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Revue D'etudes Tibétaines Est Publiée Par L'umr 8155 Du CNRS (CRCAO), Paris, Dirigée Par Sylvie Hureau Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines Asian Influences on Tibetan Military History between the 17th and 20th Centuries Edited by S.G. FitzHerbert and Alice Travers numéro cinquante-trois — Mars 2020 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines numéro cinquante-trois — Mars 2020 ISSN 1768-2959. Directeur : Jean-Luc Achard. Comité de rédaction : Alice Travers, Charles Ramble, Jean-Luc Achard. Comité de lecture : Ester Bianchi (Università degli Studi di Perugia), Fabienne Jagou (EFEO), Rob Mayer (Oriental Institute, University of Oxford), Fernand Meyer (CNRS-EPHE), Françoise Pommaret (CNRS), Ramon Prats (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona), Charles Ramble (EPHE, CNRS), Françoise Robin (INALCO), Alice Travers (CNRS), Jean-Luc Achard (CNRS). Périodicité La périodicité de la Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines est généralement bi-annuelle, les mois de parution étant, sauf indication contraire, Octobre et Avril. Les contributions doivent parvenir au moins six (6) mois à l’avance. Les dates de proposition d’articles au comité de lecture sont Novembre pour une parution en Avril, et Mai pour une parution en Octobre. Participation La participation est ouverte aux membres statutaires des équipes CNRS, à leurs membres associés, aux doctorants et aux chercheurs non-affiliés. Les articles et autres contributions sont proposés aux membres du comité de lecture et sont soumis à l’approbation des membres du comité de rédaction. Les articles et autres contributions doivent être inédits ou leur réédition doit être justifiée et soumise à l’approbation des membres du comité de lecture. Les documents doivent parvenir sous la forme de fichiers Word, envoyés à l’adresse du directeur ([email protected]). Comptes-rendus Contacter le directeur de publication, à l’adresse électronique suivante : [email protected] Langues Les langues acceptées dans la revue sont le français, l’anglais, l’allemand, l’italien, l’espagnol, le tibétain et le chinois. La Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines est publiée par l'UMR 8155 du CNRS (CRCAO), Paris, dirigée par Sylvie Hureau. Hébergement: http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/journals/ret/ v Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines numéro cinquante-trois — Mars 2020 Asian Influences on Tibetan Military History between the 17th and 20th Centuries Edited by S.G. FitzHerbert and Alice Travers Acknowledgements p. 5 Notes on Transcription and Transliteration of Terms in Asian Languages p. 6 Solomon George FitzHerbert and Alice Travers Introduction: The Ganden Phodrang’s Military Institutions and Culture between the 17th and the 20th Centuries, at a Crossroads of Influences pp. 7-28 Federica Venturi Mongol and Tibetan Armies on the Trans-Himalayan Fronts in the Second Half of the 17th Century, with a Focus on the Autobiography of the Fifth Dalai Lama pp. 29-55 Hosung Shim The Zunghar Conquest of Central Tibet and its Influence on Tibetan Military Institutions in the 18th Century pp. 56-113 Ulrich Theobald Tibetan and Qing Troops in the Gorkha Wars (1788–1792) as Presented in Chinese Sources: A Paradigm Shift in Military Culture pp. 114-146 Alice Travers Meritocracy in the Tibetan Army after the 1793 Manchu Reforms: The Career of General Zurkhang Sichö Tseten pp. 147-177 4 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines Solomon George FitzHerbert The Geluk Gesar: Guandi, the Chinese God of War, in Tibetan Buddhism from the 18th to 20th Centuries pp. 178-266 Diana Lange A Visual Representation of the Qing Political and Military Presence in Mid-19th Century Tibet pp. 267-302 Ryosuke Kobayashi Zhang Yintang’s Military Reforms in 1906–1907 and their aftermath—The Introduction of Militarism in Tibet pp. 303-340 Yasuko Komoto Japanese Visitors to Tibet in the Early 20th Century and their Impact on Tibetan Military Affairs—with a Focus on Yasujirō Yajima pp. 341-364 List of Authors pp. 365-367 v Acknowledgements his volume has been produced under the auspices of the re- search project entitled “The Tibetan Army of the Dalai Lamas, T o 1642–1959” (TibArmy, Starting Grant 2015 n 677952, 2016– 2021), funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the Eu- ropean Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, and hosted in Paris by the East Asian Civilisations Research Centre (CRCAO, UMR 8155), a joint research team of the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), the École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), the Collège de France and Paris Diderot University. The point of departure for this thematic issue of the Revue d'Études Tibétaines was a conference co-convened by the two guest editors of the present volume, George FitzHerbert and Alice Travers, on June 18, 2018 at Wolfson College, Oxford, entitled “Military Culture in Tibet during the Ganden Phodrang Period (1642–1959): The Interaction be- tween Tibetan and Other Traditions”, at which preliminary versions of these papers were presented and discussed. In addition to the au- thors of the eight articles published here, we would also like to express gratitude to all those involved in that conference, including Ulrike Roesler, Nicola Di Cosmo, Charles Ramble and Qichen (Barton) Qian, all of whom contributed indirectly to the contents of the present vol- ume. While several of the contributors (George FitzHerbert, Ryosuke Kobayashi, Yasuko Komoto, Diana Lange, Federica Venturi and Alice Travers), are themselves members of the TibArmy project, the volume also includes papers by other invited scholars (Hosung Shim and Ul- rich Theobald) who participated in the conference. The guest editors would also like to thank Jean-Luc Achard and the Revue d'Études Tibétaines for accepting this thematic issue on Tibet’s military history and culture. We are indebted to the external reviewers for their instrumental role in improving the content of these contribu- tions, to Yola Gloaguen and Ryosuke Kobayashi for their translation of Yasuko Komoto’s article (submitted in Japanese), and to Estelle Car for help with the layout. Many uncertainties remain in this nascent field of study, but we hope that the material presented here will foster further interest and research on Tibetan military history, and on the many interactions and mutual influences that shaped Tibetan history in this period. George FitzHerbert and Alice Travers v S.G. FitzHerbert and Alice Travers, “Acknowledgments”, Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, no. 53, mars 2020, p. 5. Notes on Transcription and Transliteration of Terms in Asian Languages n order to make this volume accessible to readers not familiar with the variety of languages used as sources, phonetic tran- I scriptions have been used to render Tibetan, Chinese, Japanese, Mongol, Nepali and Manchu names and terms. These phonetic tran- scriptions are based on the pronunciation and spelling found in each of these languages, and thus can vary, depending on the sources used, even when in some cases they refer to the same people or places. Ra- ther than impose a single hegemonic system for all articles, authors have used phoneticisations which reflect their sources. For Tibetan, phoneticisations are based on the THL Simplified Phonemic Transcrip- tion system, intended only as a guide (indeed in certain cases we have deviated from it to reflect an accepted usage in English language schol- arship or to better reflect regional pronunciations in Tibetan). For Chi- nese, the pinyin system is used. In addition to phonetic renderings, all foreign terms are also given in full scientific transliteration in brackets after first use. In the case of Tibetan, these are according to the Wylie system of transliteration, in the case of other languages, these are explained at the beginning of the relevant articles. These transliterations are referred to using the follow- ing abbreviations: Tib. Tibetan Ch. Chinese Mo. Mongolian Ma. Manchu Jap. Japanese Skt. Sanskrit Nep. Nepali v S.G. FitzHerbert and Alice Travers, “Note on the Transliteration and Transcription of Terms in Asian Languages”, Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, no. 53, mars 2020, p. 6. Introduction: The Ganden Phodrang’s Military Institu- tions and Culture between the 17th and the 20th Centu- ries, at a Crossroads of Influences* Solomon George FitzHerbert and Alice Travers (CNRS, CRCAO, Paris) Military Institutions and Culture in Light of “Connected Histories” ne often thinks of military history in general as a domain in Owhich nationalist or nation-state historical approaches prevail, since military history often pertains (at least in recent centuries) to the history of a country’s territorial integrity and national sover- eignty, and military history is often taken as the yardstick by which such issues are measured and assessed. But military history is rarely as simple as the national narratives in which it is often couched might like to suggest. Like other cultural constructs, military institutions and military culture in any nation are shaped by encounters with external elements and contact with other military traditions and technologies. Tibetan military history between the 17th and 20th centuries clearly exemplifies this, reflecting an always unique, though ever-changing synthesis of influences and elements, in which older Tibetan traits, structural features, cultural orientations and nomenclatures, were mixed with those borrowed from foreign cultures. 1 Predominant among such foreign influences before the modern period were Mon- gol, Manchu, Chinese, Nepali, and somewhat later Japanese, Russian, Indian and British. It is therefore as relevant in this field of historical study as in any other, to take account of “global history” and “con- nected histories”. This latter term is particularly associated with the * Research for this article was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) un- der the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 677952 “TibArmy”). The content reflects only the authors’ views and the ERC is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. 1 Such syntheses have been observed in many other areas of Tibetan cultural history such as art, astrology, medicine, and even religion. Pre-communist Tibetan forms of civil administration also bore the imprint of a long historical evolution and the importation of many norms and nomenclatures from outside the Tibetan cultural region.
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