KEKAL ABADI Buletin Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya University of Malaya Library Bulletin
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KEKAL ABADI Buletin Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya University of Malaya Library Bulletin Vol. 23 No. 2 December 2004 ISSN 0127-2578 University of Malaya Library 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: 603-7956 7800 Fax: 603-7957 3661 URL: http://www.umlib.um.edu.my Lembaga Pengarang / Editorial Board (2004) Azrizal Ismail, Datin Adlina Norliz Razali, Janaki Sinnasamy, Maziah Salleh, Noraslinda Sanusi, Ratnawati Sari Mohd Amin, Zahril Shahida Ahmad, Zanaria Saupi Udin Penyelaras / Coordinator Tunku Noraidah Tuanku Abdul Rahman Penasihat / Adviser Noriyah Md Nor, Ketua Pustakawan / Chief Librarian Desktop Publishing Zanaria Saupi Udin Penerbit / Publisher Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Telefon / Telephone 603-79673206, 603-79675887, 603-79578058, 603-79567800 Fax 603-79573661 Emel/E-mail [email protected] URL http://www.umlib.um.edu.my Pencetak / Printer Jabatan Penerbitan, Universiti Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. To be included in the mailing list, please send name of organization and address to [email protected] with the word subscribe in the subject line. Contribution of articles relating to the library science discipline are welcome subject to the approval of the Editorial Board. KEKAL ABADI Jil. 23 Bil. 1 Jun 2004 / Vol. 23 Issue 1 June 2004 ISSN 0127- 2578 KANDUNGAN / CONTENTS Accountability in Library Management : Issues and 1 Strategies for the 21st Century Laporan Persidangan 15 Conference Reports Ulasan Buku 22 Book Reviews Kertas Kerja Persidangan 24 Conference Papers Berita Ringkas 75 News in Brief Hal Ehwal Staf 76 Staff Matters Kekal Abadi 23 (2) 2004 KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION, RESOURCE ACCUMULATION, MAINTENANCE AND ACCESS: A SOUTHEAST ASIAN EXPERIENCE Shamsul A.B.* Director of Institute of the Malay World & Civilization (ATMA) Director of Institute of Occidental Studies (IKON) Abstract The general argument advanced since the advent of ICT globally is that it has made knowledge more accessible to a wider public in super quick time. While this is true, it is also a fact that the way knowledge is organized is still very much in the mould of nation-states because it is produced and reproduced as well as consumed in the said mould. This essay discusses how, despite the presence of ICT, this still happens in the context of Southeast Asian studies, which is essentially a form of knowledge in itself. The challenges and contradictions this process has produced is discussed and analyzed with examples from a Malaysian experience. Abstrak Sejak Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi atau ICT diperkenalkan secara global, akses terhadap ilmu pengetahuan telah berlaku dengan pantas kepada audien yang lebih luas. Biarpun ini benar, fakta juga membuktikan bahawa produksi dan reproduksi serta konsumpsi ilmu pengetahuan masih berlaku dalam acuan negara-bangsa. Esei ini membincangkan bagaimana Kajian Asia Tenggara, sebagai satu bentuk ilmu pengetahuan, masih dikongkong oleh ruang negara-bangsa dalam rantau berkenaan. Cabaran dan kontradiksi yang timbul dalam proses ini akan dibincangkan berdasarkan pengalaman Malaysia. Introduction This essay is advancing an argument We wish to present the case of that although ICT has made knowledge in ‘Southeast Asian Studies’, as a form of general more accessible to a wider audience knowledge, and examine briefly how it has in larger volume and quicker than ever been produced and reproduced, metho- before, ironically, its production, especially, in dologically, as well as consumed in the field of social sciences and humanities, is contemporary globalized context, hoping to increasingly trapped in its ‘dividedness’ capture some of the contradictions and because it is organized usually within the challenges that it has to cope with and ‘nation-state’ thus giving rise to what could overcome, especially, in the context of ICT- be called ‘methodological nationalism’, in based technologies of globalization. It has which universal social issues are studied and implications, too, in the area of resource elaborated in the micro-context of a nation- accumulation and maintenance, especially, in state, not as universal social issues the organizational sphere, and a Malaysian unimpeded by the physical and ideational experience shall be presented to provide a boundaries of historically and artificially brief empirical elaboration. constructed nation-states. * Shamsul A.B., BA, MA (Malaya), PhD (Monash, Australia), is Professor of Social Anthropology and currently Director of both The Institute of the Malay World & Civilization (ATMA) and the newly established Institute of Occidental Studies (IKON), The National University of Malaysia (UKM). He researches, writes and lectures, for the last 25 years on the theme “politics, culture and economic development”, with an empirical focus on Southeast Asia. He has published extensively in English and Malay. He is also a frequent social commentator on Malaysian current affairs for the BBC, ABC, CBNC, Radio Singapore International and Malaysian TV3, RTM1 and NTV7. He also writes for Far Eastern Economic Review (Hong Kong), Economic & Political Weekly (India), Asian Wall Street Journal and a number of Malaysian dailies and weeklies. 1 Analyzing Southeast Asia as a maintenance process of the various Form of Knowledge research resources. Undoubtedly, framing the analysis is very important, too, in understanding as to how Southeast Asian Society is both real and imagined. studies constitute and reproduce itself It is real through face-to-face contact and through the study of ‘society’ and imagined when the idea of its existence is ‘societies’ within Southeast Asia. The mediated through mediums such as printed ‘knowledge baseline’ approach is useful in materials and electronic images, and, in making sense of the said framing process. particular, ICT. Therefore, the term society refers simultaneously to a micro unit that we can observe and to a macro one that The ‘Knowledge Baseline’ in we can only partially engaged with. We Southeast Asian studies therefore have observable ‘societies’ within a macro imagined ‘society’. Southeast Social scientific knowledge -- humanities Asia, like other regions in the world, has included -- on Southeast Asia has a clear both (Reid 1993, Tarling 1992). However it knowledge baseline, meaning a continuous is the way that both of these components and inter-related intellectual-cum- have been weaved into an enduring conceptual basis, which emerged from its complex whole, which seemed to have own history and has, in turn, inspired the made Southeast Asia and Southeast construction, organization and consump- Asians thrive and survive even under tion process of this knowledge. The two adverse conditions, such as the recent popular concepts that have been used financial-economic crisis, that has become frequently to characterize Southeast Asia the source of endless intellectual attraction are 'plurality' and 'plural society', both of and academic inquiry to both scholars and which are social scientific constructs that others, hence the birth, growth and emerged from empirical studies conducted flourishing of Southeast Asian studies within Southeast Asia by scholars from (Evers 1980, SSRC 1999). outside the region. Thus Southeast Asian studies, In historical terms, or during the dominated by humanities and the social ‘proto-globalisation’ era, 'plurality' sciences, have been about the study of the characterizes Southeast Asia before the ‘society’ and ‘societies’ in the region, in Europeans came and who, subsequently, their various dimensions, in the past and at divided the region into a community of present. The complex plurality of these 'plural societies'. Plurality here signifies a ‘society’ and ‘societies’, or societal forms, free-flowing, natural process not only that do indeed co-exist, endure and enjoy articulated through the process of some functional stability, have made it migration but also through cultural imperative for researchers to apply an borrowings and adaptations (Bellwood equally diverse set of approaches, some 1985, Collins 1994). Politically speaking, discipline-based (anthropology, sociology, polity was the society's political order of the geography, history, political science, etc.) day, a flexible non-bureaucratic style of and others thematically-oriented management focusing on management (development studies, gender studies, and ceremony by a demonstrative ruler. cultural studies, etc.) in studying Southeast States, governments and nation-states, Asian society. In some cases, it even which constitute an elaborate system of involve disciplines from the natural and bureaucratic institutions, did not really exist applied sciences (Wallace 1869). until Europeans came and dismantled the The greatest challenge in traditional polities of Southeast Asia and Southeast Asian studies, and to its experts, subsequently installed their systems of has been to keep pace with the major governance, using ‘colonial knowledge’, changes that have affected the ‘society’ which gave rise to the plural society and/or ‘societies’ and then narrate, explain complex (Tarling 1992). and analyze these changes and present Historically, therefore, plural the analysis in a way that is accessible to society signifies both ‘coercion’ and everyone within and outside the region. ‘difference’. It also signifies the The technique of presenting and accessing introduction of knowledge, social this knowledge is equally critical, which, by constructs, vocabulary, idioms and implication, involves the accumulation and institutions