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Continuing Its Long History of Influential SUBSCRIPTIONS In 2019 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A (ISSN 1364-503X) will be published Continuing its long history of infl uential scientifi c publishing, 26 times a year. For more details of Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A publishes high quality theme issues on subscriptions and single issue sales please contact our fulfi lment agent: topics of current importance and general interest within the Turpin Distribution physical, mathematical and engineering sciences, guest- The Royal Society Customer Services edited by leading authorities and comprising new research, Pegasus Drive reviews and opinions from prominent researchers. Each Stratton Business Park Biggleswade issue aims to create an original and authoritative synthesis, SG18 8TQ often bridging traditional disciplines, which showcases T +44 17 6760 4951 current developments and provides a foundation for future F +44 17 6760 1640 research, applications and policy decisions. E [email protected] royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsta Alternatively, please contact our customer service team at : E [email protected] EDITOR Nick Jenkins PRICES FOR 2019 John Dainton Brian Kennett Online Online Stephen Liddle COMMISSIONING EDITOR only and print Bailey Fallon Simon Lilly Rebecca Lingwood £ UK/Rest of World £2594 £3631 PRODUCTION EDITOR Mike Lovell Amie Mustill Paolo Maria Mariano € Europe €3375 €4725 EDITORIAL BOARD David May $ US/Canada $4921 $6889 Kazuyuki Aihara Paul Milewski Sharon Ashbrook Anne Neville SUBMISSIONS Chunli Bai Tim Palmer For submission guidelines and access to Steven Balbus Cécile Penland John Ball journal content visit: Vincent Poor royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsta Katharine Cashman Paul Raithby Jack Connor Stuart Robinson Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Andrew Cooper Misao Sasaki Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Athena Coustensis Engineering Sciences Gordon Semenoff Ineke De Moortel ISSN 1364-503X Simone Severini Caterina Ducati © The Royal Society, 2019 John Shepherd Christian Enss Except as otherwise permitted under the Ajay Sood Baylor Fox-Kemper Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, Melissa Franklin Ingrid Stairs this publication may only be reproduced, Pratibha Gai Douglas Stephan stored or transmitted, in any form or by any other means, with the prior permission in Marie-Pierre Gaigeot Iain Stewart writing of the publisher, or in the case of C. David Garner Colin Wilson reprographic reproduction, in accordance Robin Garrell Xuesong Wu with the terms of a licence issued by the Maohai Xie Isabelle Gallagher Copyright Licensing Agency. In particular, Nigel Glover Hiroshi Yamaguchi the Society permits the making of a single Joanna Haigh Julia Yeomans photocopy of an article from this issue Cover image Yasuhiro Iwasawa Qiang Zhang (under Sections 29 and 38 of this Act) for Courtesy of UKAEA. an individual for the purposes of research or private study. Open access articles, which Typeset by Nova Techset Private Limited, Bengaluru & Chennai, India. Printed in the UK by Cambrian Printers. are published under a CC-BY licence, may This paper meets the requirements of ISO 9706:1994(E) and ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) eff ective with volume 338, be re-used without permission, but subject issue 1649, 1992. to acknowledgement. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A (ISSN 1364-503X) is published 26 times a year for US$6531 per year by the Royal Society, and is distributed in the USA by Agent named Air Business, C/O Worldnet Shipping USA Inc., 149-35 177th Street, Jamaica, New York, NY11434, USA. US Postmaster: Send address changes to Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, C/O Air Business Ltd, C/O Worldnet Shipping USA Inc, 149-35 177th Street Jamaica, New York, NY11414. RRSTA_377_2141_Cover.inddSTA_377_2141_Cover.indd 55-7-7 225/01/195/01/19 55:31:31 PPMM.
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