ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 19: 495–515, 2008 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society

AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CORDILLERA CENTRAL OF THE ,

Andrés M. Cuervo1, Paulo C. Pulgarín2, Diego Calderón-F.2, José M. Ochoa-Quintero3, Carlos A. Delgado-V.2, Alejandro Palacio2, Jorjany M. Botero2, & Wilmar A. Múnera2

1Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] 2Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, A. A. 1226, Medellín, Colombia. 3Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Amsterdam University, Kruislan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Resumen. – Avifauna del norte de la Cordillera Central de los Andes, Colombia. – Entre 1999 y 2006, realizamos inventarios de aves mediante observaciones de campo, grabaciones sonoras y colecta de especímenes en el extremo norte de la Cordillera Central Andina, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Registramos un total de 335 especies en 18 bosques de niebla localizados entre 1300 y 1915 m s.n.m. Entre las diez localidades más visitadas, Bodega Vieja (231 especies), Alto Chaquiral [= Arrierito Antioqueño (202)], La Forzosa (199) y Santa Gertrudis (162) tuvieron la mayor riqueza. Presentamos una evaluación cualitativa de la abundancia relativa y uso de hábitat para cada especie. El ensamble de esta avifauna exhibe una mezcla de afinidades biogeográficas con elementos de los Andes del Norte, las tierras bajas y piede- monte del Chocó, Nechí-Magdalena, y Centro América. Además de esto, la cantidad de registros novedo- sos que encontramos contradicen la visión de la Cordillera Central como un área bien explorada en Colombia. Dieciséis especies prioritarias para la conservación tienen poblaciones importantes en estos bosques nublados; por ejemplo, acá reportamos las 16 localidades conocidas para el Arriero Antioqueño (Lipaugus weberi), cuyo rango de distribución está totalmente confinado a nuestra área de estudio. Las carac- terísticas únicas de esta avifauna resaltan la necesidad de una estrategia de conservación integral desde las comunidades locales para contrarrestar el impacto del cambio del paisaje que resulta de la expansión actual de la ganadería, caficultura, y cultivos ilícitos en la zona. Abstract. – From 1999 to 2006, we conducted inventories based on observations, tape-recordings, and general specimen collecting in the northern end of the Andean Cordillera Central, Department of Antioquia, Colombia. We recorded 335 in 18 cloud located between 1300 and 1915 m a.s.l. Among the ten localities more frequently visited, Bodega Vieja (231 species), Alto Chaquiral [= Arrieto Antioqueño (201)], La Forzosa (199) and Santa Gertrudis (162) had the higher species richness. We present a qualitative assessment of relative abundance and habitat preferences for each species. The avi- fauna assemblage of this region exhibits mixed biogeographic affinities, with elements from the northern Andes, the lowlands and foothills of Chocó, Nechí-Magdalena, and Central America. Besides this, the out- standing new bird records we found contradict the view of the Cordillera Central as a relatively well explored area in Colombia. Sixteen species of conservation concern have healthy populations in these cloud forests; for instance, we report all the 16 localities known for the Chestnut-capped Piha (Lipaugus weberi) whose range is entirely confined to our study region. The unique features of this avifauna highlight the necessity of an integral, community-based conservation strategy to ameliorate the effect of landscape

495 CUERVO ET AL. changes resulting from the ongoing expansion of cattle ranching, coffee plantations, and illicit crops. Accepted 7 June 2008. Key words: Antioquia, Chocó, Nechí lowlands, Porce river, northwestern South America, premontane forests.

INTRODUCTION biogeographic areas converge to this region (Cuervo et al. in press). Second, several new The cloud forests of the Andes in northwest- species-level taxa, like the Chestnut-capped ern South America are recognized for their Piha (Lipaugus weberi), have been found in extremely high levels of avian diversity and such a small area (Cuervo et al. 2001). Lastly, endemism (Stotz et al. 1996, Rahbek & populations of threatened, poorly known, and Graves 2001). The peaks of this pattern lie rare cloud have been found to be along the eastern slope of the Andes from relatively common and to thrive in its frag- southern to southern Colombia (Rahbek mented landscape (Cuervo & Restrepo 2007). & Graves 2001, Hawkins et al. 2007). How- Here we report a comprehensive list of ever, many more localities in that stretch of the avifauna of the cloud forests of the north- the Andes are better known, particularly in ern Cordillera Central as a result of our stud- eastern and Peru (Terborgh 1975, ies in 18 localities of the region from 1999 to Stotz et al. 1996, Pitman et al. 2002), than 2006. Our goal is to provide baseline infor- other portions with continuous cloud forests mation for ongoing and future biodiversity along altitudinal gradients such as the unex- research and conservation action in the plored areas of the Andes of Colombia (van region. Velzen 1992). The northern Andes attain their higher STUDY AREA AND METHODS complexity in Colombia where the main range split in three cordilleras: Occidental, Our study area encompasses the northern- Central and Oriental (Fig. 1). Each cordillera most end of the Cordillera Central of the has a unique geological history and distinctive Colombian Andes, consisting of 18 premon- topographic, climatic and ecological features tane wet forests (Espinal 1992) located (McCourt et al. 1984, van Velzen 1992, Gre- between 1300–1915 m in the upper Nechí gory-Wodzicki 2000, IGAC 2003); for and lower Porce valley, municipalities of instance, the Cordillera Central (Fig. 1) is the Anorí and Amalfi, Department of Antioquia, oldest (c. 65,000,000 years) and the highest on Colombia (Fig. 1, Table 1). The landscape average, of the three (McCourt et al. 1984, consists of a collage of multiple fragments of Gregory-Wodzicki 2000). At its northern end, mature cloud forest, including several large the Cordillera Central smoothly terminates in tracts of continuous forest, embedded in a the very wet slopes and foothills of the Nechí matrix of pastures and, to a lesser extent, cof- and Porce valleys, and the Remedios-Segovia fee plantations (Cuervo & Restrepo 2007). low pass to Serranía de San Lucas (Fig. 1). Since 1999 we have been conducting Ornithological studies conducted since 1999 opportunistic observations, recordings of bird have suggested that the avifauna of the pre- vocalizations, and general specimen collecting montane forests of the northern Cordillera that complemented a more comprehensive Central is one of the most intriguing of north- systematic survey focused on the nine locali- ern South America. First, taxa from multiple ties reported by Cuervo & Restrepo (2007),

496 AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CENTRAL ANDES

FIG 1. Map of northwestern South America depicting terrain above 1000 m elevation in gray. The loca- tion of our study area in the northern Cordillera Central is delimited by a square and shown in detail in the right panel. Open circles represent the location of study sites and numbers within correspond to the local- ity list in Table 1. plus La Forzosa (Table 1). The systematic reported elsewhere (Cuervo et al. 2005, samplings consisted in 17–23 days of mist- Cuervo & Restrepo 2007). netting in the interior and forest edge at each of this subset of nine localities. Copies of all RESULTS AND DISCUSSION recordings were archived at Banco de Sonidos Animales, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, We recorded a total of 335 species in the and many have been published in a sound cloud forests of the northern tip of the Cor- guide (Álvarez et al. 2007). Voucher specimens dillera Central (Appendix 1), a relatively high were taken whenever possible and deposited number for a local montane avifauna in such in the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales (ICN), narrow elevation range. For example, Renjifo Museo Universidad de Antioquia (MUA), and (1999) reported a comprehensive list of 243 Instituto Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH). species in a fragmented landscape of similar Details on habitats, vegetation, sampling strat- area in the western slope of this same cordil- egies, dates, and co-workers have been lera. The high species richness of the north-

497 CUERVO ET AL.

TABLE 1. Geographic coordinates (north latitude, west longitude), elevation range (m a.s.l.), accumulated number of days, and number of species recorded in 18 localities of the northern Cordillera Central. Local- ity numbers as mapped in Figure 1.

Localities Coordinates Elevation Fieldwork Species (m) days richness 1. Finca Los Canales* 6°49',75°05' 1810–1880 22 135 2. La Secreta* 6°49',75°06' 1820–1915 20 157 3. Bosque Guayabito* 6°52',75°06' 1700–1815 36 179 4. Bosque Las Ánimas* 6°56',75°01' 1500–1550 19 148 5. Bosque de El Abuelo-Escuela Las Ánimas* 6°56',75°00' 1505–1610 19 164 6. Bosques de Santa Catalina 6°57',75°02' 1500–1540 5 106 7. Bodega Vieja* 6°58',75°03' 1300–1550 34 231 8. Alto El Chaquiral* [=Arrierito Antioqueño] 6°58',75°08' 1650–1735 22 202 9. Reserva La Forzosa 6°59',75°08' 1550–1740 36 198 10. Finca Macondo 7°00',75°05' 1400–1600 5 73 11. Filo Largo 7°03',75°10' 1475–1520 1 47 12. Mangas de Rosita 7°04',75°08' 1520–1550 1 34 13. Mampuestos* 7°04',75°10' 1445–1495 17 136 14. Quebrada La Nutria 7°04',75°11' 1425–1440 1 39 15. La Condena 7°06',75°06' 1600–1750 3 59 16. Alto La Serrana 7°06',75°08' 1630–1700 5 84 17. Camino Anorí-Santa Gertrudis 7°06',75°09' 1600–1700 4 83 18. Santa Gertrudis* 7°08',75°09' 1420–1470 23 162

*One of the nine localities reported in Cuervo & Restrepo (2007), that along with La Forzosa (9) were more thoroughly sampled. ern slope of the Cordillera Central is young second growth, edges or gaps sur- consistent with a peak in avian diversity rounding these forests (Appendix 1). We pre- expected at middle elevations in the tropical dict that, when properly sampled, La Andes, due to an area effect and influx of spe- Condena and Macondo, two of the sporadi- cies from the lowlands (Rahbek 1997, Kattan cally visited sites, will exhibit similar composi- & Franco 2004); this pattern, however, can tion and richness values as the ones only be tested when comparable data from mentioned above given the large extension of the adjacent lowlands and highlands become forest they encompass. available. Of the ten localities more thor- The birds that assemble the avifauna of oughly sampled, species richness was higher the northern Cordillera Central of Colombia in Bodega Vieja, Bosque Guayabito, Alto show diverse biogeographic patterns (Cuervo Chaquiral [=Arrierito Antioqueño], La For- et al. in press). To this region coincide the geo- zosa, and Santa Gertrudis (Table 1). These graphic ranges of taxa, at the species and sub- are, overall, medium to large forests (from species level, characteristic of the northern 110 to more than 1000 ha) with lower distur- Andes (e.g., Phaethornis guy emiliae, Rhynchocyclus bance levels than the other sites. In addition fulvipectus, Pyroderus scutatus occidentalis, Cyclarhis to cloud forest birds, we also recorded low- nigrirostris), the Nechí-Magdalena lowlands land and open country species in the pastures, and foothills (e.g., Capito hypoleucus, Hyloctistes

498 AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CENTRAL ANDES subulatus cordobae, Piprites chloris antioquiae, Habia which were not even known to occur in this gutturalis), Chocó (e.g., Androdon aequatorialis, area at all such as osgoodi, Bangsia mela- Trogon comptus, Myiophobus phoenicomitra litae, nochlamys, and Chlorocrysa nitidissima. Further- Diglossa indigotica), or lowlands and foothills of more, Lipaugus weberi is exclusively known Central America (e.g., Philydor fuscipenne, Auto- from the sixteen localities reported in this molus rubiginosus saturatus). Except for the adja- paper, twelve more since its description in cent northern Cordillera Occidental and 2001. Although this may indeed be Serranía de San Lucas (Fig. 1), no other avi- restricted to the cloud forests of Anorí and fauna in the northern Andes is expected to Amalfi, ornithological exploration is poor in consist of such mixture of montane and trans- adjacent areas like Yolombó, Campamento, Andean lowland rainforest elements. Yarumal, the northern Cordillera Occidental, Overall, the species pool of the Cordillera and Serranía de San Lucas. Except for Odonto- Central of the Colombian Andes has been phorus hyperythrus, Pyrilia pyrilia, and H. guttura- previously considered to be relatively well lis, the rest of species of conservation concern known. However, not only new species have mostly range between 1000 and 2000 m, the been recently described (Cuervo et al. 2001, altitudinal belt at which most forest cover 2005; Donegan 2007), but also important have disappeared in Colombia (Etter & van range extensions have been reported (Beltrán Wyngaarden 2000). That many premontane & Kattan 2001). For example, we presented birds locally extirpated in other portions of evidence for 36 unexpected species in the the Colombian Andes (see Renjifo 1999) have region that reinforced the pattern of mixture relatively large populations in our region is of biogeographical realms in this corner of indicative of the mild history of disturbance South America (Cuervo et al. in press). That of the northern end the cordillera. Instead of the avifauna of the Cordillera Central was pre- the extensive deforestation of premontane sumed to be generally well known was based wet forests due to the expansion of coffee on the assumption that the various expedi- cultivations and cattle ranching that character- tions and recent works conducted in the cof- ized the Colombian Andes in the 20th century, fee growing region in the departments of this region remained mostly forested in many Antioquia, Caldas, Quindío, and Risaralda parts due to a low local human population were representative of the whole range. density and a gold-mining based economy. Indeed, there are vast areas where little or no However, land use is rapidly changing due to exploration has been conducted yet, such as the exhaustion of gold mines, the expansion the páramos and upper montane forests in of illicit crops and cattle ranching all over northern Antioquia, the hill slopes of the dry Colombia, and stable international coffee Cauca canyon, the eastern slope from Antio- prices. quia to Tolima, and the southern portion Bodega Vieja in Amalfi and Santa Gertru- from Parque Nacional Las Hermosas south to dis in Anorí are two key large forest blocks Parque Nacional Puracé. The finding of a dis- that still remain unprotected. By being located tinct avifauna in its northern end implies that in the middle of a forest continuum from collecting surveys in the poorly-explored areas 1800 m a.s.l. to 150 m, Santa Gertrudis repre- of this cordillera should be a priority for field sents a unique opportunity for expanding the ornithologists in Colombia. Bajo Cauca-Nechí reserve (45,000 ha) which Six IUCN threatened and ten near-threat- currently protects the lower foothills and low- ened species have populations in the northern lands (150–850 m). There are no national Cordillera Central (Appendix 1); many of parks in the northern Cordillera Central, but

499 CUERVO ET AL. three small reserves were recently established males, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt & based on our studies: Bosque Guayabito (c. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, 1000 ha), La Forzosa (c. 350 ha), and Arrierito New York. Antioqueño (i.e., Alto El Chaquiral, c. 110 Beltrán, W., & G. Kattan. 2001. First record of the ha). Although only the Anorí region was iden- Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush in the central Andes of Colombia, with notes on its ecology tified as an Important Bird Area (Franco & and geographical variation. Wilson Bull. 113: Bravo 2005), realistic conservation impact of 134–139. the IBA program on the cloud forest habitats Cuervo, A. M., C. D. Cadena, N. Krabbe, & L. M. of the region is still to be seen. We believe Renjifo. 2005. Scytalopus stilesi, a new species of that a network of reserves owned by local tapaculo (Rhinocryptidae) from the Cordillera farmers would cradle long-term, sustainable Central of Colombia. Auk 122: 445–463. conservation of the lower Porce and upper Cuervo, A. M., P. C. Pulgarín, & D. Calderón-F. in Nechi forests, which are now threatened by press. New distributional bird data from the ongoing land use changes and increasing Cordillera Central of the Colombian Andes, human colonization. with implications for the biogeography of northwestern South America. Condor. Cuervo, A. M., & C. Restrepo. 2007. Assemblage ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and population-level consequences of forest fragmentation on bilateral asymmetry in tropi- We appreciate the hospitality of the local peo- cal montane birds. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 92: 119– ple of Anorí and Amalfi. Funding and equip- 133. ment was provided by CORANTIOQUIA, Cuervo, A. M., P. Salaman, T. Donegan, & J. M. the NSF-CREST program at University of Ochoa. 2001. A new species of piha (Cotin- Puerto Rico, Sigma Xi, Instituto Humboldt, gidae: Lipaugus) from the Cordillera Central of Organization for Tropical Studies, Neotropi- Colombia. Ibis 143: 353–368. cal Bird Club, Idea Wild, Optics for the Trop- Donegan, T. 2007. A new species of brush finch ics, the “Incentivos a la Investigación” (Emberizidae: Atlapetes) from the northern program of Museo Universitario at Univer- Central Andes of Colombia. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club 127: 255–268. sidad de Antioquia, Cornell Laboratory of Espinal, L. S. 1992. Geografía ecológica de Antio- Ornithology, Asociación Calidris, and Barrick quia: Zonas de vida. Editorial Léalon, Medellín, Museum of Natural History. CORANTIO- Colombia. QUIA granted research permits. We thank J. Etter, A., & W. van Wyngaarden. 2000. Patterns of Toro for encouraging us to study the birds of landscape transformation in Colombia, with this region. For their hard work and company emphasis in the Andean region. Ambio 29: in the field we are very grateful to many 432–439. friends and students in Colombia acknowl- Franco, A. M., & G. A. Bravo. 2005. Áreas impor- edged elsewhere. M. A. Echeverry-Galvis and tantes para la conservación de las aves en C. D. Cadena made useful comments that Colombia. Pp. 117–282 in Áreas importantes improved the quality of the manuscript. para la conservación de las aves en los Andes tropicales: sitios prioritarios para la conser- vación de la biodiversidad. BirdLife Interna- REFERENCES tional & Conservation International, Quito, Ecuador. Álvarez, M., V. Caro, O. Laverde, & A. M. Cuervo. Gregory-Wodzicki, K. M. 2000. Uplift history of 2007. Guía sonora de las aves de los Andes the central and northern Andes: a review. Geol. colombianos/A guide to the birds sounds of Soc. Am. Bull. 112: 1091–1105. the Colombian Andes. Banco de Sonidos Ani- Hawkins, B. A., J. A. F. Diniz-Filho, C. A. Jaramillo,

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& S. A. Soeller. 2007. Climate, niche conserva- assessment of patterns of avian species rich- tism, and the global bird diversity gradient. Am. ness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98: 4534–4539. Nat. 170: S16–S27. Remsen, J. V., Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. IGAC. 2003. Atlas de Colombia. Instituto Geográ- Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schu- fico Agustín Codazzi & Imprenta Nacional de lenberg, F. G. Stiles, & D. F. Stotz. 2008. A clas- Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. sification of the bird species of South America. Kattan, G., & P. Franco. 2004. Bird diversity along American Ornithologists Union. Available on elevational gradients in the Andes of Colombia: http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SAC- area and mass effects. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 13: CBaseline.html [Version 24 April 2008]. 451–458. Renjifo, L. M. 1999. Composition changes in a sub- McCourt, W. J., J. A. Aspden, & M. Brook. 1984. andean avifauna after long-term forest frag- New geological and geochronological data mentation. Conserv. Biol. 13: 1124–1139. from the Colombian Andes: continental Stotz, D. F., J. W. Fitzpatrick, T. A. Parker, III, & D. growth by multiple accretion. J. Geol. Soc. 141: Moskovits. 1996. Neotropical birds: Ecology 831–845. and conservation. Chicago Univ. Press, Chi- Pitman, N., D. K. Moskovits, W. S. Alverson, & R. cago, Illinois. Borman, eds. 2002. Ecuador: Serranías Cofán- Terborgh, J. 1975. Bird species diversity on an Bermejo, Sinangoe. Rapid Biological Invento- Andean elevational gradient. Ecology 58: ries Report 3, The Field Museum, Chicago, 1007–1019. Illionois. van Velzen, H. P. 1992. Priorities for conservation Rahbek, C. 1997. The relationship among area, ele- of the biodiversity in the Colombian Andes. vation, and regional species richness in Neotro- Noved. Colomb. 4 (Esp.): 1–32. pical birds. Am. Nat. 149: 875–902. Rahbek, C., & G. R. Graves. 2001. Multiscale

501 CUERVO ET AL. 5 S S S S S S S S S S S,H R,H R,H M,P R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H M,P,S,H Evidence 4 ere the species were species the ere h I I I I I V V V II II II IV III III III III I,II I,II II,III II,III I,II,III II,III,V Habitats onomy follows the A.O.U. the follows onomy x 3 C C C C X X U U U U U U U U SC SC SC SC SC SC FC FC Abundance 9 7 7 1 7,8 7,9 7,8 8,9 3,9 6,7 7–9 1–18 3,8,13 7–10,18 Localities 1–5,7–9,13 2,6,7–10,18 1–9–12,13,18 1–10,13,17,18 3,5,7–9,15–18 1–9,11,13,15–17 1–9,12,13,15–18 2,3,5,8,9,13,16,18 2008). etal. 2 us ventralis Scientifi names Tinamus osgoodi soui goudotii Chamaepetes purpurascensPenelope Aburria aburri columbiana guttata Ortalis Odontophorus erythrops Odontophorus hyperythrus Butorides striata ibis Bubulcus Cathartes aura Coragyps atratus Sarcoramphus papa Leptodon cayanensis Elanoides forficatus leucurusElanus collaris striat Accipiter Leucopternis albicollis meridionalis Buteogallus unicinctus Parabuteo Buteo magnirostris 1 Black (VU) Black Guan Sickle-winged Crested Guan (NT) Guan Wattled Chachalaca Speckled Wood-Quail Rufous-fronted (NT) Wood-Quail Chestnut Heron Striated Cattle Egret Turkey Vulture Vulture Black King Vulture Kite Gray-headed Kite Swallow-tailed White-tailed Kite (NT) Semicollared Sharp-shinned Hawk Hawk White Hawk Savanna Harris's Hawk Roadside Hawk English names Tinamidae Cracidae Odontophoridae Ardeidae Cathartidae APPENDIX 1. Avifauna of the northern Cordillera Central of the Colombian Andes, indicating relative abundance, major habitats w habitats major abundance, relative indicating Andes, Colombian the of Central northernthe Cordillera of Avifauna 1. APPENDIX Ta studied. localities and geographic the 18 codes of 1 for data Table See species. per gathered of evidence type and recorded, South American Checklist Committeerecommendations (Remsen

502 AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CENTRAL ANDES 5 S S S S S S S S,H S,H S,H S,H S,H S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H M,R,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H Evidence 4 I II II II II II II II III III III III III III III I,II I,II I,II I,II II,V II,III II,III II,III I,II,III II,III,V Habitats 3 C C C C X X X X X U U U U U U U SC SC SC SC FC FC FC FC FC 1 8 3 2 13 18 8,9 2,8,13 8,9,18 2,6,7,10 4,7–9,18 6,8,16,18 1–3,5,8,9 Localities Abundance 1,2,8,9,13 3–9,17,18 1–5,7–9,18 1,3–10,13,18 1–10,13,17,18 1,4,5,7,8,13,14 1,3,5,8,9,13,18 1–4,11,13,17,18 1–9,11,13,16,18 1–9,11–14,16–18 3,5–9,11,13,15–18 1,3–11,13,14,16–18 2 Buteo platypterus Buteo polyosoma Buteo brachyurus albonotatus Buteo tyrannus Spizaetus Spizaetus ornatus Herpetotheres cachinnans Micrastur ruficollis Caracara cheriway americanus Ibycter chimachimaMilvago Falco spar verius rufigularis Falco Falco femoralis Anurolimnas viridis chilensis Vanellus talpacotiColumbina speciosa Patagioenas fasciata Patagioenas cayennensis Patagioenas subvinacea Patagioenas Geotrygon m. montana Zenaida auriculata Leptotila verreauxi Touit dilectissimus Scientifi names 1 Broad-winged Hawk Red-backed Hawk Short-tailed Hawk Zone-tailed Hawk Hawk-Eagle Black Ornate Hawk-Eagle Laughing Falcon Barred Forest-Falcon Crested Caracara Caracara Red-throated Caracara Yellow-headed Kestrel American Bat Falcon Aplomado Falcon Crake Russet-crowned Southern Lapwing Ground-Dove Ruddy Scaled Pigeon Band-tailed Pigeon Pale-vented Pigeon Pigeon Ruddy Ground-Dove Eared Dove White-tipped Dove Blue-fronted Parrotlet English names Falconidae Rallidae Charadriidae Columbidae Psittacidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

503 CUERVO ET AL. 5 S S S S M S,H S,H R,H R,H M,P P, S, H M,P,S R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H M,R,P,H Evidence M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H 4 V V V V V II II II II III I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II II,III II,III II,III II,III II,III II,III I,II,III Habitats 3 C C C C C X U U U SC SC SC SC SC SC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC 7 7 13 13 10 8,9 7,14 3,13 3,7,8 17,18 Localities Abundance 3,4,7–9,13 3,8,9,15,18 1–4,7–9,13 1–5,7–10,18 1–9,15,16,18 1–3,5–9,16,18 1–10,13,16–18 1–5,7–10,13,18 1–3,5–8,13,17,18 1–11,13,14,16–18 2–4,6–10,13,14,16 1–4,7–10,13,15–18 4,5,7,8,11,13,14,17,18 1,2,4,5,7–9,12,13,16,17 2 Pyrilia pyrilia menstruusPionus Pionus c. chalcopterus Amazona farinosa cayana Piaya Crotophaga ani naevia Tapera Dromococcyx pavoninus choliba Megascops petersoni Megascops virgataCiccaba griseus Nyctibius minor Chordeles Nyctidromus albicollis Caprimulgus longirostris ruficervix rutila Streptoprocne zonaris Streptoprocne Chaetura cinereiventris brachyura Chaetura cayennensis Panyptila mellivora Florisuga munda Eutoxeres aquila hirsutus affinisGlaucis darienensis Threnetes ruckeri Scientifi names 6 1 Saffron-headed Parrot (NT) Saffron-headed Parrot Blue-headed Parrot Bronze-winged Parrot Mealy Parrot Squirrel Cuckoo Smooth-billed Ani Cuckoo Striped Cuckoo Pavonine Screech-Owl Tropical Cinnamon Screech-Owl Owl Mottled Common Potoo Common Nighthawk Common Pauraque Band-winged Nightjar Chestnut-collared Swift White-collard Swift Gray-rumped Swift Short-tailed Swift Swift Swallow-tailed Lesser Jacobin White-necked White-tipped Sicklebill Rufous-breasted Hermit Band-tailed Barbthroat English names Cuculidae Strigidae Nyctibiidae Caprimulgidae Apodidae Trochilidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

504 AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CENTRAL ANDES 5 S S S,H M,P M,P P, S, H M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S R,S,H R,S,H M,P,S,H M,P,S,H Evidence M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H 4 I I I I I II II III III I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II II,IV II,III II,III I,II,III I,II,III I,II,III Habitats 3 C C C C C C C C X X X X U U U U U U SC SC SC SC SC FC FC FC FC 8 3 1 1 7 18 2,3 5,9 7,18 7,18 4,7,8 1,4,7 1–4,7–9 Localities Abundance 9,13,17,18 1–5,7,8,13 4,6–8,11,13 1–10,13–18 1–3,8,9,15,16 1–9,11,13–18 1–10,13,16,18 1–10,13–16,18 3–10,12,13,16,18 1–3,5–9,15,16,18 1–4,7–10,13,15–18 1,3–5,7–10,13,16,18 1–5,7,9–11,13–15,17 1–3,7–10,12,15,16,18 2 rhynchus pumilusrhynchus Phaethornis striigularis s. Phaethornis guy emiliae Phaethornis syrmathophorus s. Doryfera l. ludovicae geoffroyiSchistes albogularis delphinaeColibri thalassinus Colibri c. coruscansColibri Androdon aequatorialis barrotiHeliothrix Anthracothorax nigricollis aureliae a. Haplophaedia ferruginea coeligena Coeligena Ocreatus underwoodii j. jacula Heliodoxa Calliphlox mitchelli Chlorostilbon melano Scientifi names Klais guimeti Thalurania f. fannyi Amaziliatzacatl t. Amazilia f. franciae Amazilia saucerrottei s. Pharomachrus auriceps subtropicalis collaris Trogon Trogon comptus Chloroceryle a. americana Momotus momota aequatorialis 1 Stripe-throated Hermit HermitGreen Hermit Tawny-bellied Green-fronted Lancebill Hummingbird Wedge-billed VioletearBrown Green Violetear Violetear Sparkling Hummingbird Tooth-billed Purple-crowned Fairy MangoBlack-throated Puffleg Greenish Bronzy Inca Booted Racket-tail Green-crowned Brilliant Purple-throated Woodstar Emerald Western Violet-headed Hummingbird Woodnymph Green-crowned Hummingbird Rufous-tailed Andean Emerald HummingbirdSteely-vented Quetzal Golden-headed Trogon Collared Blue-tailed Trogon Alcedinidae Kingfisher Green Motmot Blue-crowned English names Trogonidae Momotidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

505 CUERVO ET AL. 5 S S S P,S S,H S,H S,H R,H P, S, H M,P,S M,P,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H Evidence M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H 4 I I I I II II II III III I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II II,III II,III II,III I,II,III I,II,III I,II,III I,II,III I,II,III Habitats 3 C X X U U U U SC SC SC SC SC SC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC 3 7 7 7 7,8 2,3 1,8–10 1,4–6,8 2,7,8,10 7,9,17,18 1–5,7–10 Localities Abundance 1–10,16,18 1–5,7–9,13 5–7,9,17,18 2,3,5,7–9,18 1–5–8,10,18 1–9,11,13,14 1–3,5,7–9,18 1–4,7,9,13,15 1–10,13,16,18 1–5,7–9,16,18 1–10,13,16–18 3–5,7,8,11,13,14,18 1–9,11,12,14,16–18 1–3,5,7–9,11,13,14,16,18 2 . sp m. mystacalis m. Malacoptila Micromonacha lanceolata h. hypoleucus Capito bourcierii b. Eubucco swainsonii Ramphastos ambiguous Ramphastos vitellinus citrolaemus haematopygus h. Aulacorhynchus Picumnus olivaceus Melanerpes formicivorus flavigula Melanerpes rubricapillus f.Picoides fumigatus rubiginosusColaptes gularis punctigula Colaptes Dryocopus lineatus Campephilus melanoleucus Sclerurusandinus mexicanus azarae media Synallaxis albescens Synallaxis brachyura Synallaxis erythropsCranioleuca griseigularis brunnescens Premnoplex b. Margarornis striaticollis Anabacerthia striolata subalaris Syndactyla cordobae subulatus Hyloctistes Scientifi names 1 Moustached Moustached Lanceolated Monklet White-mantled(EN) Barbet Barbet Red-headed Black-mandibled Toucan Channel-billed Toucan Toucanet Crimson-rumped Piculet Olivaceous Acorn Woodpecker Woodpecker Red-crowned Woodpecker Smoky-brown Woodpecker Golden-olive Spot-breasted Woodpecker Woodpecker Lineated Crimson-crested Woodpecker Leaftosser Tawny-throated Spinetail Azara's Spinetail Pale-breasted Slaty Spinetail Spinetail Red-faced Barbtail Spotted Treerunner Montane Foliage-gleaner Lineated Foliage-gleaner Striped Woodhaunter English names Bucconidae Capitonidae Ramphastidae Picidae Furnariidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

506 AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CENTRAL ANDES 5 S,H R,H M,P P, S, H P, S, H M,P,S R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H M,P,S,H M,P,S,H M,R,S,H M,R,S,H Evidence M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H 4 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II II,III I,II,III Habitats 3 C C X U U U U U U U U U U SC SC SC SC SC SC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC 9 5 7 1,2 7,18 5,7,18 7,9,18 3,9,10 3,5,7,9 2,3,5,9 7,15,18 2–10,18 Localities Abundance 2,3,8,9,16 2,5,8,9,16 2,3,7–9,18 4,5,7–9,18 1–3,8,9,16 2–5,7–10,18 4–7,10,13,18 1–3,5,7–9,15 1,3–5,7–9,12 1–10,13,15–18 1–4,6–9,15–18 2,3,5,7–9,16,18 1–5,7,8,13,15,18 1–9,12,13,15–18 2–5,7–10,15,17,18 2 Philydor fuscipenne erythronotum Philydor rufum riveti virgaticepsThripadectes magdalenae rubiginosussaturatus Automolus Xenops minutus littoralis heterurus rutilans Xenops Dendrocincla fuliginosa griseicapillus levisSittasomus spirurusGlyphorhynchus integratus promeropirhynchusXiphocolaptes Dendrocolaptes picumnus erythropygiusXiphorhynchus insolitus t. triangularis Xiphorhynchus lacrymigerLepidocolaptes pusillus p. Campyloramphus multistriatus Thamnophilus unicolor Thamnophilus grandior semicinereus mentalis Dysithamnus fulviventris salmoni Epinecrophylla Myrmotherula schisticolor s. Drymophila c. caudata c. callinota Terenura Cercomacra parkeri Myrmecizaimmaculata i. rufipectus carrikeriFormicarius h. hypoleuca Grallaria Grallaricula flavirostris Scientifi names 1 Slaty-winged Foliage-gleaner Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner Treehunter Streak-capped Foliage-gleaner Ruddy Plain Xenops Streaked Xenops Plain-brown Woodcreeper Olivaceous Woodcreeper Wedge-billed Strong-billed Woodcreeper Black-banded Woodcreeper Spotted Woodcreeper Woodcreeper Olive-backed Montane Woodcreeper Scythebill Brown-billed Antshrike Bar-crested Uniform Antshrike Plain Antvireo Antwren Checker-throated Slaty Antwren Long-tailed Antbird Rufous-rumped Antwren Parker's Antbird Antbird Immaculate Antthrush Rufous-breasted White-bellied Antpitta Antpitta Ochre-breasted English names Thamnophilidae Formicariidae Grallaridae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

507 CUERVO ET AL. 5 S S,H M,P M,P P, S, H M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S R,S,H R,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H Evidence M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H 4 I I I I I I I I II II II II II IV III I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II II,III I,II,III I,II,III Habitats 3 C C C C C U U U U U U SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC 7 2 13 3,10 3,7,9 5–7,9 4,7,11 5,7,18 7,8,17 2,5,7,9 2,3,5,7 1,2,5,7 2–9,18 Localities Abundance 1–3,8,9,17 1–9,11–18 1–11,13–18 3–5,7–9,13,18 4–7,9,10,13,18 1–3,8,10,15,16 1–10,13,15–18 2–9,12,13,16–18 1,2,4,5,7–9,13,15 1,3–5,7,8,13,15,18 1–3,5,7–9,13,17,18 1,4,6–9,13,15,16,18 4,5,7–9,11,13,14,17 1–5,7–9,13–15,17,18 2 Conopophaga c. c. castaneiceps Conopophaga Scytalopus atratus confusus Scytalopus stilesi Phyllomyias griseiceps Phyllomyias cinereiceps plumbeicepsPhyllomyias canicepsMyiopagis flavogaster Elaenia albivertex chiriquensis Elaenia frantziiElaenia Serpophaga cinerea c. chrysopsZimmerius ophthalmicus o. Phylloscartes superciliaris Phylloscartes columbianus striaticollis Mionectes hederaceus olivaceus Mionectes oleagineus Mionectes poliocephalus superciliaris Leptopogon ornatus stellatus Myiotriccus Lophotriccus pileatus hesperius margaritaceiventerHemitriccus cinereum Todirostrum Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus mystaceus neglectus Platyrinchus litae Myiophobus phoenicomitra villosus Myiobius v. Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus pyrrhopterus Scientifi names 1 Chestnut-crowned Gnateater Chestnut-crowned White-crowned Tapaculo (NT) Stiles's Tapaculo Tyrannulet Sooty-headed Tyrannulet Ashy-headed Plumbeous-crowned Tyrannulet Elaenia Gray Elaenia Yellow-bellied Elaenia Lesser Mountain Elaenia Torrent Tyrannulet Golden-faced Tyrannulet Marble-faced Bristle-Tyrant Tyrannulet Rufous-browed Flycatcher Streak-necked Flycatcher Olive-striped Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Slaty-capped Flycatcher Ornate Flycatcher Pygmy-Tyrant Scale-crested Tody-Tyrant Pearly-vented Common Tody-Flycatcher Fulvous-breasted Flatbill White-throated Spadebill Orange-crested Flycatcher Flycatcher Tawny-breasted Cinnamon Flycatcher English names Conopophagidae Rhinocryptidae Tyrannidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

508 AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CENTRAL ANDES 5 S S S H S,H S,H S,H R,H M,P M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H Evidence M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H 4 I I II II II II III III III III III 3,4 I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II II,III II,III II,III II,III I,II,III I,II,III I,II,III I,II,III Habitats 3 C C C X X X U U U U U SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC 7 4 3 7 13 18 13 18 5,7,8 2–5,7 3,6–9 5,7–9 1,4,8,9 2,3,8,9 7–9,11 2–5,7,8 1–16,18 Localities Abundance 2,3,7,9,16 2,3,5,7,18 1–9,13,18 1–9,11,13 2–9,11–18 4,7,8,13,18 3–10,13,14 3–8,13,17,18 1–5,7–9,13,18 1–3,5–9,13,16–18 1,4,6–9,13,15,17,18 2 Empidonax virescensEmpidonax trailli Empidonax alnorumEmpidonax Contopus cooperi ardosiacus fumigatus Contopus Contopus virens Contopus sordidulus Sayornis nigricans Pyrocephalus rubinus poecilurus Knipolegus Machaetornis rixosa leucophaius Legatus cayanensis Myiozetetes Pitangus sulphuratus Conopias cinchoneti chrysocephalusMyiodynastes minor maculatus Myiodynastes savanna Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus Rhyptipterna holerythra tuberculifer t. Myiarchus Myiarchus cephalotes caucae Myiarchus crinitus spadiceusAttila sclateri Oxyruncus cristatus Pipreola a. aureopectus Lipaugus weberi Querula purpurata Scientifi names 5 (NT) 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 Acadian Flycatcher Flycatcher Willow Flycatcher Alder Flycatcher Olive-sided Wood-Pewee Western Phoebe Black Flycatcher Vermillion Tyrant Rufous-tailed Cattle Piratic FlycatcherRusty-margined Kiskadee Great Flycatcher Lemon-browed Flycatcher Golden-crowned Flycatcher Streaked Flycatcher Fork-tailed Kingbird Tropical Rufous Mourner Dusky-capped Flycatcher Flycatcher Pale-edged Flycatcher Crested Great Bright-rumped Attila Sharpbill Fruiteater Golden-breasted (EN) Piha Chestnut-capped Purple-throated Fruitcrow Smoke-colored Pewee Smoke-colored Eastern Wood-Pewee English names Oxyruncidae Cotingidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

509 CUERVO ET AL. 5 S S P M,P M,P P, S, H M,P,S R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H M,P,H M,P,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H Evidence M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H 4 I I I I I II II II II II II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II II,III II,III Habitats 3 C C C X X X X X U U U U U U U SC SC SC FC FC FC FC FC FC 2 5 18 18 18 2,9 5,18 7,13 7,10 2,3,9 7,9,10 1–5,7–9 1–3,8,18 2,8,13,18 Localities Abundance 1–8,16,18 1–9,13,18 4,7,9,10,18 3,4,6,7,10,18 2,3,5–8,16–18 4–7,9,10,13,18 2,3,9,10,16–18 1–10,13,16–18 1,2,4,5,8–10,18 1–3,5,7–9,11,16 2 us occidentalis Pyroderus scutat Masius chrysopterus bellus Machaeropterus regulus antioquiae Lepidothrix coronata Manacus manacus abditivus litae holochlora Xenopipo flavicapillaXenopipo bolivari pipra Pipra Pipra erythrocephala columbianus semifasciata Schiffornis turdina panamensis versicolor v. Pachyramphus rufus r. Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Pachyramphus cinereiventris polychopterus Pachyramphus chloris Piprites antioquiae Cyclarhis nigrirostris Vireolanius eximius flavifrons Vireo Vireo l. leucophrys Vireo olivaceus Hylophilus semibrunneus affinisCyanocorax galeatus yncas Cyanocorax Scientifi names 6 1 6 Red-ruffed Fruitcrow Red-ruffed Golden-winged Manakin Striped Manakin Manakin Blue-crowned White-bearded Manakin Manakin Green (NT) Manakin Yellow-headed White-crowned Manakin Golden-headed Manakin Tityra Masked Thrush-like Schiffornis Barred Cinereous Becard Cinnamon Becard White-winged Becard Incerta Sedis 1 Wing-barred Piprites Black-billed Peppershrike Shrike-Vireo Yellow-browed Vireo Yellow-throated VireoBrown-capped Vireo Red-eyed GreenletRufous-naped Jay Black-chested Jay Green English names Pipridae Vireonidae Corvidae Hirundinidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

510 AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CENTRAL ANDES 5 S S S H H S,H S,H S,H P, S, H M,P,S R,S,H R,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H Evidence M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H 4 I I I III III III I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II II,V IS,V III,V III,V II,IV II,III II,III II,III II,III II,III I,II,III Habitats 3 C C C X U U U U U U U U SC SC SC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC 7 7 7 1 6–8 1,2,5 1,7,9 2–18 1–18 7,9,10 2,3,8,9 1–9,13 1–9,13 2,3,9,16 Localities Abundance 5–7,9,15,18 1–3,6–9,16,18 5,7–9,13,16,18 1–10,13,15–18 3,5,7–9,13,15,18 1–9,11–14,17,18 1–10,12,13,15,17 1–9,11–13,16–18 1–5,7–10,13,15,18 1,3,6–9,12–14,17,18 1–3,6,8,9,11,12,14–17 2 Pygochelidon cyanoleuca Pygochelidon Atticora tibialis minima Stelgidopterix ruficollis Progne chalybea Microcerculus marginatus striatulus aedon Troglodytes Thryothorus spadix Thryothorus mystacalis Thryothorus nigricapillus Henicorhina l. leucophrys phaeocephalus Cyphorhinus Ramphocaenus melanurus griseodorsalis plumbeiceps ralloides Myadestes Catharus minimus Catharus ustulatus leucops Turdus quindio fuscater Turdus serranusTurdus i. ignobilis Turdus Turdus o. obsoletus Mimus gilvus tolimensis Schistochlamys melanopis Hemispingus f. frontalis rufus Tachyphonus Ramphocelus dimidiatus Scientifi names 6 6 1 Hemispingus White-lined Tanager Crimson-backed Blue-and-white Swallow White-thighed Swallow Swallow Southern Rough-winged MartinGray-breasted Wren Scaly-breasted Wren House Wren Sooty-headed Wren Whiskered Wren Bay Wood-Wren Gray-breasted Song Wren Long-billed Gnatwren Andean Solitaire Thrush Gray-cheeked Swainson's Thrush Pale-eyed Thrush ThrushGreat Thrush Glossy-black Black-billed Thrush Pale-vented Thrush Mockingbird Tropical Tanager Black-faced Oleaginous English names Troglodytidae Polioptilidae Turdidae Mimidae Thraupidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

511 CUERVO ET AL. 5 S S P,S S,H M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H Evidence M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H 4 I II II II III I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II II,III II,III II,III II,III II,III II,III II,III II,III I,II,III I,II,III I,II,III I,II,III Habitats 3 C C C C X U U U U U U U SC SC SC SC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC 9 3 5 1,2 1–3 7,18 2,3,7,8 7,15,18 1–13,17 2,3,5,7–9 Localities Abundance 8,9,16–18 8,9,16–18 1–14,17,18 4,5,7–10,13 1–4,6,8,9,18 4,6–14,17,18 1–9,11,13–18 3–10,13,14,18 2–5,7–9,13,18 1–3,6–9,15–18 1–5,7–9,11–18 1–9,12,13,17,18 1–9,11,13,15–18 1–9,11–14,16,17 2–4,7–10,13,15–18 1,3–5,7–11,13,17,18 1–5,7,8,11,13,16–18 1–5,7–9,11–13,14,17 1,3–5,7–9,13,14,17,18 2 Ramphocelus flammigerus icteronotus flammigerus Ramphocelus episcopusThraupis canus palmarum atripennis Thraupis Bangsia melanochlamys antioquiae somptuosus Anisognathus Iridosornis porphyrocephalus Chlorocrysa nitidissima arthus occidentalis Tangara icterocephala i. Tangara xanthocephala Tangara guttata tolimae Tangara Tangara gyrola deleticia vitriolina Tangara granadensis cyanicollis Tangara nigroviridisconsobrina Tangara Tangara heinei Cyanerpes caeruleus microrhynchus Chlorophanes spiza Hemithraupis guira guirina Chrysothlypis salmoni dorbignyi sittoides Diglossa indigoticaDiglossa Chlorospingusnigriceps ophthalmicus Chlorospingus f. flavigularis columbiana flaveola Coereba olivaceus Tiaris obscurus Tiaris o. maximus Saltator Saltator a. atripennis Scientifi names 1 Flame-rumped Tanager Blue-gray Tanager Palm Tanager (VU) Black-and-gold Tanager Blue-winged Mountain-Tanager Purplish-mantled (NT) Tanager (VU) Tanager Multicolored Tanager Golden Tanager Silver-throated Tanager Saffron-crowned Tanager Speckled Tanager Bay-headed Scrub Tanager Tanager Blue-necked Tanager Blue-necked Tanager Black-capped Honeycreeper Purple Honeycreeper Green Tanager Guira Tanager Scarlet-and-white Flowerpiercer Rusty Indigo Flowerpiercer Incerta Sedis 2 Common Bush-Tanager Bush-Tanager Yellow-throated Bananaquit Grassquit Yellow-faced Dull-colored Grassquit Buff-throated Saltator Black-winged Saltator English names APPENDIX 1. Continued.

512 AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CENTRAL ANDES 5 S S S S S S S P P,S P,S P,S S,H S,H P, S, H M,P,S R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H R,P,S,H M,R,S,H Evidence M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H 4 I I I I I II II II II III III III III III I,II I,II I,II I,II I,IV II,III II,III II,III II,III II,III II,III II,III I,II,III Habitats 3 C C X X X U U U U U U U U U U U SC SC SC SC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC 7 7 10 18 15 7,9 7–9 6–8 9,16 5,7,9 3,5,8 5,7,10 1,4,5,9 8,13,18 1,3–9,13 Localities Abundance 4,5,8,9,16 2–5,13,18 5,7,10,13,15 2,4,5,7,13,17 4–9,13,17,18 3–5,7–9,13,14 2,3,5,7–9,15,18 7–9,11,13,17,18 1–9,11,13,17,18 1–9,13,15,16,18 1–9,11–14,16–18 1–5,6,8,9,12,13,17,18 2 Scientifi names coerulescens Saltator striatipectus Saltator costaricensis capensis Zonotrichia rustica r. flaveola Sicalis jacarina Volatinia Sporophila schistacea Sporophila corvina Sporophila nigricollis Sporophila minuta Oryzoborus funereusochrogyne Arremonops conirostris Arremon brunneinucha frontalis Arremon torquatus atricapillus gutturalis albinucha Atlapetes rubra Piranga olivacea Piranga leucoptera venezuelae Piranga Habia gutturalis Habia cristata Chlorothraupis olivacea Pheucticus ludovicianus c. cyanoides Cyanocompsa chrysoptera Vermivora peregrina Vermivora Parula pitiayumi Dendroica castanea (NT) 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 Tennessee Warbler Tennessee Grayish Saltator Saltator Streaked Sparrow Rufous-collared Slaty Finch Finch Saffron Blue-black Grassquit Slate-colored Seedeater Variable Seedeater Seedeater Yellow-bellied Seedeater Ruddy-breasted Thick-billed Seed-Finch Sparrow Black-striped Chestnut-capped Brush-Finch Stripe-headed Brush-Finch Brush-Finch White-naped Tanager Summer Scarlet Tanager White-winged Tanager (NT) Ant-Tanager Sooty Crested Ant-Tanager Lemon-spectacled Tanager Rose-breasted Grosbeak Grosbeak Blue-black Golden-winged Warbler Parula Tropical Warbler Bay-breasted English names Emberizidae Cardinalidae Parulidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

513 CUERVO ET AL. 5 S S S S S P,S P,S P,S P,S P,S P,S S,H S,H S,H M,P,S M,P,S R,S,H R,S,H R,P,S,H Evidence M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H 4 I I II II II II II II III III III III I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II II,IV II,IV II,III I,II,III I,II,III I,II,III I,II,III Habitats 3 C C C C C C X U U U U U U U U U U SC SC SC SC SC FC FC FC 7 8 6 4 3,4 7,18 4,13 4,8,9 8,9,15 5,7,13 6,7,18 3,4,7,9 4,13,18 2,3,7–9 Localities Abundance 2,3,6,7,18 1,4–9,13,16 3,4,7,8,12,13 1–9,13,15–18 1–10,13,15–18 1–10,13,15–18 1–5,7–12,15–18 1–5,7,8,10,13,18 1–5,7–9,11,16,18 1–9,11–14,16–18 1–10,12,13,15–18 2 Dendroica fusca petechia Dendroica ruticilla Setophaga Mniotilta varia Seiurus noveboracensis Oporornis philadelphia Wilsonia canadensis Myioborus miniatus ballux culicivorusBasileuterus Basileuterus rufifrons mesochrysus tristriatus Basileuterus Phaeothlypis fulvicauda Psarocolius angustifronssalmoni uropygialis Cacicus Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster Molothrus oryzivorus Molothrus bonariensis spinescensCarduelis Carduelis x. xanthogastra psaltria Carduelis Euphonia laniirostris Euphonia cyanocephala pelzelni oressinoma Euphonia xanthogaster Chlorophonia cyanea longipennis Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys Scientifi names 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 6 Blackburnian Warbler Warbler Yellow Redstart American Warbler Black-and-white Waterthrush Northern Mourning Warbler Canada Warbler Slate-throated Redstart Warbler Golden-crowned Warbler Rufous-capped Three-striped Warbler Buff-rumped Warbler Oropendola Russet-backed Scarlet-rumped Cacique (EN) Grackle Red-bellied Cowbird Giant Shiny Cowbird Siskin Andean Siskin Yellow-bellied Goldfinch Lesser Thick-billed Euphonia Euphonia Golden-rumped Orange-bellied Euphonia Blue-naped Chlorophonia Chlorophonia Chestnut-breasted English names Icteridae Fringillidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

514 AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CENTRAL ANDES tly identified. her evidence. her uals per day and daily and daily day uals per ly found in small num- small in found ly etation or water courses, V = V etation courses, or water and cultivated areas, IV = riverine veg IV = riverine areas, and cultivated encounters), FC = fairly common (lessthan 10 individ EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near threatened. = NT Vulnerable, VU = Endangered, EN = ers and not daily in prime habitat), SC = scarce (only occasional photograph, S = sight record, H = vocalization heard and confiden imens in the museum or from unambiguous identifications from ot 10 individuals per day and daily per day 10 individuals d gaps, III = young second growth, pastures, growth, second pastures, young III = d gaps, aerial or soaring. or aerial or almost daily encounters), U = uncommon (found in smallnumb bers), X = single record. Letters in parenthesis refer to the global IUCN Red List categories: IUCN Red global the refer to in parenthesis Letters from identified spec whenavailable, namesare given, abundance: C= commonRelative (more than II = edgesHabitat: I = forest interior, an specimen,evidence: of= museum M R: tape recording, P = Type migrant.Nearctic 1 2 3 4 5 6

515