergic patients pyrimethamine . Cross allergenicity with non-antibiotic sulfonamides is . Iodine: unlikely based on chemical differences but is theoretically . Topical povidone-iodine 5% solution: prepare surgical field and is important in possible prophylaxis against endophthalmitis . Povidine iodine scrub damages corneal epithelium . No cross-allergenicity between sulfonamide and sulfates . Iodine allergic patients do not use. Allergic to contrast media or seafood allergic probably OK to use 7 4/24/2018 .Trifluridine (Viroptic) herpes simplex keratitis .Acyclovir 3 % ointment not available in US. 5% dermatological ointment not approved for ophthalmic use .Ganciclovir gel 0.15% (Zirgan) approved for treatment of HSV keratitis .Acyclovir (Zovirax) used to treat ocular HSV and HZV; 400mg twice daily prevents recurrence of epithelial and stromal keratitis .Valacyclovir (Valtrex) HZV but not HSV infections .Famciclovir (Famvir) HZV reduces duration of post herpetic neuralgia .Ganciclovir CMV retinitis intravitreal insert release drug over 5-8 month period 8 .
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