Optum Essential Health Benefits Enhanced Formulary PDL January
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Preferred Drug List
January 2012 Preferred Drug List The Preferred Drug List, administered by CVS Caremark on behalf of Marriott International, is a guide within select therapeutic categories for clients, plan members and health care providers. Generics should be considered the first line of prescribing. If there is no generic available, there may be more than one brand-name medicine to treat a condition. These preferred brand-name medicines are listed to help identify products that are clinically appropriate and cost-effective. Generics listed in therapeutic categories are for representational purposes only. This is not an all-inclusive list. This list represents brand products in CAPS and generic products in lowercase italics. PLAN MEMBER HEALTH CARE PROVIDER Your benefit plan provides you with a prescription benefit program Your patient is covered under a prescription benefit plan administered by CVS Caremark. Ask your doctor to consider administered by CVS Caremark. As a way to help manage health prescribing, when medically appropriate, a preferred medicine from care costs, authorize generic substitution whenever possible. If you this list. Take this list along when you or a covered family member believe a brand-name product is necessary, consider prescribing a sees a doctor. brand name on this list. Please note: Please note: • Your specific prescription benefit plan design may not cover • Generics should be considered the first line of prescribing. certain categories, regardless of their appearance in this document. • This drug list represents a summary of prescription coverage. It is not inclusive and does not guarantee coverage. • For specific information regarding your prescription benefit coverage and copay1 information, please visit • The member's prescription benefit plan may have a different www.caremark.com or contact a CVS Caremark Customer copay for specific products on the list. -
Migraine Prophylaxis: Which Drugs Work and Which Ones Don't
Migraine Prophylaxis: Which Drugs Work and Which Ones Don’t Hans-Christoph Diener, MD Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. J Gen Intern Med 28(9):1125–6 investigated in two properly powered and conducted studies DOI: 10.1007/s11606-013-2469-2 and found not to be effective compared to placebo.3, 4 Adding © Society of General Internal Medicine 2013 data from poorly controlled and underpowered studies in a meta-analysis, as in this paper, gives the wrong impression that he paper by Shamliyan et al.1 in this issue of JGIM is a very nimodipine is as effective in migraine prevention as propran- T important contribution to headache research. The authors olol. Another example illustrated in this meta-analysis involves conducted a systematic literature review of drug treatment for the gabapentin. Most of the published trials are poorly conducted, underpowered, or have manipulated statistical analyses, such as prevention of episodic migraine. They analysed randomised 5 controlled trials (RCTs) and performed meta-analyses where modified intention-to-treat analyses. The meta-analysis in this appropriate. The two important outcomes examined in the paper indicated possible efficacy. Yet, in the time between the analysis are a ≥ 50 % reduction in migraine frequency and submission and publication of this paper, a recent well-powered adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation. dose finding trial was published investigating four doses of gabapentin as compared with placebo for migraine prevention. 6 What are the strengths of this paper? This trial showed no benefit for gabapentin. Another problem inherent in meta-analyses that this paper The authors are experts in this kind of analysis. -
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION OGEN* (Estropipate) Tablets 0.75 Mg, 1.5
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION OGEN* (estropipate) Tablets 0.75 mg, 1.5 mg, 3.0 mg Estrogen Pfizer Canada Inc. Date of Revision: 17,300 Trans-Canada Highway 25 May 2009 Kirkland, Quebec, H9J 2M5 Control No. 120830 * TM Pharmacia Enterprises S.A. Pfizer Canada Inc., licensee © Pfizer Canada Inc., 2009 OGEN* (estropipate) Prescribing Information Page 1 of 27 Table of Contents PART I: HEALTH PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION.........................................................3 SUMMARY PRODUCT INFORMATION ........................................................................3 INDICATIONS AND CLINICAL USE..............................................................................3 CONTRAINDICATIONS ...................................................................................................3 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS..................................................................................4 ADVERSE REACTIONS..................................................................................................11 CLINICAL TRIAL ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS.....................................................13 DRUG INTERACTIONS ..................................................................................................13 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION..............................................................................15 OVERDOSAGE ................................................................................................................16 ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ............................................................16 -
Investigating the Influence of Polymers on Supersaturated
Page 1 of 45 Molecular Pharmaceutics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Investigating the Influence of Polymers on 8 9 10 11 12 Supersaturated Flufenamic Acid Cocrystal Solutions 13 14 15 16 1 1 2 2 1 17 Minshan Guo , Ke Wang , Noel Hamill , Keith Lorimer and Mingzhong Li * 18 19 20 1School of pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK 21 22 23 2Almac Science, Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon, UK 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 ACS Paragon Plus Environment 1 Molecular Pharmaceutics Page 2 of 45 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Table of contents graphic 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 ACS Paragon Plus Environment 2 Page 3 of 45 Molecular Pharmaceutics 1 2 3 Abstract 4 5 6 7 The development of enabling formulations is a key stage when demonstrating the effectiveness 8 9 10 of pharmaceutical cocrystals to maximize the oral bioavailability for poorly water soluble drugs. 11 12 Inhibition of drug crystallization from a supersaturated cocrystal solution through a fundamental 13 14 understanding of the nucleation and crystal growth is important. In this study, the influence of 15 16 17 the three polymers of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and a copolymer 18 19 of N-vinly-2-pyrrodidone (60%) and vinyl acetate (40%) (PVP-VA) on the flufenamic acid 20 21 22 (FFA) crystallization from three different supersaturated solutions of the pure FFA and two 23 24 cocrystals of FFA-NIC CO and FFA-TP CO has been investigated by measuring nucleation 25 26 induction times and desupersaturation rates in the presence and absence of seed crystals. -
Postmenopausal Pharmacotherapy Newsletter
POSTMENOPAUSAL PHARMACOTHERAPY September, 1999 As Canada's baby boomers age, more and more women will face the option of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). The HIGHLIGHTS decision can be a difficult one given the conflicting pros and cons. M This RxFiles examines the role and use of HRT, as well as newer Long term HRT carries several major benefits but also risks SERMS and bisphosphonates in post-menopausal (PM) patients. which should be evaluated on an individual and ongoing basis MContinuous ERT is appropriate for women without a uterus HRT MWomen with a uterus should receive progestagen (at least 12 HRT is indicated for the treatment of PM symptoms such as days per month or continuous low-dose) as part of their HRT vasomotor disturbances and urogenital atrophy, and is considered MLow-dose ERT (CEE 0.3mg) + Ca++ appears to prevent PMO primary therapy for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal MBisphosphinates (e.g. alendronate, etidronate) and raloxifene are osteoporosis (PMO).1 Contraindications are reviewed in Table 2. alternatives to HRT in treating and preventing PMO Although HRT is contraindicated in women with active breast or M"Natural" HRT regimens can be compounded but data is lacking uterine cancer, note that a prior or positive family history of these does not necessarily preclude women from receiving HRT.1 Comparative Safety: Because of differences between products, some side effects may be alleviated by switching from one product Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) 2 to another, particularly from equine to plant sources or from oral to Naturally secreted estrogens include: topical (see Table 3 - Side Effects & Their Management). -
Effect of Felodipine Against Pilocarpine Induced Seizures in Rats
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 52(1), September - October 2018; Article No. 10, Pages: 54-60 ISSN 0976 – 044X Research Article Effect of Felodipine against Pilocarpine induced Seizures in Rats Osama Q. Fadheel 1, Faruk H. AL-Jawad 1, Waleed K. Abdulsahib 2, Haider F. Ghazi 3 1Pharmacology Department, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq. 2Pharmacy department, Al- Farahidi University College, Baghdad, Iraq. 3Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Iraq. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] Received: 25-07-2018; Revised: 22-08-2018; Accepted: 05-09-2018. ABSTRACT Epilepsy is a standout amongst the most well-known genuine cerebrum issue, can happen at all ages. The examination was performed to investigate the conceivable antiepileptic impact of Felodipine against pilocarpine prompted seizure in male rats. The investigation did on forty male Wister rats similarly assigned to four gathering: (1) typical gathering (not got any medication). Gathering (2) negative control gathering (got just pilocarpine amid acceptance of seizure. Gathering (3) positive control gathering (Valproic corrosive gathering got 20 mg/kg orally twice every day). Gathering (4) Felodipine gathering (1 mg/kg got orally once every day). Rats of each gathering (aside from typical gathering) were infused intraperitoneal with pilocarpine hydrochloride (400 mg/kg) following 21 long stretches of tried medications organization orally. The mean beginning and term of seizure were resolved to assess the viability of tried medications and to contrast these impact and that of typical gathering and Valproic corrosive gathering. Additionally, neuroprotective impact (Neu N), NMDA receptor, Sodium diverts were estimated in all gatherings. -
DESCRIPTION Tolazamide Is an Oral Blood-Glucose-Lowering Drug of the Sulfonylurea Class
TOLAZAMIDE- tolazamide tablet PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ---------- DESCRIPTION Tolazamide is an oral blood-glucose-lowering drug of the sulfonylurea class. Tolazamide is a white or creamy-white powder very slightly soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. The chemical name is 1-(Hexahydro-1 H-azepin-1-yl)-3-( p-tolylsulfonyl)urea. Tolazamide has the following structural formula: Each tablet for oral administration contains 250 mg or 500 mg of tolazamide, USP and the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Actions Tolazamide appears to lower the blood glucose acutely by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas, an effect dependent upon functioning beta cells in the pancreatic islets. The mechanism by which tolazamide lowers blood glucose during long-term administration has not been clearly established. With chronic administration in type II diabetic patients, the blood glucose-lowering effect persists despite a gradual decline in the insulin secretory response to the drug. Extrapancreatic effects may be involved in the mechanism of action of oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic drugs. Some patients who are initially responsive to oral hypoglycemic drugs, including tolazamide tablets, may become unresponsive or poorly responsive over time. Alternatively, tolazamide tablets may be effective in some patients who have become unresponsive to one or more other sulfonylurea drugs. In addition to its blood glucose-lowering actions, tolazamide produces a mild diuresis by enhancement of renal free water clearance. Pharmacokinetics Tolazamide is rapidly and well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Peak serum concentrations occur at 3 to 4 hours following a single oral dose of the drug. -
The Genetics of Adverse Drug Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: a Systematic Review
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW published: 14 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.675053 The Genetics of Adverse Drug Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review Assefa M. Baye 1, Teferi G. Fanta 1, Moneeza K. Siddiqui 2 and Adem Y. Dawed 2* 1 Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2 Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are a major clinical problem accounting for significant hospital admission rates, morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. One-third of people with diabetes experience at least one ADR. However, there is notable interindividual heterogeneity resulting in patient harm and unnecessary medical costs. Genomics is at the forefront of research to understand interindividual variability, and there are many genotype-drug response associations in diabetes with inconsistent findings. Here, we conducted a systematic review to comprehensively examine and synthesize the effect of genetic polymorphisms on the incidence of ADRs of oral glucose-lowering drugs in people with type 2 diabetes. Edited by: Celine Verstuyft, Methods: A literature search was made to identify articles that included specific Université Paris-Saclay, France results of research on genetic polymorphism and adverse effects associated with Reviewed by: oral glucose-lowering drugs. The electronic search was carried out on 3rd October Zhiguo Xie, 2020, through Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Web of Science using keywords and Central South University, China Vera Ribeiro, MeSH terms. University of Algarve, Portugal Result: Eighteen articles consisting of 10, 383 subjects were included in this review. -
Pediatric Pharmacotherapy
Pediatric Pharmacotherapy A Monthly Review for Health Care Professionals of the Children's Medical Center Volume 1, Number 10, October 1995 DIURETICS IN CHILDREN • Overview • Loop Diuretics • Thiazide Diuretics • Metolazone • Potassium Sparing Diuretics • Diuretic Dosages • Efficacy of Diuretics in Chronic Pulmonary Disease • Summary • References Pharmacology Literature Reviews • Ibuprofen Overdosage • Predicting Creatinine Clearance Formulary Update Diuretics are used for a wide variety of conditions in infancy and childhood, including the management of pulmonary diseases such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)(1 -5). Both RDS and BPD are often associated with underlying pulmonary edema and clinical improvement has been documented with diuretic use.6 Diuretics also play a major role in the management of congestive heart failure (CHF), which is frequently the result of congenital heart disease (7). Other indications, include hypertension due to the presence of cardiac or renal dysfunction. Hypertension in children is often resistant to therapy, requiring the use of multidrug regimens for optimal blood pressure control (8). Control of fluid and electrolyte status in the pediatric population remains a therapeutic challenge due to the profound effects of age and development on renal function. Although diuretics have been used extensively in infants and children, few controlled studies have been conducted to define the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diuretics in this population. Nonetheless, diuretic therapy has become an important part of the management of critically ill infants and children. This issue will review the mechanisms of action, monitoring parameters, and indications for use of diuretics in the pediatric population (1-5). Loop Diuretics Loop diuretics are the most potent of the available diuretics (4). -
Non-Steroidal Drug-Induced Glaucoma MR Razeghinejad Et Al 972
Eye (2011) 25, 971–980 & 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-222X/11 www.nature.com/eye 1,2 1 1 Non-steroidal drug- MR Razeghinejad , MJ Pro and LJ Katz REVIEW induced glaucoma Abstract vision. The majority of drugs listed as contraindicated in glaucoma are concerned with Numerous systemically used drugs are CAG. These medications may incite an attack in involved in drug-induced glaucoma. Most those individuals with narrow iridocorneal reported cases of non-steroidal drug-induced angle.3 At least one-third of acute closed-angle glaucoma are closed-angle glaucoma (CAG). glaucoma (ACAG) cases are related to an Indeed, many routinely used drugs that have over-the-counter or prescription drug.1 Prevalence sympathomimetic or parasympatholytic of narrow angles in whites from the Framingham properties can cause pupillary block CAG in study was 3.8%. Narrow angles are more individuals with narrow iridocorneal angle. The resulting acute glaucoma occurs much common in the Asian population. A study of a more commonly unilaterally and only rarely Vietnamese population estimated a prevalence 4 bilaterally. CAG secondary to sulfa drugs is a of occludable angles at 8.5%. The reported bilateral non-pupillary block type and is due prevalence of elevated IOP months to years to forward movement of iris–lens diaphragm, after controlling ACAG with laser iridotomy 5,6 which occurs in individuals with narrow or ranges from 24 to 72%. Additionally, a open iridocorneal angle. A few agents, significant decrease in retinal nerve fiber layer including antineoplastics, may induce thickness and an increase in the cup/disc ratio open-angle glaucoma. -
Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interactions Among Antiepileptic Drugs, Including CBD, Drugs Used to Treat COVID-19 and Nutrients
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interactions among Antiepileptic Drugs, Including CBD, Drugs Used to Treat COVID-19 and Nutrients Marta Kara´zniewicz-Łada 1 , Anna K. Główka 2 , Aniceta A. Mikulska 1 and Franciszek K. Główka 1,* 1 Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] (M.K.-Ł.); [email protected] (A.A.M.) 2 Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-354 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-(0)61-854-64-37 Abstract: Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are an important group of drugs of several generations, rang- ing from the oldest phenobarbital (1912) to the most recent cenobamate (2019). Cannabidiol (CBD) is increasingly used to treat epilepsy. The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2019 created new challenges in the effective treatment of epilepsy in COVID-19 patients. The purpose of this review is to present data from the last few years on drug–drug interactions among of AEDs, as well as AEDs with other drugs, nutrients and food. Literature data was collected mainly in PubMed, as well as google base. The most important pharmacokinetic parameters of the chosen 29 AEDs, mechanism of action and clinical application, as well as their biotransformation, are presented. We pay a special attention to the new potential interactions of the applied first-generation AEDs (carba- Citation: Kara´zniewicz-Łada,M.; mazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and primidone), on decreased concentration Główka, A.K.; Mikulska, A.A.; of some medications (atazanavir and remdesivir), or their compositions (darunavir/cobicistat and Główka, F.K. -
Alcohol-Medication Interactions: the Acetaldehyde Syndrome
arm Ph ac f ov l o i a g n il r a n u c o e J Journal of Pharmacovigilance Borja-Oliveira, J Pharmacovigilance 2014, 2:5 ISSN: 2329-6887 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6887.1000145 Review Article Open Access Alcohol-Medication Interactions: The Acetaldehyde Syndrome Caroline R Borja-Oliveira* University of São Paulo, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil *Corresponding author: Caroline R Borja-Oliveira, University of São Paulo, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil, Tel: +55-11-30911027; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: August 21, 2014, Accepted date: September 11, 2014, Published date: September 20, 2014 Copyright: © 2014 Borja-Oliveira CR. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Medications that inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase when coadministered with alcohol produce accumulation of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde toxic effects are characterized by facial flushing, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia and hypotension, symptoms known as acetaldehyde syndrome, disulfiram-like reactions or antabuse effects. Severe and even fatal outcomes are reported. Besides the aversive drugs used in alcohol dependence disulfiram and cyanamide (carbimide), several other pharmaceutical agents are known to produce alcohol intolerance, such as certain anti-infectives, as cephalosporins, nitroimidazoles and furazolidone, dermatological preparations, as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, as well as chlorpropamide and nilutamide. The reactions are also observed in some individuals after the simultaneous use of products containing alcohol and disulfiram-like reactions inducers.