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Emulous Fellowship and the Elizabethan Pastoral Eclogue

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Emulous Fellowship and the Elizabethan Pastoral Eclogue Emulous Fellowship and the Elizabethan Pastoral Eclogue by Nathan Jursza Szymanski M.A. (English), Concordia University, 2009 B.A. (Liberal Arts), Dartmouth College, 2005 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences © Nathan Jursza Szymanski 2017 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2017 Approval Name: Nathan Jursza Szymanski Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: Emulous Fellowship and the Elizabethan Pastoral Eclogue Examining Committee: Chair: Michelle Levy Professor Tiffany Werth Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Ronda Arab Supervisor Associate Professor Vin Nardizzi Supervisor Associate Professor John Craig Internal Examiner Professor Department of History Simon Fraser University Stephen Guy-Bray External Examiner Professor Department of English University of British Columbia Date Defended/Approved: December 05, 2017 ii Abstract “Emulous Fellowship and the Elizabethan Pastoral Eclogue” re-conceptualizes literary composition according to ideas of competition unique to early modern England. Elizabethan terms of fellowship—including copemate, emulator, and competitor—might connote positive, reciprocal relationships while simultaneously suggesting opposition, antagonism, and envy. This “emulous” language structures much of the dialogue in Elizabethan English eclogues, a verse form modelled after ancient singing shepherds and popularized by Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser. My dissertation starts with the eclogue’s humble beginnings in early modern schoolrooms and finishes with its usage in elegizing Elizabeth I and in praising James I. Hence, the dissertation’s arc, loosely based on the Virgilian literary career (or rota), progresses from youth until death, and from shepherds to princes. As both canonical and lesser-known poets present “composition as competition” modelled after the eclogue’s pseudo-rustic lessons, singing contests, amorous invitations, and funeral rehearsals, they showcase unstable, competitive relationships between shepherds and between shepherd-poets. This dissertation aims to restore the eclogue, long regarded as leisurely pastoral verse associated with poetic neophytes, to its Elizabethan context: a significant literary form through which shepherd- poets, engaging their fellows as copemates, emulators, and competitors, cast poetic composition as exercises in power and hierarchy. Keywords: Renaissance and early modern poetry and drama; pastoral eclogue; rivalry; emulation; competition; pedagogy; homoeroticism; queer; Barnabe Googe; Edmund Spenser; Sir Philip Sidney; Christopher Marlowe; William Shakespeare; Elizabeth I iii Acknowledgements Thanks to my supervisor Dr. Tiffany Werth for her tireless support and for being a dedicated mentor, teacher, confidante, and friend. Her commitment to the material that she studies, to her students, and to the profession at large continues to motivate and inspire me. Thanks to Dr. Ronda Arab for her help and friendship, including during those first disorienting years of my PhD but especially during these final couple years—she has been an engaged, careful, and clear-sighted reader of various drafts of my dissertation. And thanks to Dr. Vin Nardizzi, another wonderful reader, who has consistently made me feel as though I am a cherished student and friend, despite working at a different institution. These three professors have been the keystone and springers around which the following intellectual work has been built, and I cannot thank the three of them enough. Dr. Carolyn Lesjak, Dr. Peter Dickinson, Dr. Jeff Derksen, and Dr. Michelle Levy have all exceeded their roles as graduate chairs (or acting graduate chairs) during my time at SFU. They consistently and seamlessly provided support when it was needed most. Thanks to Dr. Tom Grieve for being a really great teacher and for reminding me why I love poetry outside the Renaissance too. Thanks to Dr. Betty Schellenberg and Dr. Diana Solomon, two 18th-century English professors who have been supportive and influential. Thanks to Dr. Steve Collis, fellow Tsawwassenite, for his friendship and mentorship. And thanks to the SFU Renaissance team, especially Dr. James Fleming, but also Dr. Paul Budra, Dr. Gavin Paul, Dr. Torsten Kehler, and Dr. David Coley (who almost works in the Renaissance). Thanks to Maureen Curtin, Christa Gruninger, and Wendy Harris for countless hours of help. iv I’ve been lucky to make a few friends in the department, though especially Matt Tomkinson, whose friendship over these last couple years has been both surprising and uplifting. And who could forget the three amigos: Kyle Carpenter, Dr. Nico Dicecco, and Dr. Justin O’Hearn. Also, Kandice Sharren, David Weston, Natalie Knight, Steve Hahn, Ryan Fitzpatrick, Lauren Fournier, Heath Wood, Kelsey Blair, George Temple, Lauren Perchuk, Emily Lauman, Taylor Morphett, Dr. Sarah Creel, Dr. Alison Dean, Dr. Marc Acherman, Dr. Erin Keating, Dr. Jennifer Scott, Dr. Amy De’Ath, and Dr. Chris Ewart. I am also grateful for my friends in the English department at University of British Columbia, many of whom have since moved on: Dr. Sarah Crover, Dr. Noelle Phillips, Dr. William Green, Eve Preus, and Katie Davison. My work has benefited from the continued support of several professors at Concordia University, where I did my M.A., though especially Dr. Judith Herz, Dr. Kevin Pask, and Dr. Marcie Frank. Thank you to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) for their support. In granting me a CGS Doctoral Scholarship and a Michael Smith Foreign Study Supplement, SSHRC has provided me with the time to think and the means to travel. Thank you to Dr. Lucy Munro and Dr. Cameron Laux for their support in London. Also, thank you to Simon Fraser University for the many private awards and for being such a wonderful place to study. I also want to respectfully acknowledge that SFU is on unceded Tsleil-Waututh, Skwxwú7mesh, and Musqueam lands. I have several haunts where the writing gets done and in each of these places I have overstayed my welcome: the Woodn’ Frog Coffee Shop, the Tsawwassen Public Library, v and my in-laws spare bedroom / office. Thank you to the staff at the Frog and at the library, and a heartfelt thanks to Lorie and Dominic, who opened up their home to me on day one. Thanks also to Jodi and Kevin for the fantastic (and free) childcare. The support of my Ottawa family has been relentless, and I am grateful to have grown up in a family that honours learning and the arts. Thanks to my father Leo, my mother Suzana, and my brother Andy. To my two kids, Dom and Rose, two beacons of perpetual light: what I give to you will never equal what you give to me. Finally, Beth: what can I say? Nearing an end always makes me think of beginnings— like that time in 2010 we pushed my desk through the snow from Verdun to the new apartment in Pointe-Saint-Charles. We had just started dating and I was waiting to hear back from schools, trying to save a little money. But pushing a desk that far through snow? It took strength, stamina, and some stupidity. And did I even thank you? I think about the desk getting stuck beneath the overpass, or finding cardboard to make a sled for it to slide on, or you taking a rest on top of it and laughing. I hope you will forgive the obvious analogue between a) pushing an upturned desk through snow to some distant end point and b) writing a dissertation. The point is that I have been blessed to have you by my side then and now, and this dissertation is dedicated to you. vi Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Introduction: “Emulous Fellowship” ...............................................................................1 I “… and the Elizabethan Pastoral Eclogue” .....................................................................22 II Why eclogue? .................................................................................................................39 III The structure of this dissertation ...................................................................................48 Chapter 1 “By emulation and striuing who may do best”: the Shepherds’ Forum and Opening Eclogues ..................................................................53 I Shepherds’ forum ............................................................................................................59 II Aemulatio and Sir Philip Sidney’s “The Lady of May” .................................................67 III Imitatio and “The First Eclogues” in Sidney’s Old Arcadia ........................................76 IV Sexuality and pedagogy in the opening eclogue ...........................................................90 Chapter 2. “Thou shalt ycrouned be in Colins stede”: the Singing Contest in Edmund Spenser’s The Shepheardes Calender .....................................103 I Virgilian and
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