A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION II AND JURISDICTION OF STATE COURTS,

THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR STATE COURTS Prepared by Erick Baker Low Associate Li btar ian

August 30, 1980 I

I I A significant body of literature on the origins and develop- i, \' ment of state courts and state court systems lies scattered throughout a variety of likely and unlikely sources. Changes in court structure and jurisdiction can be traced and examined in news items announcing the formation of new forums, in reminiscences of jurists, in brochures and monographs prepared by court--administratorsas public information releases, in studies conducted by historians, judges, or members of the bar, and occasionally in multivolume historical treatises and * dissertations. The purpose of this bibliography is to provide reference to this large variety of materials and to suggest areas where additional historical research is needed. Historical literature on courts and other forums of dispute resolution is very rich in some states and sadly lacking in \ others. Some consideration has been given by scholars in the past to providing brief, standardized histories of each state court system, but short summaries could not adequately describe the textured history of the colonial courts or sufficiently trace the rise of justice in the courts of the territories. This is a preliminary bibliography. Many of the items on this list have not been personally examined or evaluated. Titles have been included if they (1) purport to give historical I information, (2) appear to provide historical information, (3) .I describe the jurisdiction of courts, especially courts of ! limited or special jurisdiction or courts prior to 1900, or (4) detail recent changes in court organization or describe the I' '> I birth of new courts. The emphasis of this bibliography is upon historical sources that focus upon the origin and development of state courts. Historical sources that focus upon the careers of jurists have not been included. Likewise, the following types of material have been excluded from this preliminary bibliography: (1) I I procedural manuals, (2) descriptions of courthouses, (3) compilations of early court records, (4) reminiscences of individual justices. A11 of these materials are of invaluable assistance to historians in the process of compiling histories of state courts, but they present too wide a range of investiga-

I tion for this bibliography. Many of the titles included in this bibliography were drawn from bibliographies by Fannie J. Klein, The Administration of Justice in the Courts and Judicial Administration and the Legal Profession. A large number of other entries were taken from Herta Prager and William W. Price's Bibliography on the History of the Courts of the Thirteen Original States, Maine, Ohio and Vermont, which was published in 1957. Larry M. Boyer's Frontier I Justice, published in 1979 by the Library of Congress, Law , Library, provided material on central and western states. This I preliminary bibliography expands and updates the information presented by previous researchers and provides a starting point for persons interested in obtaining information on the history of for I state courts. The compiler welcomes suggestions further research and notification of specific materials not included in the present list.

! GENERAL Bakken, English Common Law in the Rocky Mountain West, 11 Arizona and the West 109 (Summer 1969). Bakken, Judicial Review in the Rock Moun ta in Tear i tor i a 1 Courts, 15 Am. J. Legal Hist. 56 9/11. Baldwin, The Pioneer Bench and Bar, 27 Brief 82 (1932). Blum, Conciliation Courts: Instruments of Peace, 41 Calif. St. B. J. 33, 42 (1966). [History of conciliation courts recounted.] Blume & Brown, Digests and Lists Pertaining to the Development of Law and Legal Institutions in the Territ'ories of the Dnited States: 1/81- 1934 (1960). Blume, Circ,uit Court and the Nisi Prius System; the Making of an Appellate Court, 38 Mich. L. Rev. 289 (1 940). [Evolution of court systems of Northwest Territory, Indiana Territory, Michigan State; emphasis on appellate systems.] B1.ume, Lep,islation.on the American Frontier: Adoption of Laws by Governor and Judges--Northwest Territory 1788-1798 ; 'Indiana Territory 1800- 1804 ; Michigan Territory 1805-1823, 60 hch. L. Rev. 311 (1962). Booz, Allen & Hamilton Inc., Excerpts,from: Final Reports on th,e Unified Trial Court Feasibility Study and the California Lower Court Study (1971). [Submitted to Judicial Council of California; contains "Summary of Court Reorganization Activities in Other States."] Boyet, The Justice of the Peace in England and Amer,ica from 1506 to 1776 : A Bibliographic History, 34 Q. J. Lib. Cong. 315 (1911). Larry Boyer, Frontier Justice (Law Library, Library of Congreqs 1979). Bushe, Justice in the Colonies, 85 L.J. 182 (1938). Caughey, Their Majesties the Mob: Vigilantes Past and Present, 26 Pac. Hist. Rev. 21/ (195/). Cayton, Small Claims and Conciliations Courts, 205 Annals 57 (1939). [History noted.]

1 Chipman, Judicial Proceedings in New Spain, an Addendum to the Harkness 1531 Huejotzingo Codex, 35 Q . J. Lib. Cong. 2/ (1918) Cullen, The Tennessee County Courts under the North Carolina and Territorial Governments: The Davi-dson County Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions, 1783 - 1/96, as a Case Study, 32 Vand. L. Rev. ._.(1919) Davis, Court Reform in the Navajo Nation, 43 J. Am. Jud. Soc'y 52 (lm9). [Establishment of tribal trial court described.] Wi lliam Davis, The New England States, Their Constitutional, Judicial, Educ,at,ional,Commercial, Professional ,and Industrial History (1897). Dobbs, The Unfolding of Law in the Mountain Region, 51 A.B.A. Rep. 1// (1926). Charles Duerr, The Judicial Notary;,aYistorical Synopsis and a Commentary (Catholic U. of Amercia Press 1951). Duponceau, Dissertation on the Nature.and Extent of the Jur i s d ic t2n 8 24 ) Dyson & Dyson, Family Courts in the United States, 8 J. Fam. L. 505; 9 'J. Fam. L. 1 (1968- 69). [Background of courts reviewed.]

Richard Ellis, The, Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in , the Young Repub1,ic (19/4). Ewing, Jr., Justice of the Peace--Bedrock of Democracy, 21 Tenn. L. Rev. 484 (1950). [History and background in England and America described.] Fair, State Intermediate Appellate Courts:, An Introduction, 24 W. Political Q. 415 (1971). 2. [Historical development of intermediate appellate courts outlined.] Fairchild, Reefs and Shoals of Colonial Justice, 23 New Eng. Q. 339 (19501. Henry Foote, The Bench and Bar of the South and Southwest (Soule, Thomas & Wentworth 1876). [Brief court history included.]

2

. i Fullerton, Courts in the Quapaw Country, 4 Indian Territory B. A. Proc. 63 (1903). Givens, The Creek Courts, 4 Indian Territory B. A. Proc. 43 (1903) . [Establishment of Creek courts in 1850 following resettlement described. J Glick, State Court Organization, 70 Current Hist. 253 (1976). Glick 6 Vines, State Court Systems (Prentice-Hall 1973). - [Hisfory andPdevelo-p6ent-of s'kate courts described. ] Glick, The System of State and Local Courts, 60 Current Hist. 341 (19/1). D. Gould, Staff Report on the Small Claims Court (National Institute for Consumer Justice 1573). [History of small claims courts in , Philadelphia, and Detroit described.] . J. Guice, The Rocky ,Mountain Bench: The. Territorial. Supyeme Courts of Colorado, Montana and Wyoming (1972).

'ress LY12). Harvey, Early Administration of Justice in the North West, 1 Alberta I.,. Q. 1 (19 34). Hastings, The Cherokee Courts, 4 Indian Territory B. A. Proc. 39 (1903). [Establishment of courts in the Cherokee Nation in 1839 and their abolishment by in 1898 discussed.] Hindus, Contours of Crime and Justice in,Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1/6*1-1078 , 21 Am. J. Legal Hist. 212 (1977) Michael Hincius, Prison and Plantation: Crime, Justice and Authoritv in Massachusetts and South Carolina. 1767-1878

Michael Hindus, Prison ana Plantation: Criminal Justice in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts and South Carolina (1975). James Hurst, Law and th.e Conditions ,of,.Fr,eedom in the Nineteenth-Century Un,ited States (Univ. of Press 1456)

3 [Claims associations in frontier central and midwestern states with elected officers to record claims and decide disputes are described.]

Hurst, Uses of Law i,n Four "Colonial" States of the American Union, ??1945?? Wis. L. Rev. 577 ( 1945).d

Bradley Johnson, Why the Confederate States of America Had No : A,S,ymposium [in- Southern History Association Publications 1906, v.4. I. Leonard Jones, Memoirs of the Judiciary and the Bar of New Eng1and;for. th.e.-Nineteenth Century; with. a ,History of the Judicial System of, New England (1900

.C P. Jordan, Frontier Law and Order (14'70).

Kagan, The Evolution of State Supreme Courts, 76 Mich. L. Rev. 961 (1978). Kenyon, Legal Lore of the Wild' West:' A Bibliographical Essay, 56 Calif. L. Rev. 681 (1968). [Short essays on the courts inc-luded.].

7 . .. Kohle, The Spanish. Colonial Judic-iary 32 Sw. SOC. Sci. Q. 26 (:1'951) .' ?- -. - Langum, Pioneer Justice on the Overland Trails, 5 W. Hist. Q. 421 (18/4). L Lorrett Norris, American Colonial Cour.ts and Lawyers (1976). Herbert Parker, Courts and Lawyers qf. ,Nett England (1931). Pittman, Emancipated Judici.ary in ,&ner.i.ca: .Its Colonial and Constitutional, H.isrorx, 3/ A. B. A. J. 485 (1351).

Pittman, Supremacy of the Judiciary: ,A Study of PfeConstitutional History,- 49._ -A. B. A. J. 389- (1954).

Arie Poldervaart, Black-,Robed. _.Justice (Arno Press 1976) 1. ' [copyright 19481. R. Pound, Organization of Courts (Little, Brown 1940). [Early colonial, federal, and state courts described; bibliography.. ]

Pra er & Price, A Bibliogr.aphy.gn theHistory o,f the Courts of t 1e Thirt'een Original States, Maine; Ohio and Vermont, 1 Am. J. Legal Hist. 336 (195/) , cont., 2 Am. J. Legal Hist. 35, 148 (1958).

4 John Reid, A ,Law of Blood: The Primitive Law of the Cherokee Nation (New York Univ. Press 19/0>. Riddell, Notes on the Prerevolutionary Judiciary of English Colonies, 11 Can. 8. Rev. 317 (1933). William Robinson, Justice in Grey; a History of the Judicial System of the Confederate States of America (Harvard Univ. Press 1941) [ reprint 19681. Rubin, Juvenile Court System in Evolution, 2 Val. U. L. Rev. 1 (1967). [Historical background noted.] A. Saye, A Constitutional History of Georgia, 1732-1968 (Univ. Georgia Press 1968). [Revised edition, includes courts.] Schultz, The Cycle of Juvenile Court History, 19 Crime & Delinquency 45 i '(19 73) Sharp, The Chickasaw Court, 4 Indian Territory B. A. Proc. 54 (1903). [Creation of Chickasaw courts in 1867 described.] Small Claims Court: Reform Revisited, 5 Colum. J. L. & SOC. Prob. 4/ (1969). (History of small claim movement from 1913 to 1940 traced.] John Smurr, Territorial Constitutions; a Legal History of the Frontier Governments Erected by Congress in the American hest, 178/-1900 (1975). John Smutr, Territorial Jurisprudence; What the Judges Said About Frontier Government in the United States of America During the Years 1787 - 1900 (1971). Surrency, The Courts in the American Colonies, 11 Am. J. Legal Hist. 253, 347 (1967). Surrency, Report on Court Procedures in the Colonies--1700, 9 Am. J. Legal Hist. 16/, 234 (1965). Uhlenhopp, Some Plain Talk About Courts of Special and Limited Jurisdiction, 49 J. Am. Jud. SOC. 212 (1966). [Development of municipal courts discussed.] Williams, Law and Institutions in the Northwest Territories (1869-1905), 28 S ask. B. Rev. 109 (1963).

5 Ralph Wooster, Politicians, Planters, and Plain Folk: Courthouse and Statehouse in the Upper South, 1850-1860 11975) John Wunder, Inferior Courts, Superior Justice: A History of the Justices of the

ALABAMA- Bloodworth, Remodeling the Alabama Appellate Courts, 23 Ala. L. Rev. 353 (m). Brantle , Law and Courts in Pioneer Alabama, 6 Ala. Law. 390 (L945T. Brantley, Trial of the Alabama Supreme Court Judges, 7 Ala. Law. 383 (1946). Bynum, Monticello, Seat of Justice, Pike County, Alabama, 1827-1839, 1/ Al a. Law. 87 (1956). Cole, Judicial Reform in Alabama: A Survey, 4 Cum.-Sam. L. Rev. 41 (19/3). Fowler, The Judicial Article, 34 Ala. Law. 383 (1973). [Unified court system created by constitutional amendment.] Inge, Jr., Domestic Relations Court in Mobile Countx, 9 Ala. L. Rev. 26 ('1956). [Creation of new division'of circuit court by legislature described.] Litke, Courts of Limited and Special Jurisdiction, 28 Ala. Law. 152 (1967). [History of minor courts traced briefly.] Merchant, The Historical Background of the Procedural Reform Movement in Alabama, 9 A1a. L. Rev. 284 m5/). . C. Ransone, Jr. & 3. King, A Manual for Alabama Probate Judges (Bureau of Public Administration, Univ. of Alabama 1960). [Historical development of the office of probate judge in England and America presented with emphasis upon office in Alabama. ] Sentell, 1820-1970--a Glimpse, 22 Ala. L. Rev. 113 (1969).

6 Sisk, Crime and Justi.ce in the Alabama Black Belt, 1875-1917, 40 Mid-America 106 (195 8). Williams, Crime and Punishment in Alabama, 1819-1840, 6 Ala. Rev. 14 (1553). i ALASKA i Alaska Courts Now on Statehood Basis, 49 Nat'l Civic Rev. 487 (1960). 1 The Alaska Court System: Twenty Years Old, Alaska Court System I bewsletter 4 (Feb. 28, 1980). t i [Creation of state court system and assumption of exclusive 1 jurisdiction over state cases by state courts on February 20, 1960 described; transition from federal territorial court system to state court system detailed.] Hermann, Building a State Judiciary, 39 Neb. L. Rev. 265 (1960). Legislative Action Brings Changes in Alaska's Court System, 26 Northwest Law Enforcement News 56 (1959). [Magistrate courts.] Lindquist, The Origin and Development of the United States Coymissioner System, 14 Am. J. Legal Hist. 1 (1.970). [Reference given to Alaskan and tribal systems.] D. Luce, Organization of t,he Alaska Court System (Office of Administrator of Courts 1960). [Establishment of state courts described. ] George Spicer, The Constitutional Status and Government of Alaska (Johns Hopkins Press 1927). [Includes section on courts and bibliography.]

[History of judicial system of Alaska territory.] James Wickersham, Old Yukon; Tales--Trails--and Trials (Washington Law Book Co. 1938).

7 The District Courts of the Territory of Arizona, 1864-1912 (Arizona Statewide Archival and Records Project 1941). Goff, The Appointment, Tenure, and Removal of Territorial Judges: Arizona--a Case Study, 12 Am. J. Legal Hist. 211 (1968) John Goff, The Supreme Court Justices, 1863-1912 (Beach hountain Press 1975). [History of territorial supreme court traced in preliminary chapter .] Hink, Judicial Reform in Arizona, 6 Ariz. L. Rev. 13 (1964). [Judicial reforms since 1911 described.] James Murphy, Laws, Courts & Lawyers, Through the Years in Arizona (Univ. of Arizona Press 1970). Clyde Vineyard, The Territorial , 1863-1912: A Study in Legal History (Univ. of Southern California 19/ 6) .

ARKANSAS

I ! Arkansas, Judiciary Commission, Report to the 1965 General Assembly (1965) . [Two volumes; volume 1 considers the history of the judic,al 1 system. J I Arkansas, Legislative Council, Statistical Data, Arkansas Circuit, Chancery and Probate Courts (1958). i [History of courts noted.] I Dobbs, History of the Law in Arkansas Ozarks; Early Circuit i Riders in Western Arkansas, 6 Ark. Law. 124, 145 (19/2F Fendler, Arkansas Judicial System at,the Crossroads, 17 Ark. L. Rev. 259 (1963). I [History of judicial reform traced since 1946.1 Greenebaum, Arkansas Judiciary: Its History and Structure, 18 I Ark. L. Rev. 152 (1964). McFaddin, History of Law in South Arkansas, 6 Ark. Law. 272 I (1972). Penix, History of Law in Northeast Arkansas, 6 Ark. Law, 184 I (1972).

I I I

8 Smith, Arkansas Advocacy: The Territorial Period, 31 Ark. L. Rev. 449 (1977).

CAL I FORN I A Hubert Bancroft, Popular Tribunals (History Co. 1887). Joseph Bates, ed., History of the Bench and Bar of,California (Bench and Bar Publishing Co. 1912). Blume,-California Courts in Historical Perspective, 22 Hastings L. J. 121 (19 /O) . Burke, Report on the Children,'sCourt of Conciliation, Department of the Superior Court of the State of California, In and For the County of Los Angeles, 31 Dicta 443 (1954). [Historical background described .] Burkett, Jr., Law Practice and the Judicial System,in California's Fabulous Forties, 15 Calif. St. B. J. 341,(1940). California Constitution Revision Commission, Proposed,Revis$on of Article -111, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XXIV of the Cali,fornia Constitu,t,ion(1966). [History of judicial conventions briefly described.] California Judicial Council, Administrative Office of the Courts, The State Judicial Department (Rev. 1970). [History of judicial branch included with organizational summary. ] California Legislature, Senate Interim Committee on State and Local Taxation Report V, Disposition of .Inferior Court Fines and Forf,eitures under the Co.urt Reorganization Plan Adopted in 1950 (1933). [Survey of lower court organization before and after 1950 reorganization plan.]

California Small ,ClaimsCourt, 52 Calif. L. Rev. 876 (1964). * [Brief history given of small claims court as introduction to empirical study.] Coakley, Early California Law--Vignettes on the Mother Lode, 35 Calif. St. €3. J. 516 (1960). Cohn, California Trial Courts: Trial Court Reform--Past, Present, Future, 49 Calif. St. B. J. 427 (197 4) 0

9 B. Cook, The Judicial Process in California (Dickenson Publishing Co., Inc. 1967). [Development of court structure included.] Fox, Fiftieth Anniversary of Establishment of Juvenile Court in California, 6 Calif. Youth Auth. Q. 3 ( 1953). Friedman,, San Benito 1890:. Legal Snapshot of a Coun,ty, 27 'Stan-ford L. Re'v. 683 (19/5). John Galvin, ed., The Coming; of Justice to California: Three Do-cuments (John Howell-Books 1963). [ 1831 speech requests "adequate courts for the administration of justi.ce in Alta, California."]

~ Gikbert; Mexic-an Alcalde,s of San Franc'isco, 1835-1846, 2 J. of the West 245 (1963). Theodore Grivas, Military Government ,in California 1846-1850, With a Ghapt',er -:op,-The,ir*,Prior, Use .in 'Louisiana, .Florida, and . New.Mexico (.Arthur fH. Clark Co. 'f963).

Gustafson; Som.e'Observations About California Courts of Appeal, 19 UCLA L.'-Rev.. 161 (19/1). [History and jurisdiction discussed.] Hendricks, Californja's Juvenile Courts: A Stuhy of Their Evolution and Progress Toward Their Original Goal (Univ. of Calif. at L. A. 1955). Huntley, Bench and Bar History; 25 Calif. St. B. J. 73 (1950). [Bibliographic essay.]

[ Introductory history included. ] J. Edward Johnson, History of the Supreme Court Jws.tice's of California (Bender 1963). -. Kleps, State Court Modernization in the 1970's: Forces for Reform in California, 55 Judicature 292 (19/2). [Unification of trial courts described.] Margaret Lang,' Early Justice in Sonora (Mother Lode Press 1963)' Los Angeles County Superior Court, Executive. Officer's Biennial..i Report (1960-61). 1 [Growth and development of court described. ]

10 hacFaden, The Conciliation Court of Los Angeles Co. (Superior Court, Conciliation Court, Los Angeles County 1967) McKesson, Los Angeles Reorganizes Court: Specialized Division to Deal with Juvenile Problems, 4 Juv. Ct. Judges, 16 (1953). Marsden, The California Effort at Trial Court Reorganization, 1970-1972. 56 Judicature 200 (1972). [Historical background of trial system provided in study of present organization.] Mathes, Judicial Transformation-in California, 1837-1851, 35 L. A. B. Bull. 359 (196 0). Newmark, Early Los Angeles Bench and Bar, 34 Q. Hist. Soc'y S. Calif. 327 (19 52). Pancera & Chilton, 1850--It Was a Very Good Year, 52 Calif. St. B. J. 452 (1977). [Description of first California Supreme Court in 1850 given.] Pfaff, Consolidated Domestic Relations and Conciliation Courts of Los Angeles, 38 L. A. 8. Bull. 231 (1963).

[Legal history of county from 1853 provided.] Willoughby Rodman, History of the Bench and Bar of Southern California (W. J. Porter 1909). T. Rollins, Report on Consolidation of Mendocino County Justice Courts (Mendocino County Administrative Officer 1969). Oscar Shuck, Bench and Bar in California (Occident Printing -. House 1889). [History, anecaotes, reminiscenses.] Oscar Shuck, History of the Bench and Bar of California; Being Biographies of Many Remarkable Hen, a Store of Humorous and Pathetic Recollections, Accounts of Important Legislation and Extraordinary Cases, Comprehending the Judicial History of the State (Commercial Printing House 1901).

11 Leland Stanford, Footprints of Justice . . . in San Diego and Profiles of Senior Members of the Bench and Bar (San Diego County Law Library 1960). Leland Stanford, Tracks on the Trial Trail in San Diego (Law Library Justice Foundation 1963). Ed ward Tuttle, A Treatment of Municipal Courts in California, Including an Analysis of the Constitutional and Statutory 'Provisions Relating to Such Courts, Their Organization, Officers, Jurisdiction, Procedure and App ellate Review of Their. Judgments (Bancroft-Whitney 1926). Wood, The Committee of Vigilance: Justice and the Legal Order, 53 Calif. St. B. J. 154 (1978). (Activities of the Committee of Vigilance in San Francisco in the summer of 1851 described.] Young, Adoption of the Common Law in California, 4 Am. J. Legal Hist. 355 (1960).

COLORADO Bakken, The Development of Law in Colorado, 1861-1912, 53 (2010. kagazine 63 (1976). bell, Territorial Day Courts, 11 Dicta 45 (1933).

I burg, Administration of Justice in the Denver People's Courts: 1859-1861. 7 J. of the West 510 (1968). Burg, Vigilantes in Lawle,ss Denver: The City of the Plains, 6 Great Plains J. 68 (1967). I [Discusses "people's courts. "1 Colorado, Legislative Council, Implementation of the New Judicial. Article: Report to the Colorado General Assembly 963). Colorado, Legislative Council, Intermediate Court of Appeals for Colorado (1968). Court Reorganization Reform--1962, 46 J. Am. Jud. Soc'y 110 (1562) Frantz, Colorado Appellate Courts--the First Hundred Years, 36 Dicta 103 (1959). Guice, Colorado's Territorial Courts, 45 Colo. Magazine 204 (1968).

12 1 Hawkins, Old-time Lawyers and Judges of Colorado, 41 Colo. B. A. Proc. 93 ( 1938)

Holland, Early Colorado Courts and Judges, 9 Dicta 22 (1931).

Lawson, Colorado's New Court System, 41 Den. L. Center J. 140 (1964). Murray, The Supreme Court of Colorado Territory, 44 Colo. Magazine 20 (1961). Forbes Parkhill, The Law Goes West (Sage Books 1956). [Justice administered by miners in early Colorado described.] Robinson, Jr., The. Supreme Court of t,he.Territory of Jefferson, 36 Dicta 155 n959). [History and jurisdiction of early high court described. The Territory of Jefferson existed for two years, unrecognized by the United States.] Rogers, The Beginnings of Law in Colorado, 36 Dicta 111 (1959). Schultz, Pioneer Justice in Douglas County, 24 Colorado Magazine 215, 300 (1962). Shannon, Judicial Reform for Colorado Courts of Special Jurisdiction, 50 J. Am. Jud. Soc'y 16 (1966). [Judicial structure prior to 1958 consolidation described.]

Stearns, Colorado; a Study in Frontier Sovere .I. 139 (1535) ; 8 Rocky Mtn. L. Rev. 233 (19

Stone, History of the Appellate Courts of C.olorado, 8 Colorado B. A. Rep. 15 (190 5) .

Stone, Pione.er Bench and Bar of Colorado, 11 Colorado B. A. Rep. 101 (1908). Van Cise, Colorado Judicial System-=Can It and Should It Be improved?, 22 Rocky Mtn. L. Rev. 142 (1950). [History of judicial article provided.] Van Cise, Colorado Judiciary Committee, 23 Dicta 25 (1946). [History and duties described. 3 Wikoff, Th.e Bench and Bar of Colorado, 9 Magazine W. Hist. 605 (1889).

13

___ - Nilliams, Trials and Judgments of the,People's Courts of Denver, 27 Colo. Magazine 294 (1950).

CONhEcTI CUT Sherman Adams, The Bench and the Bar; Memorial History of Hartford County, C0nnecticu.t (1886). Admipist,ragionof Justice in (Institute of Public Service, Univ. of Connecticut 1963). [Basic descriptions of each type o-k^-court-in state preceded by history ot Connecticut's judicial system.] Basic- Court Reform Passed in Connecticut, 48 Nat'l Citric Rev. 252 ( 1959). Brown, Jr. & Doherty, Cohnecticut Courts of Limited Jurisdiction--A Survey, 14 Conn. B. J. 230 (1940). [History of reform efforts given.] Case for Better Courts (League of Women Voters of Connecticut 1958). [History of courts and bibliography included.] Clark & Clark, Court Integration in (2-Cnnecticut: A ,Case Study i,n Juaici-a1Reform, 59 Yale L. J. 13-95 (1950). Connecticut,,.Circui,t Court, Directory and Manual (rev. ed. .L 1968). ' .. -- -.. [History, structure, function, and jurisdiction of Circuit Court described. ] Connecticut, Commission for Simplifying Legal Procedure, Rise and Progress of the Connecticut Practice Act, 1878-1880 (1908) [Proceedings and correspondence of the commission.] Connecticut, Commission on Organization of the Courts, Sedsnd Report of the Commission (1884). Connecticut Commission to Study and Draft Legislation for the Reorganization and Unification of the Courts, Final Report (1974) [Partial history of coutts included throughout report.] Connecticut General Assembly Interim Committee on Judiciarv and Governmental Functions, Rkport of Subcommittee on Court study (1958). [History of reform efforts included.]

14 Connecticut, Supreme Court, History of the from the Beginning, 1 Conn. Rep. I11 (1817). Cornell, Power of Connecticut Legislature Over Courts, 17 Conn. B. J. 123 (1943). [Historical and legal review of legislature's power to determine courts' jurisdiction.] Cotter, Constitutional Court, 34 Conn. B. J. 91 (1960). [History of courts in Connecticut given.] Court Reorganization Moves Seen Having Early Origins, 9 Conn. Gov't. 1 (1956). Davis, Connecticut's New Circuit Court, 37 St. Gov't. 51 (1964). [Creation of statewide circuit court supplanting justices of the peace and other minor courts described.] Dicenzo, Administrative and Judicial Functioning of the Connecticut Circuit Court from Genesis to Date, 36 Conn. B. J. 533 (1962). Judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts of Connecticut, 1711-1950 (1950). [Includes brief introductory history by Justice Edwin Dickinson.] John Farrell, The Administration of Justice in Connecticut About the Middle of the 18th Century (1939): J. Halloran, State-wide Circuit Court. in Recent Dev,elopments in the State of Connecticut (1961). [Background of statewide circuit court system replacing justices of the peace and municipal courts described.] Hamlin, The Court of Common Pleas, 9 Conn. B. J. 202 (1935). H.artison, Hewitt & Manchester, The Administration of Justice "in Connecticut in Osborn, ed., History of Connecticut in konographic Form (1925). Dwight Kilbourn, Bench and Bar of Litchfield County,,1709-1909 (1909). Lewis, Development of a Common Law System in Connecticut, 27 Conn. B. J. 419 (195 3).

15 Loomis 6 Calhoun, The Judicial and Civil History of.Connecticut (1895). Lyman, Jr., Notes on the New Haven Colonial Courts, 20 Conn. B. J. 178 (1946). Major Administrative Overhaul of Connecticut Courts, 49 J. Am. Jud. Soc'y. 72 (1965). Maltbie, The Courts and Constitutions of Connecticut, 9 Conn. B. J. 269 (1935). Maltbie, Judicial Administration in Connecticut Colony Before the Charter or 1662, 23 Conn. B. J. 147, 228 (1949). Maltbie, Supreme Court of Errors, 26 Conn. B. J. 357 (1952). [Organization, jurisdiction, and history given.] Mars & Kort, Administration of Justice in Connecticut (Institute of Public Service 193/). [History and jurisdiction of judicial'system described.] Pettengill, Court Reorganization: A Success in Connecticut, 46 A. B. A. J. 58 (1960). Robinson, Selection of Judges, 15 Conn. B. J. - (1941). [Short history of judicial selection'in Connecticut provided.] Rubin, The Rule-making Power of the Connecticut Courts, 16 Conn. B. J. 3 (1942). [Incorrectly numbered 15 Conn. B. J. 367 (1942); Short historical survey given.] Rubinow, Connecticut Circuit Courts, 32 Harv. L. Rec. 9 (1961). [Organization of new circuit court system described.] Townshend, Judicial Administration in New Haven Colony Before the Gharter of 1662, 24 Conn. B. J. 210 (IV50).

DELAWARE Alderman's Courts in Delaware (National Center for State Courts, Northeastern Regional Office 1971). Henry Conrad, History of the State of Delaware (1808). [Several chapters on the judiciary included.]

16 Delaware Family Court, Newcastle County, Family Court for New Castle County (1947). [History of the court provided.] Delaware Historic Records Survey, Inventory of the County Archives of Delaware: No. 1 New Castle County, Dover, (Public Archives Commission, Hall ot Records 1941). [Information on courts in New Castle County included.] Dolan, Delaware Upgrades Justices of the Peace, 54 Nat'l Municipal Rev. 310 (1965); Dolan, The Justice of the Peace System in Delaware, 29 Delaware Notes 1 (1956). reme Court of Delaware, 1900-1952, 56 Dick. L. Rev.

[History of the court given.] Ignatius Grubb, Colonial and State Judiciary of Delaware (1897). History,of'the Family Court, 2 Juv. Ct. Judges J. 21 (1951). [New Castle County.] Dudley Lunt, Tales of the Delaware Bench and Bar (Univ. of Delaware Press 1963). Henry Reed, Delaware: A History of the First State (1947). [Frequent attention given to state courts; bibliography.] Reed, The Early New Castle Court, 4 Dela. Hist. 227 (1951). Reed & Palmero, Justices of the Peace in Ear1.y Delaware, 14 Del. Hist. 223 ( 1. J. Scharf, History of Delaware (1888). [History of the bench and bar included.] ' Victor Woolley, Prac,tic,e in Civil Actions and Proceedings in the Law Courts of the State or Delaware (1906). [Evolution of state courts; emphasis on jurisdictional changes. ]

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Bullard, Lincoln and the Courts of the District of Columbia, 24 A. B. A. J. 11/ (1938).

17 Cohn, Relati,onships Between Federal and Local Courts after Court Reorganization, 39 J. B. A. D. C. 49 (1m). Dalton, New Domestic Relations Court in the District of Columbia, 23 J. B. A. D. C. 414 (m36). Dart, Small Claim and Conciliation Branch of the Municipal Court of the District oi Columbia, 5 J. B. A. D. C. 535 8); 6 J. 8. A. D. C. 30 (19391. [Origin of court described.]

McNamara, Jr., District of Columbia Landlord and Tenant Court: An Obsolete Struc'ture in Need of: Reform, 23 Cath. U. L. Rev. 275 (1973). Malech, Court Reo,rganization and the Executive Officer in the District of Colu,mbia, 55 Judicature 288 (1972). Mittlebeeler, New Family Tri,bunal Eases Court Cpestion in Nation's Capital, 40 J. Am Jud. SOC'Y. 19 (1 6)- Murphy, District of Columbia Small Claims Court--the Forgotten -'Court 34 ....J 14 (196'). [Establishment of court in 1938 described.] Myers, Washington's New Domestic Relations Tribunal, 6 Cath. U. . L. Rev. 139 (193/)* Y Symposium: The Modernization of Justice in the District of Columbia; the Court Reform and Criminal Procedure Act or Am. U. L.' Rev. 237 (1970/1971). Tydings, District of Columbia Court, Reform and Cr,iminal An Overview, D -C. J. (1970) Procedure Act or 1970 :, 37 . B. 26 U.S. Congress House, District of Co1urnb.ia Court Reform and Cr i.mina'2 Procedure Act or 19 /O ; Conterence.Report to Accompany S.2601 (91st Cong., 2d Sess; H. Rep. 1303; 1970).

U.S. Congress House Committee on District of Columbia, District of Columbia Court Reform and Criminal Procedure Act of 1970 (91st Cong., 2d Sess; H. Rep. 907; 19/0).

18 U.S. Congress Senate Committee on the District of Columbia, ' Establishing a,Domestic Relations Branch in the Municipal Court for the District ot Columbia; Report to Accompany 3.1289 (84th Cong., 1st Sess; S. Rep. 384; 1955). U.S. Congress Senate Committee on the District of Columbia, EstablTshing a Family Court in and for the District of Columbia; Report to Accompany S.2701 (83rd Cong., 2nd Sess; 3. Rep. 1387; 1954). US. Congress Senate Commitee on the District of Columbia, Family Court for the Dist.rict of Columbia; Hearings on S'.2701 (83rd Cong., 2nd Sess; 1954). U.S. Congress Senate Committee on the District of Columbia, Reorganizing Courts of the District of Columbia; Report to Accompany S. 2601 (91st Cong., 1st Sess; S. Rep. 405; 19691- U. S. Congress Senate Committee on the District of Columbia, Transferring Certain Functions from the U.S. District Court tor the District of Columbia to the District ot Columbia Court ot General Sessions and to Certain Other Agencies of the Municipal Government ot the District; Report to Accompany S.1611 (89th Cong., 1st Sess; S. Rep. 639; 1965). Williams, Jr., District of Columbia Court Reorganization 1970, 59 Geo. L. J. 477 (19~/1).

FLORIDA Brown, Brief History of t,he , 17 Fla. L. J. 34 (1943). Carson, Historical Background of Florida Law, 3 Miami L. Q. 254 (1949) Currie, Small Cla,ims Courts, 9 U. Fla. L. Rev. 33 (1957). [Historical and jurisdictional background in Florida discussed.] D'Alemberte, Florida's Great.Leap Forward, 56 Judicature 380 (1973) [History of court reform in Florida described.] Florida, Small Claims Court (Duval County), Smal.1 Claims Court, Duval County (1955). Florida Adopts Nine Amendments, 54 Nat'l. Civic Rev. 24 (1965)

19 (Number of judicial circuits increased; civil jury trials permitted in branch courthouses in Dade County.] # Florida Voters Approve State Judicial Reform, 61 Nat'l. Civic Rev. 244 (19/2). S. O'Connell, Address on the Florida District Courts of Appeal (Dade County Bar Association 1957). [Establishment of District Courts of Appeal. described.] Portex, Status of Judiqial Reform in the State of Florida, 12 U. Miami L. Rev. 104 (1957). [Chronological history of judicial council's reform efforts.] Roberts, Florida's Judiciary--Past, Present, and Future, 50 Fla. B. J. 396 (19/6). Waybright, Florida's New Juvenile Court Act, 6 Miami ,L. Q. 1 (1951) Waybright, Pr,oposedJuven,ile Court Act for Florida, 4 U. Fla. L. Rev. lb (1951). [History of juvenile courts in general and in Florida described. ] Waybright, Why a Constitutional Amendment Relating to Juvenile Courts, 22 F1 a. L. J. 308 (1948). [History of juvenile courts in Florida and nationwide discussed. ]

GEORGIA Almand, The Supreme Court of Georgia; an Account of Its Delayed Birth, 6 Ga. B. J. 95 (1943). Butt, From Chief Justice Joseph E.,Brown tp Associate Justice J.H., Hawkins, 1811- 1948, I1 Ga. B. J. 45/ (1948). Centennial Exercises in the Supreme Court of Georgia--April Term 1943, 8 Ga. B. J. 35 (1945). Clarke, Appellate Courts, 2 Ga. B. A. Rep. 101 (1885). James Clements, History of Irwin County (Foole & Davies Co. 1932). [Includes courts.] Cobb, Judicial System of,Georgia;Its Defects; What Changes Are Necessary to Bring Ab out a More Harmonious and Orderly Sy stem

20 and to Relieve the Supreme Court, 19 Ga. B. A. Rep. 183 (1902). Eberhardt, Historical Sketch of the Southern Judicial Circuit', 4 Ga. B. J. 25 (1941). Establishment of the Georgia Supreme Court, 9 Ga. St. B. J. 417 (1973). Gerwig, Colonial Georgia:. Path to Self-Government, 12 Ga. St. B. J. 130 (197 6). R, Gibson, Office of the Justice of-the Peace in Georgia (Univ. of Georgia, Inst. of Law and Gov't. 1956). [Creation of office and jurisdiction discussed.] Green, Georgia System of Juvenile Courts, 1 Ga. LOC. Gov't. J. 8 (1551). [Statewide system created Jan. 1951.1

Grice, The Confederate S,tate Courts for Georgia, 9 Ga. Hist. Q. 131 (1925). Grice, Half Forgotten Chapter in the Judicial History of Georgia, 1 Ga. Lacj.. 68 (193 0). Warren Grice, The Georgia Bench and Bar (1531). [Vol. 1; describes the development of Georgia's judicial system. ] Grice, The Old Inferior C,ourt, 26 Ga. B. A. Rep. 132 (1909).

Grice, The Old Inferior Court, 5 Ga. B. J. 5 (1942). Hall, Facts About Georgia Courts and Judges Today, 2 Ga. St. B. J. 389 (1966). [Chronology of judicial reform provided in appendix.]

Harris, ed., History,of the Supreme Court of Georgia; a Centennial Volume (Georgia Bar Assn. 1948). John Harris, ed., A History of the Supreme Court of Georgia (1948) . Harris, Mile-stone in the History of the Supreme Court of Georgia, 2 Ga. B. J. 7 (1939). Harrison, The Supreme Court of Georgia, 33 Ga. B. A. Rep. 122 (1916).

21 Henderson, Brief History of the Blue Ridge Judicial Court, 6 Ga. B. J. 57 (1943). History of the Supreme Court of Georgia; the First Hundred Years, 1846-1946, 6 Ga. B. J. 177, 269 (1943- - 7 Ga. B. J. 101 271, 393 (1444-1945); 8 Ga. B. J. :f"% (19%-194k). [Diviaed into four parts: organization 1846-61; influence of the war and reconstruction, 1861-77; growth of prestige, 1877-97; increase in size, election of judges, 1897-1946.1 John Humphries, The Development of the Georgia Court System (1936). Charles Jones, Political a.nd Judicial Division of the Commonwealth of Georgia (189 2). Jordan, History of,th,eCourt of Appeals of Georgia, 24 Ga. B. J. 371 (1962). Lamar, History of the Establishment of the Supreme Court of Georgia, 24 Ga. B. A. Rep. 85 (1907). Joseph Lumpkin, Bench and Bar of Georgia; Its Origin and Development (1908). McAlpin, The Court of Ordinary, 24 Ga. B. A. Rep. 104 (1907). Mikel, Georgia's First, Court Was Supreme, 1 Ga. Law. 207, 215 (1931). Stephen Miller, Bencb and Bar of Georgia (1858). Miller, Judicial System of Georgia; Its Defects; What Changes Are Necessary to Bring About a More Harmonious and Orderly stem to Relieve the Supreme Court, 19 G a. B. A. Rep. 204 902). Orville Park, The Bench and Bar of Macon, Georgia, 1823-1923 m923). Park, Georgia's Constitutional and Legal History as Recorded in the Georgia Bar Ass'n. Reports, 2 Ga:B. J. 2 (193 9). Roan, A History of Stone Mountain Circuit, 8 Ga. B. J. 268 (1946) . Albert Saye, Constitutional History of Georgia, 1732-1845 (1948). [Judiciary under the various constitutions discussed.]

22 Surrency, Directions for Holding Court in Colonial Georgia, 2 Am. J. Legal Hist. 321 (1958). Symposium on "Justice Courts, Their Jurisdiction, Practice and the Review and Entorcement of:Their Judgments--Wherein Detective?", 1% Ga. B. A. Rep. 282 (1901). Ethel Ware, A Constitutional H,istory of Georgia (1947). [Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Faculty of Political Science of Columbia University, No. 528; Judiciary discussed in several chapters.]. Jack White, Bench and Bat of Georgia, 1934 (1935).

HAWAII Choy, Hawaii's Legal System: A Brief Survey, 28 Harv. L. Sch. Rec. 13 (1959). [History of territory and early judiciary discussed.] Hawaii, Administrative Director of the Courts, The Courts of the State of H,awaii (1967?). [Summary of the history and constitutional provisions of the judiciary provided. 3 Hawaii, Administrative Director of the Courts, Family Court Act as,Enacted by the Third Legislature, State of Hawaii,- 1965 (1965)

, Hawaii District Court Reorganization Adopted, 54 Judicature 305 (1971). Hawaii, Judicial Department, Constitutional and Statutory Historical Documents, Relating to Administration ot the Judici,ary ot Hawaii (1975). W. Minami, Hawaii Constitutional Convention Studies: Article V: The Judiciary (1968). *. [Bibliography.]

IDAHO Idaho, Legislative Council, Court Modernization in Idaho (1966). Idaho Remodels Magistrate System, 52 Judicature 43% (1969).

23 Y /I

A Look at Idaho's Constitution--Then and Now--1889-1962 (League or Women Voters ot Id aho, Publication no. 8, 1962). [Courts included, pp'. 26-29.] Spear, Court Reorganization i,n Idaho, 7 Idaho L. Rev. 17 (1970). [Unified court system discussed.]

ILLINOIS Allatd & Breen, A New Judicial Article for Illinois; Modern Courts for a Megalopolitan State, 45 Am . Jud. Soc'y. J. 2g3 1962). 'Barker, Illinois Courts Face Drastic Reorganization, 52 Nat'l. Civic Rev. 8/ (1963). [Discusses unification of lower level courts.] Bonaguro, Look at the Suburban Courts of Cook County, 49 Chi. B. Rec. 156 (1968). [Five suburban magistrate courts established.] John Caton, Early Bench and Bat of Illinois (Chicago Legal News Co. 1893). Cohn, Illinois Judicial Department--Changes Effected by Constitution or 1970, 19/1 U. Ill. L. F. 355. R. Cohn, To Judge with Justice: History and Politics of Illinois Judicial Retorm (Univ. ot Ill inois Press 19/31 James Conkling, Recollections of the Bench and Bar of Central Illinois (Fergus Print . Co. 1881) . [Lecture read before the Chicago Bar Association, Jan. 12, 1881. ] \ Frederic Crossley, Courts and Lawyers of Illinois (American Historical Society 1916). Dupuy, The Earliest Courts of the Illinois Countr~y,1 Ill. L. Rev. 1, 81 (1906). Early Illinois Courts, 24 Nat'l. Corp. Rep. 267 (1902). George Fielder, The Illinois Law Courts in Three Centuries, 1673-1973; a Documentary History (Physician's Record Co. 9/3). [Bibliography.] ,

24 Freels, Illinois Court Reform: A Two-Year Success Story, 49 J. Am. Jud. Soc'y. 206 (1966). i Gaze11 & Rieger, The Politics of Judicial Reform (California Book Co. 1969). [Overview provided of movement for judicial consolidation in the United States in general and Illinois in particular.] Usher Linder, Reminisc Bench and Bar of il Illinois, and an App

. -- Sidney Little, Appeal to the People of the State of Illinois (1841?). -Iil [Objections of the Council to the bill reorganizing the judiciary of the state.] E. McDowell, History of the Municipal Court of Chicago and Its Specialized Services (Chicago Municipal Court 1952). Making the New Justice of the Peace System Work, 48 Ill. B. J. 304 (1960) [1959 legislation making justice of the peace a salaried 1' county officer described.] I Minow, The New Judicial Artic1e;'Redistricting the Courts, 46 Ill. B. J. 6i8 (1958). Nordberg, Farewell to Illinois JPs, 40 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 23 (1962); also, with some additions, 44 Chi, B. Rec, 469, 493 I (1963). [English and American history of justice of the peace noted; bibliography.] Pickett, Materials for Legal and Political History of Illinois, 1 N. W. L. Rev. 93 ( 1. Pound, Toward an Adequate Administration of Justice, 39 Chi. B. Rec. 247 (19 58). [History of court organization in Illinois given.] '. Rennick, Courts and Lawyers in Northern and Western Illinois in the Period Following Statehood, 56 Ill. B, J. 148 (1- D. Rolewick, A Short History of the Illinois Judicial System ( Admin i s t t a t ive Of:f: ice of the Illinois Courts 19fl). Saltiel, 1963 Legislative Im ementation of the Judicial Article, 52 I11 ...B J 10 963).

25 --

Schaefer, Illinois Supreme and Appellate Courts, 46 Ill. B. J. 571 (1958). [Historical background provided in general description of the courts.] Sears, New Judicial Article for Illinois: From the 1848 Horse and Buggy D ays to 1955, 40 A . B. A. J. /55, 804 (1n4). Severas, History of the'Illinois Supreme Court, 33 Ill. B. J. 116, 132 (1944). A Short History of the Illinois Judicial System (1971). Skinner, Proposed History of Illinois Courts, - Ill. St. B. A. '108 n938). Smith, Illinois Supreme Court History; Judges of the Second District, 31 Ill. B. J. 52 (1942). Sonnenschein, Jr., Municipal Court of Chicago--a Brief History, 38 Chi. B. Rec. 1'99 (1957). Spiegel, The Illinois Court of Claims: A Study o,f State Liability, 50 I11 Stud. SOC. Sci. 1 (1962). Stefanowicz, Boys' and Auto Theft Court, 37 Chi. B. Rec. 227, 230, 232 (1m6). [Court created in 1914; jurisdiction described.] To Judge with Justice: History and Politics of Illinois Judicial Retorm (1973). Zacharias, Illinois Courts Prior to Statehood, 56 Ill. B. J. 556 (1968). Zacharias, Judicial Reform for Illinois, 35 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 87 (1957). Zacharias, Proposed Illinois Judicial ,Article,30 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 252, 303 (1952). [Text and history of past proposed judicial articles provided. ]

INDIANA Farmer, Indiana Modernizes Its Courts, 54 Judicature 327 (1971)

26 Timothy Howard, The : With Some Account of the Courts Preceding It; an Histor,icalSk etch (Northern Indiana Historical Society, Publication No. 3, isoo). Daniel Howe, The Laws and Courts of the Northwest and In'diana Territories (Bowen-Merrill Co. 1886) -.- Indiana Judicial Council, Study of Inferior Courts, 4 Ind.. Jud. Coun. Ann. Rep. 13 m39). _. [History and growth of justice-of peace, municipal, and city courts-described.] Indiana Effects Court Changes, 15 St. Gov't. News 4 '(Jan. 19/2). [Creation of intermediate court of appeals noted.] Indiana Jud-icial Study Commission, Report (1966) ... [History and current status of court system described.] Kelley, Roots of the Principle of Separation o,f Powers ,im the I.ndiana Const i tu,tion, 4 / Ind. Magazine Hist. 367 (1951). McGurk, A Pioneet Indiana County Circuit Court,'15 Am. J: Legal 278. (1971) Hist. .. I .C

Leander Monks, Courts and Lawyers of Indiana (Federal : ~ Publishing Co. 1916). 8, - -_ Romig, Indiana Jurisprudence--Mainly ,in Retrospect,.. 19- {T Notre - , 4 . .? .-. Dame taw. 100 (1943). __ . . ~ . .- -_

Small Claims in Indiana, 3 Ind. Lega1.F. 1517 .(.1910>.. ' [Small claim litigation from territdrial 1aws"in -i-'788:t'0 present justice of the peace system tr,acgd.].I . . *, Charles Taylor, Biographical Sketches and Review,of tfie ,'Bench and Bar of Indiana, Containing Biographies arid"Ske~c~es~of rl fzar.worc nf T nd 1

Times to the Pre Reminiscences, etc. (Bench and

IOWA - .2 - .- ... .. Beatty, The Historical Development and Co Supreme Court, 40 Annals or Iowa 210 (

27 Ezra Ebersole, ed., The Courts and Legal Profession of Iowa (H. C. Cooper, Jr. & Co. 1907). -- Carl Foster, Lawyers of a Century, 1851-1951; a Biographi,cal History of the Bench and Bar in Guthrie. County (Tucker Quick COPY; 1965).-. Glass, The Pioneer Bench and Bar of the Twelfth Judicial Dist,r?c-t of Iqwa, 23 Annals Iowa 3 (1941,. - 42).

Halloran, Pioneer Bench&I, Iand Bar, 25 Annals Iowa 43 (1943-44). .. Iowa Court Unification Bill Establishes Single Trial Level, 56 Judicature 86 (19/2). Lauderdale, How Justice Came to WebsteG-County, 30 Annals of Iowa, 3rd Series 561 ( 1951).

Logan, Courts and Lawyers of Mills County and Southwest Iowa, 31 Aqnals of Iowa, 3rd Series 444 ( 1952).

W. Lunden, Courts and Criminal Justice in Iowa (Iowa State College 19571 .’ [Modifications in criminal district courts organization over 125 years detailed. J Peterson, The First Decision Rendered by the Supreme Court of -’Iowa 34 Annals of Iowa, 3rd Series 304 (1958). Robeson, Justice in Early Iowa, 5 Palimpsest 102 (1924).

--4 Ross, The Iow;a-iudicial”System,-54 Iowa J. Hist. 97 (1956).

Traer, The ‘Beach, .Bar and ,Courts: in,Benton Cou,pty, 30 Anrials of Iowa, 3rd Series 2/9 (195 0) . ,Uhlenhopp, Judicial Redistricting in Iowa, 18 Drake L. Rev. 47 (1968). ? . a, L-

* [Background of judicial redistricting -described. ] - -- _- ... .. - I. Ublenhpp; $lrdicial. Reorganizatipn, in Iowa, 44 Iowa L. Rev. 6 11958) . ..

C. Wennerstrum, Historical Development of the Judicial System in Iowa. (195-0).

John Wood, A Study of the Iowa Judiciary (State Univ. of Iowa 1956). - ‘I [Bibliography.--I

28 KANSAS Bartlett, Evolution of Kansas Probate Courts and Their Jurisdiction, 6 J. B. A. Kan. 134 (193/)~. Cook, The Politics of Piecemeal Reform of Kansas Courts, 53 Judicature 2/4 (1970). Heller, Lawyers and Judges in Early Kansas: A Prospectis for Research, 22 Kan. L. Rev. 212 (19/4).

Kansas Courts of Appeals, 12 Washburn L. J. 378 (1973). . [Historical study of courts since creation in 1895.1 innings of the Kansas Judiciary, 28 Kan. Jud. Coun.

J. Reed, (Bar Assn. of the State of Kansas 1957) [History, jurisdiction of all courts described.]

KENTUCKY

Bivin, Historical Development of Kentucky Courts, 47 Ky. L. J. 465 (T959).

I'I1 Brown, Courts Old and New,of Kentucky, 2 Ky. L. J. 71 (1913- 1914). Robert Ireland, The County Courts in Antebellum,.Kentucky (Univ. Press of Kentucky 1912). Ireland, The Place of the Justice of the Peace in the' Legislature and Party System of Kent,ucky,-.1/92.. L 1856 , 13 Am. J. Legal Hist. 202 (1969). 'I. Kentucky, Department of Law, Law Enforcemgnt. in, Kentu,cky; Report to the Committee on the Adtninis&ration-#ofJustice in the Commonwealth. of Kentucky, 52 Ky. L. J. 1, (1963/1964). P [Constitutional and historical background of Kentucky's law i enforcement system.] Kentucky, Legislative Research Commission, Justices of the -Peace (Informational Bull. No. 26, 1959). [History, jurisdiction, powers of justices of the peace described. ]

1 I Kentucky, Legislative Research Commission, Constitution Revision B Committee, First Repor< (Research Report 2, 1960). i [Historical background and constitutional changes in Kentucky Arnd Stickles, The C,ritical Court Struggle in Kentucky, -18 9-1829 (Indiana University 1929).

LOU IS IANA Brown, Law -and Government in the "Louisiana Purchase:" 180 3-1 80 4, 2 Wayne L. Rev. 169 (1956). [See also 1 Am. J. Legal_- Hist. 35 (1957). Brown, Legal Systems in Conflict: Orleans Territory 1804-1812, 1 Am. 'J. Legal Hist. 35 (1957). Dart, Influence of the Ancient Laws of Spain on the Jurispryde.n,ceof Couisiana, 1 Inter-Am. L. Rev. 363 (1959). .. Fournet, R.eotganization of the Louisiana Judic,ialSystem, 17 Sw. L. J. 78 (196 3) Franklin, Eighteenth Brumaire in Louisiana; Talleyrand and the Spanish Medieval Legal Sy stem of.1806, 16 Tul. L. Rev. 514 (1942) Groner, Louis,iana Law; Its Development in the First Quarter-Century of American Rule, 8 La. L. Rev. 3'50 (1948). '...... Wi.lliam Hart, Comparison of the Constitutions of 1898 and 1913. and Other Article,s Relating to Formet. Constitutions and the Supreme Court and Other Courts,of.*Loui,s,iana (1914). Hood, Jr., Forum Juridicum: Louisiana Judiciary, 14 La. L. Rev. 811 -(1954). -_ [Historical background of judicial system with frequent revisions .described.] Hood, Jr., History of Courts of Appeal in Louis.i,ana,21 La. L. Rev. 531 (1961). Hood, Jr., Louigiana Judiciary, 14 La. L. Rev. 811 (1954). Kendall, potes on the Crimina,l History of New Orleans, 34"La. Hist. Q; 147 (1951). Louisiana State Bar Association, The Sesquicentennial of the Supreme C~urtof Louisiana, 1813-1963 (West 1963). Magee, History of the Courts of,Louisiana, 33 L. Lib. J. 253 (1940) . Micelle, Fro.m,Law Court tp ,Local Government: Metamorphosis of the Superior Council of French Louisiana, 9 La. Hist. 85 (1968).

30 Modernizing Louisiana's Courts of Limited Jurisdiction; A Research Project in Conjunction with Judicial Administrator, (American Judicature Society, 1913). [History of courts included in description of present-day system. ] Oppenheim, Louisiana's Civil Law Heritag;?, 42 L. Lib. J. 249 (1949).

A Study of the Louisiana Court, System (Indiana Univ,, Bureau of Business Research, 1972). [Historical development and present structure of courts covered. ] Surrency, The Provisional Court in,Louisiana, 2 Am. J. Legal Hist. 86 (1958). Plaucbe, Short Sketch of the Fo-urteenth,Judicia,lDistrict Over Fifty Years Ago, 18 La. Hist. 239 ( 19/7),

MAINE Hamlin, The Supreme Court of Maine, 7 Green Bag 457, '504, 553 (1'895); 8 Green Bag 14, 61, lll.a(l896). Maine State Bar Association, Proceedi.ngs (1920-1921). [History of the Supreme Judicial Court provided in celebration of the first century of Maine jurisprudence.] Robert Whitehouse, Constitutiona1,History of Maine; Judicial History of Maine, in The New England States (1891). Williamson, A. Down-East Approach.to, Local, Justice: Th.e Maine District Court, 47 J. Am. Jud. Soc'y. 64 (196 3). [Establishment of new district court discussed.] William Willis, A History of the Law, the Courts and the Lawyers of Maine from. Its First Colonization to the Early Part of the Present Century (1893).

MARYLAND Adkins, Early Co.urts of General Jurisdiction and the Eastern Shore of Maryland, 60 Md. St. B. A. 182 (1955).

31 Bailey, Maryland Lawyers and Judges, 20 Md. St. B. A. 198 (1915). Beverly Bond, State Government in Maryland, 1777-1781 (1905). [Description of court structure in the state after the revolution]. Carroll Bond, The Court of Appeals of Maryland, A History (1928) Bond, Introductory Description 0-f the Court of Appeals of Mary,land, 4 Md. L. Rev. 333 (1940). [History and jurisdiction included..] Bond, The Methods of the Court of App.ea1.s of Maryland, Daily Rec. (Feb. 9, 1925).

John Bozman, A New Arrangement of the,Courts of Justice

Proposed (1802). L Brune, The .Court 'of .Appeals of Maryland, A Five Year Study, 4 Md. L. Rev. 343 (1940). [Contemporary history provided with statistical study.] E. Byrd, Jr., Judicial Process in Maryland (Univ. of Maryland, Bur. Govt. Res. 1961).,- [Annotated report on history, drgiiiiization, and. jurisdiction of courts; bibliography.] Day, Lawyers .in Colonial Maryland, 17 Am. J. Legal Hist. 145 (197.. 3) . Didiet, Court of Appeals of Maryland, 6 Green Bag 225, 274 (1874). Hall Hammond, Cotqmemoration of the Two Hgndredth Anniversary of the -Maryland Court 'Of Appeals: A. Short History 38 Md. E9 ( 1. '*. The Independence of the Judiciary, 57 N. Am. Rev. 400 (1843). [Annual message of the Executive to the General Assembly, December Session, 1842.1 F. Invernizzi, Municipal Court of Baltimore City, in his Recent Developments in Maryland (1961). [Court created by constitutional amendment in 1960; Justices of the Peace replaced.] F. Invernizzi, Municipal Court, of Baltimore City, in Annual Report (1960-1961).

32 Land, Early Maryland County Courts; Lord Baltimore and the Mary'lIand County Courts, 20 Md. L. Rev. 133 (1960). McSherry, Former Chief Justices of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, 9 Md. St. B. A. 106 (1904). [Includes detailed court history.] Marbury, High Court of Chancery and the Chancellors of Maryland, 10 Md. St. B. A. 113 (1905).

[History of Chancellors to 1854 given.] .- - .. ___

\ Maryland State Bar Association, Courts and Bench of Colonial Maryland, 3 Md. St. B. A. 77 (1898) William Myers, The Maryland Constitution o,f. 1864 ,(Johns Hopkins Univ., Studies in History and Political Science, v.19, . 1901) : [Elective judic-iary preferred over appointive.] Need for Further. Proce,dutal Reform in Maryland,, Particularly in the Criminal Pro,cedure, 9 Md. L. Rev. 1/3 (1948). [Decade of organizational changes in courts summarized.] Phelps, Some Characteristics of Provincial Judiciaries--with Moder,n Footnotes, 2 Md. St. B. A. 93 (18q/). .. '1. Conway Sams & Elihu Riley, The Bench and Bar of Maryland, A History, 1634-1901 (1901). Bernard Steiner, Ma,ryl.ands First Co,urts (American Hist. Ass'n Report-s 1901-1902).

[History of court reorganization movement di,scus-sed. ] Walsh, Court Reorganization in Maryland, 28 J. Am. Jud. Soc'y 151 (1945). -. [Summary of court reorganization movement since 1908 provided. ] Walsh, Novement to Reorganize the Court of Appea1.s in Maryland, 6 Md. L. Rev. 119 ( 1942) [History of the movement to reorganize the Court of Appeals.]

33 MASSACHUSETTS David Allen, In English Ways: The Movement of Societies and lish Local,Law and Custom to Massachusetts 5) . Charles Almy, A History of the Third District Court of Eastern Massachusetts (Cambridge Historical Society Publication XVII, 923). .. Atkinson, Massachusetts Probate System, 42 Mich. L. Rev. 425 (1943). 4 [History of probate courts from colonial period to present given. J At-tack on the Judiciary of Massachusetts, 6 Law Rep. 241, 332, 470 (18 43-44). Bamford, Lat.est Discussion of Districf: Court .Problem, 25 Mass. L. Q. 1 (1940). [Review of developments since 1900.in the distrtict courts; bibliography. ] Barbara Blac, The. Judicial Power and the General Court in Early ,(1634-1686,) Massachysettp.. Yale Univ. t- . .. Frank Bradbury, Laws and -Bay Colony (Bostonian SOC. Publ. v.10, 1913). . ". Brennan, Massachusetts Council of Magistrates, 4 New Eng. Q. 54 (1931). s .r A Brief History of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, 16 Mass. L. Q. 1 (1930) Centennial of the Superior Court of the Commonwealth of MasSaChusetts,,1859-1959, '44 Mass. I;. Q. 29 (1959). [Chrbnology of important events in the history of the Superior Court provided with discussion of history and jurisdiction. ] Colonial Justice in Western Massachusetts,,l639-1702. Constitutional Provisipns Conc-erning the Judiciary, 14 Monthly L. Rep. 649 (1852). Continuous History of the Superior Court of Judicature, Court of Assize, and General Gaol Delivery and the Supreme Judicial. Court of Massachusetts as Told by the Portraits of the Justices, 6 Mass. L. Q. 1 (1920).

34 Courts of Justice in the Province of Massachusetts ,Bay Under the First Charter, 1630- 1683. Curran, Struggle for Equity Jurisdiction in Massachusetts, 31 B. U. L. 269 (1951). William Davies, Professional and Industrial History of Suffolk County, Massachusetts (1894). [Volume 1: history of the. bench and bar.]

William Davis, Bench and Bat of the Commonwealth of - Massachusetts (Da Capo Press 1974). William Davis, History of the Judiciary of Massachusetts, Including Plymouth and Massachusetts Colonies, The Province of the Massachusetts Bay, and the Commonwealth (B oston Book co. 1900). [See also reprint, DaCapo Press, 1974). Delaney, Administrative Court for Massachusetts?, 58 Mass. L. Q. 373 (19'/4). [History of the administrative court concept described.] Dimond, Congestion in The Superior Court Since Its Creation in 1859 and Proposals For Relief, 38 Ma ss. L. Q. 95 (1953). [Short historical introduction.] Allen Dimond, A Short History of the Massachusetts Courts (1975). A. Dimond, The Superior Court of Massachusetts, Its Origin and Development (Little Brown 196 0). Enrlich, Court of Common Pleas, 9 L. Soc'y J. 166 (1940). [History and jurisdiction described; bibliography.] Eli Faber, The Evil That Men Do: Crime and Transgression in

Colonial hssachusetts (191 1). -l Ball Fenner, Raising the Veil: Or, Scenes ,in the Courts (J. French & Co. 1856). M. Finklestein, Prosecution in the Juvenile Courts: Guidelines for the Future (19Tz;). [Development of juvenile court system discussed.] L. Frothingham, A Brief History of the Constitution and Government of Massachusetts with a Chapter on Legislative Procedure (1925). [Early courts described.]

' 35 William Gaston, Historical Sketch of the Judiciary, in George karden, ed., Government of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (1880) . Gerrard Gawalt, Massachusetts Lawyers: A Historical Analysis of the Process of Pro,fessionalization,1760-1840 (Clark Univ. thesis, 1980). Gerrara Gawalt, Promise of Power: The Emergence of the Legal Profession in Massachusetts: 1760-1840 (Greenwood 1979). Ginsburg, Masters in Chancery in Massachusetts, 6 B. U. L. Rev. 172 (1930). Horace Gray, The Power of the Legislature to Create and Abolish Courts of Justice (lST8). Grinnell, A Brief History of the Superior Court, 7 Mass. L. Q. 1 (1921). Grinnell, Brief History of the Supreme Judicial Court, 16 flass. L. Q. 1 (1930). Grinnell, Constitutional His,tory of the Supreme Jud,icial Court from the Revolution to 1813, 2 Mass. L. Q. 359 (19 17).

Grinnell, The Experimental Development of ~ Early Massachusetts Courts, 1 Mass. L. Q. /5 (1915). Grinnell, History of the District Court Discussion, 30 Mass. L. Q. 45 (1345); 11 L. Soc'y. J. 431 (1945). Grinnell, Legislative Results of the Judicial Survey Commission of 1955, 41 Mass. L. Q. 23 (1956). [History given of the Commission; previous commissions and committees listed.] Hammona, Great and General Courts of Massachusetts Bay Colony, c 4 Mass. B. A. 42 (1913). [Exercise of judicial powers by legislature described.] ., Albert Hart, Commonwealth History of Mas,sachusetts (19274930). [History of the courts included throughout.] Hartog, The Public, Law of a County Court; Judicial Government in Eighteenth Century,Massachusetts,20 Am. J. Legal Hist. 82 (1916).

36 George Haskins, Law.,and ,Authority,in ,Early Massachusetts (MacMillan Co. 1960). Haskins, Legal Heritage of Plymouth Colony, 110 U. Pa. L. Rev. 847 (1962). Haskins & Ewing, 111, The Spread of Massachusetts Law in the 17th Century, 106 U. Pa. L. Rev. 413 ( 1958). Joseph Hawley, Argument on "Are Justices of the Superior Court Removable at Pleasure or for Just Cause Only".- (l~~//O) . -. History of the Judiciary of Massachusetts (1974). Hitherto Unpublished Manuscript Account by Judge Edmund Trowbridge Relating to Chiet Justice Oliver and the Juries in 4, 13 Mass- L* Q- 34 (1928). Mark Howe, Readings i,n American Legal History (1949). [Judicial history of Massachusetts Bay Colony described.] Howe & Eaton, Jr., Supreme Judicial Power in Massachusetts Bay, 18 New Eng. Q. 2917m. Hurwitz, District Court System in Massachusetts, 8 L. Soc'y J. 525 (1939). Kawashinia, Jurisdiction of the Colonial Courts Over the Indians in Massachusetts, 1689- 1/639 42 N ew Eng. Q. 332' (1969) King, Judicial Flotsam in Massachusetts Bay, 1760-1765, 27 New Eng. Q. 366 (1954). Kirk, Sup,erior Court of Massachusetts: A Centennial Tribute, 39 B. U. L. Rev. 475 (1959). David Konig, Law and Society in Puritan Massachusetts: Essex County, 162'9-1692 (1979). Land Court of Massachusetts, 1898-1948, Fiftieth Anniversary,.' 34 Mass. L. Q. (1949). Lee, Discretionary Justice in Early Massachusetts, 112 Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. 120 (19/6). Legal History of Massachusetts From 1630-1953, 38 Mass. L. Q. 5 (1953).

37 Pre-Revolutionary Massachuseccs, IL JU%%%%. Rev. 46 (19 /6) Albert Mason, Jud,icialHistory of Massachusetts (1897). Mason, Short History of .the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, 2 M ass. L. Q. 82 (19163. Massachusetts, Commission Appointed to Investigate the Judicature of the Commonwealth, Reports (1920-1920). Massachusetts, Commission to Inquire into the Expediency of Revising the Judicial System of the State, Report (1876). Massachusetts, General Court, Report of the Committee on the Judicial Reform Made to the Legislature of Massachusetts, June 21, 1798 (1798). of MassachusettsMassachusetts Bar from Association, ,1630 to 1953, The Legal38 Mass. History L. Q. (1953).

Massachusetts Bar Association, Supreme Judicial Court.of Massachusetts 1692-1942 (1942).

[Origin and jurisdiction of courts reported.] I Massachusetts Judicial Council, District Courts (Massachusetts Judicial Council Reports, v.1, 1925). [History and recent development of district courts described.] 1 Mullem,Supreme America's Court, ChristianOldest Continuous Scierice Monitor Court: Mag.Massachusetts (Nov. 21-, 1942)

Nelson, The Legal Restraint of Power in, Pte-Revolutionary America: Massachusetts-- .\ as a Case Study, 1760 - 17/5, 18 Am. J. LegalHist. 1 (LY/4)

John Nicholls, The Rise and Growth of the East Boston Courts; An Historical and Statistical Account, with a Forecast ok the Social and Economical Condition in the District in the Year 80 (1933). 1 - 4

38 Josiah Quincy, Remarks on "An Act to Establish the Su,perior Court of the City ot: Boston" Passed by the General Court of blassachusetts at Its Last Session (1849). Remarks on the Judiciary System of Massachusetts, and the Necessity or a Change--with a Review of Certain Recent Decisions (18443)..

Ronald Snell, The County Magistracy in Eighteenth Century Massachusetts:, 1692- 1/50 (19/0). Thayer, A Chapter in Massachusetts Legal History, 9 Haw. L. Rev. 1 (1895). [Competency of witnesses, difficulties with Quakers and Indians. ] Sam Warner & Henry Cabot, Judges and Law Reform (Harvatd Univ. Press 1936). [Survey of crime and criminal justice in Boston conducted by the Harvard Law School.] Emory Washburn, Sketches of the Judicial Histocy of Massachusetts from 1630 to the Revolution in 1/15 (1840) [Rep. Da Capo Press, 1974.1 Welch, Jr., The Parsons-Sedgwick Feud and the Reform of the Massachusetts Judiciary, 92 E ssex Inst. Hist. Coll. 1/1 1956). White, View of the Jurisdiction and Proceedings of the Courts of Probate, in Massachusetts (1822). Woodruff, The History of Chancery in Massachusetts, 5 L. Q. Rev. 370 (1889). Wroth, A Revolutionary Incident: The Demise of the Royal Courts in Massachusetts, 1//4- 1/'/6, 26 Harv. L. Sch. Bull. 15 (1915)

39 MICHIGAN Banyon, Justice Courts on Trial, 37 Mich. St. B. 3. 35 (1958). [Background noted. 3 Blume, Transactions of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Michigan, 1805-1814. [Contains a series of .diagrams showing the several courts of the territory, with changes.] Brown, Frontier Justice: Wayne County 1796-1836, 16 Am. J. Legal Hist. 126 (1972). Dunnebacke, Supreme Court of the State of Michigan, 28 Mich. St. B. J. 53 (1949). [History noted. J Hall, Andrew Jackson and the Judiciary: The Michigan Territorial Judiciary as a Test Case, 1828-1832, 59 Mich. Hist. 131 (-1915). Joiner, Judicial System of Michigan, 38 U. Det. L. J. 505 (1961). [History of courts noted.] Marsh & Gellein, The Recorder's Court ,of the City of Detroit, 40 Mich. St. B. J. 34 (1971). [Establishment of court reviewed .] Norton, Judicial Reform in Michigan Between Two Constitutions, 1835-1850, 51 Mich. L. Rev. 203 (1952). ' Olmstead, Municipal Courts Replace Michigan's Justices of the -'Peace 37 Nat. Mun. Rev. 96, 122 (1948). Overhaul of Lower Courts Accomplished in Michigan, 52 Judicature 83 (1968).

Philbrick, Transactions of the Supreme Court of the Territory\ of Michigan; A Review, 40 Mich. 'L. Rev. 698 (1942). Report to the City of Saginaw, Michigan Regarding the Handling of Traffic Cases in the Municipal Court and Traffic Violations Bureau (American Bar Association, 1954). [History noted.] William Riddell, Michigan Under British Rule: Law and the Law Courts, 1760-1/96 ( Michigan Historical Commission '1926).

40 Kelly Searl, Key to the Michigan Judicature Act of 1915, Consisting of Notes and Tables Showing the Various Sections of the Statutes Repealed, Re-enacted, Superseded, Moditied, or Otherwise Changed by S aid Act (1915'p).. Timothy Sherer, The Rule of the Goverior and Judges in Michigan Territory, 180n823 (-176). Skillman, Metamorphosis of the Recorder's Court, 26 Det. Law 107 (1958). Coleman Vaughan, The Judicature Act of 1915 and Other Acts Affecting Practice,and Procedure Passed at the Regular Session of 1915 (1915).

MINNESOTA Charles Flandrau, Lawyers and Prior to and During Its Territorial Period (Minnesota Historical Society Collections v.8, 1898). W. Haugh, Jr., The Judicial System in Minnesota, 1972 (West 1972). [Establishment of all courts noted.] Knudson, Family C0ur.t--One Year Later, 17 Minn. Bench & B. 38 (1960) . Minnesota State Bar Association, Report of the Committee on Lower Court Reorganization, 21 Minn. Bench & B. 64 (1964) . [History of reforms reviewed.] Pirsig, Proposed Amendment of the Judiciary Article of the , 40 Minn. L. Rev. 815 (1956). [Reform movement summarized over twenty-year period.] S. Popper, Individualized Justice (Bruce Pub. Co. 1956). [History given of juvenile court and probation services.] Sherran 6 Blana, The Law, Courts, and Lawyers in the Frontier Days of Minnesota; An Informal Legal History,of the Years a35 to 1865, 2 W illiam Mitchell L. Rev. 1 (19/6). Tallakson, In Hennepin County, Minnesota, 2 Juv. Ct. Judges J. 41 (1960). [History given of juvenile court.]

41 MISS ISSIPPI Carter, The Transit of Law to the Frontier: A Review Article, 16 J. Miss. Hist. 183 (1954). Meredith Lang, Defender of the Faith: The High Court of Mississippi, 1817-1875 (19/7). Dunbar Rowland, Courts, Judges and Lawyers of Mississippi, 1798-1935 (193)).

MIS SOUR1 '. . ., -. William Bay, Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar of Missouri, with an Appendix, Containing Biographical Sk etches of Nearly All of the Judges and Lawyers Who Have Passed Away, Together

with Manv., InterestingU. and Valuable Letters Never Before Published ot Washington, Jetterson, Burr, Granger, Clinton, and Others (F. H. Thomas 1818). Callaway County's Pioneer Circuit Court, 1821-1840, 29 Mo. B. J. 311 (1973). Collett, A History of the Selection and Tenure of Supreme Court Judges in Missouri, 59 Mo. Hist. Rev. 439 (196 5). W. English, The Pioneer Lawyer in Missouri (1947). [Jurisdiction of lay justices of the peace described.] N orth Gentry, The Bench and Bar of Boone County, Missouri 1,ncluding the History of Judges, Lawyers, and Courts, and an Account ot Noted Cases, SIavery Litigation, Lawyers in War Times, Public Addresses, Political Notes, Etc. (1916).

James Harris, The Background and Development of Early Missouri - Trial Courts (Thesis, Univ. or Missouri 1949). Holmes, Supreme Court of Missouri; A Short Histor and Description ozs9160 (1949). Jennings, Growth of the Inferior , 35 Kan. City B. J. 9 (1959). McAffee, Riding the Circuits in South,west Missouri, 32 Mo. B. J. 312 (1976). Magistrate,Courts in St. Louis; A Report to the Bar Association of St. Louis (Governmental Research Institute, 1948). [Magistrate courts replace former justice of the peace courts. J Maitland, History of ,the Kansas City Court of Appeals, 31 U. Kan. City L. Rev. 215 (1963). - .. Smith, Magistrates C0urt.s and Other Judiciary Changes Under ,the New Constitution, 3 J. Mo. B. 5, 1.4 (1947). .. Supreme Court of Missouri, 2 J. Mo. Bar- 33, 42; 49, 66, 70, 76 . (1946). [History of court noted.] Weinstein, Juvenile Court Concept in Missouri: Its Historical Development; The Need for Legislation, 1957 Wash. U. L; Q. 17.

MONTANA Anderson, Deadwood,,An Effort at Stability 20 Montana 40 (1970). Brownlee, The Revival of Justices of the Peace in Montana, 58 Judicature 3-72 (Ism. ~ -. . Guice, On Circuit In ,Montana Territory with Justice Hiram Knowles--18/0, 16 Am. J. Legal Hist, 334 (19/z).. .. .- . L Holden, -Justice Court Reform in Montana, 34 Mont; L..Rev;'.I 122 ( 19 7 3)- -7 -_ S. Muckleston, The Judiciar (Montana Constitutional Convkntion '* Commission 19 7yy I [Bibliography.] Montana Legislative Council, Report on Justice of the Peace Courts (1961). [History noted. ] Spence, The Territorial Bench in Montana: 1864-1889, 13 Montana Magazine of the West 25, 57 ( 1963).

NEBRASKA Court Reform Law Establishes a System ,ofRegional County Courts, 15 St. Gov't News / ( June 1972).

Dolan & Fenton, The Jus,tice of the Peace in Nebraska, 48 Neb. L. Rev. 457 (1969). [History included. ]

43 IYlllU Y u I1 YI lylll

J. Dunlevey, Hi.story of the Judicial Article of Nebraska's Constitution.(Nebraska Legislative Council Committee on Courts of Limited Jurisdiction 1969). *, Hermann, Building A State Judiciary, 39 Neb. L. Rev. 265 (1960). Nebraska' '3udicial- Article: A Time for, Reform, 49 Neb. L. Rev. 103 ( 1969). [Coacise history of. judicial article prov.ided.1 -. - Turher, History and Commentary on the Judicial Article, 40 Neb. L. Rev. 621 (.1961') . '

NEVADA

Nevada Legis'lative Counsel Bureau I.egislative Commission, Nevada's Co.urt Structure (1968). . [Review of court structure If-36l-l~bu -- provided.]

NEW HAMPSHIRE Aldrich,Hampshi,re Admiralty ,during .Jurisdict.ionColonial and ReVolut,ionaryand the Admir-alty. Petjod Cou.rts , 3 New of New Hamp. St. B. A., n. s. 31 (1909). Albert Batchdior , TCe .Developmefit of th-e-Courts .of New shire from the Termination of the Province Government in -, in William Davis, ed., The. New England ,Sta,tes, Their ConsIndustrial t i tut iodal History , Jud ic'i(1897). a1, , Ed uca t $ana 1, Profess i onal and

.-t Batchellor, The Tenure of Office of Judges o,f thq, Supreme Court of the State under the Constitution, 1 New Hamp. St. B. A., n. s. 523 (1900-1903). [-Historical and legal survey. ] Charles Bell, The Bench and Bar of New Hampshire; Includin Biographical Notices of De'ceased Judges of'the Highest C:urt and, Lawy,ers of the Province and S,ta,te (1894). .- _- EdwardCongresses, Boylston, Held Historical At Amherst, Sketch 1114 of& 1/15:the Hillsborough With Other County Revolutionary Records (Farmers Cabinet Press 1884). [Includes brief sketch of Hillsborough County courts, 1771-1782. ]

44 c1

Corning, The Highest Court of Law in New Hampshire--Colonial, Provincial and State, 2 Green Bag 469 (1980). Robert Dishman, A New,.Con.stitutionfor New Hampshire? (Univ. of New Hampshire m6) .. . [Chapter VI, "The Judicial Power," contains historical material and references.] Dodd, The Constitutional Hi.story.ofNew Hampshire, 177501792, 2 New kamp. St. B. A., n. s. 3/9 (1904- 1908). [Contains history of courts and judiciary.] Hale, Judicial History of,New Hampshire Before the Revolution, 12 Grafton and Coos B. A. 5.3 ( 1895)

Judicial History of New Hampshire Before the Revolution, 18 L. Rep. 1 (1857). Edward Livermore, Observations Occasioned by Writings Ag,ainst Alterations Proposed in,the Convention, To Be Maae in,the Judiciary System (1792). . - " ,..- . McLaughlin, The Bench, .The Church and the Republican,Party in New Hampshire, 1/90- 1820, 20 Hist. New Hamp. 3 ( sbfntbe r 1:-.

New Hampshire Administrative Committee on Municipal Courts, .L-The Municipal Courts 0.f New Hampshire;,A Survey of Lqcal Justice in the Granite State (1961). [History described. ] New Hampshire Judicial Council, Municipal and Justice Courts (New Hampshire Judicial Council Reports, v.l,, 1946) .' [History noted.] -. New Hampshire Judicial Council, Trial Justice Courts (New Hampshire Judicial Council Reports, v.3, 1950). [History noted.] New Hampshire's 1963 ,Legislative Session Consolidated Its Municipal Court System, 41 J. Am. Jud. Soc'y 119 (1963). G. Osborne, Observations Occasioned by Writings Against Alterations, Proposed in th,e Convention, To B,e Made in the Judiciary System (1792).

45 Page, Judicial Practice, Eighteenth Century, 4 New HaW. Bo J= 194 (1962). Sawyer, Municipal , 2 New Hamp. Town and City Notes 1 (Spring 1949). Speech of William Claggett, Esq. in the House of Representatives of New Hampshire (1'814). [Resolves that act.to establish a supreme judicial court and circuit courts of common pleas be repealed.] To the Public: Some Remarks on the Proceedings of the Late Convention: With a Few Observations on Out Present Government (1791). Richard Upton, Revolutionary New Hampshire; An Account of the Social -and Political Forces Undetlying the Transition from Royal Province to American Commonwealth (1936). [keferences to judiciary included]. Richard Upton, Centennial History of the New Hampshire Bat Ass-ociation (T97-'-) . [Courts included.] a. Mail,Hatnp. Reminiscences St. B. A. -04 of the -1908).Supreme Court of 50 Yeats A=, 2 New

John Applegace,-

46 Bilder, Historical Examination of the Court of Errors and Appeals, 65 N. J. L. J. 429 , 433 (1942). Bilder, Restatement of the Case Against a Separate Court of Chancery, 66 N. J. L. J. 1, 5, 4 9, 73, 75 (1943). Walter Bilder, Speeches on the New Jersey Constitution. (n.d.) [Part 2, New Jersey court history to time of Constitutional Convention, 1844.1 Brennan, After Eight Years: New Jersey J-udicial Reform, 43 A. B. A. J. 499 (1957). - The Burlington Court.Book, a Record of Quaker Jurisprudence, in West New Jersey (1944). Changes in the Judiciary System of New Jersey, 4 N. J. L. J. 257 (1881). William Clevenger, The Courts of New Jersey; Their Origin, Composition and Jurisdiction . . . Also Some Account of Their Origin and Jurisdiction by Ed ward Q . Keasbey (1903). Clevenger, Origin and Jurisdiction of the Cqurts of New Jersey 18 N. J. L. J. 163, 195, 228, 233, 262 (1895).

The Court of, Last Resort in New Jersey, 3 N. J. L. J. 197 (1880) Crandall, American Plan of Revision of Our Court’s Protest. Against the Revision Proposed by a New Jersey State Commission, 31 N. J. L. J. 130 ( 1908). Defeat of the Judiciary Reform in New Jersey, 21 Green Bag 576 I i (1909). f District Courts 1 N. J. L. J. 25 (1878). i District Courts 4 N. J. L. J. 37 (1881). i

Documents Relating to the Court History of the State of New -, Jersey (1880). Doremus, Bench and Bar, and Courts of Bergen County, 47 N. J. L. J. 2 (1924). Lucius Elmer, The Consti-tution and Government of the Province and State of New Jer:;ey with Biograph ica.1 Sk etches of the Governors irom 1//6- 1845. and Reminis cences of the Bench and Bar Durine.More Than Half a Century (New Jer sey Hist. Soc- Coli. v.7).

47 English, State ,Courts: New Jersey Reorganizes Its Judicial Sy st em, 3 4 A. B. A. J. 11, 83 (1948). James Erwin, Law and Practice in the District Courts of New (191: Jersey (191: Ferris, The Evolution of the Judicial System of New Jersey, 33 N. 3. L. J. 331, 356 (1910); 34 N. J. L. J. 38, 68, 102 , 135, 197 (1911). Richard Field, The. Provis.iona1 Courts of New Jersey with Sketches of the Bench and Bar (184%- Greene, Growth of,NewJersey, Equity--a Survey, 4 U. Newark L. Rev. 31 (1938). George Harris, Courts of New Jersey (1923). Harrison, Judicial Reform in New Jersey, 22 St. Gov't 232, 247 (1949). Harrison, New Jersey's New Court System, 2 Rutgers U. L. Rev. 60 (1948). [Court system described from 1844.1 Charles Hartshorne, Courts and Procedure in England and New Jersey (1905). Charles Hartshorne, The Supreme Court As an American Institution. Shall It Be Subverted in New Jersey? (1901). Edward Keasbey, The Courts and Lawyers of New Jersey, 1661-1912 (1913). Keasbey, The Courts of New Jersey--Some Account of Their Origin and Jurisdiction, I/ N . J. L. J. 131, 210, 260, 324, (1804); 18 N. J. L. J. 69 (1805). Keasbey, Prerogative Court and Orphans' Court, 26 N. J. L. J. 105, 169, 209 (1903). \ ,1 Koestler, History and Development of Chancery Court of New Jersey, '59 N. J. L. J. 1/ (1936). Lee, An Outline Sketch of Some of the Early West Jersey Courts 14 m. J. L. J. 33/ (1891); 15 N . J. L. J. 4 (1892). Lewis, Legislation Establishing Municipal, Recorders' Courts and County District Courts. 23 N . J. Mun. 10 (December 19481

48 Edward McConnell, A Brief History of the Ne,w Jersey Courts (West's New Jersey Digest, v.7, 1954). Miller, Chancery Court-s in New Jersey in the 17th Centu.ry, 58 N. J. L. J. 273 (1935). Miller, The Courts of Chancery in New Jersey, 168401696, 58 N. J. L. J. 3 (1935). George Miller, Ye Olde ,Middlesex Courts; Establishment-of ,an Early Court ,System in One of. the Original Counties of New - -_ -__- - Jersey (1932). - _. -- 5.

William Myers, The Story of New Jersey (1945). [Vol. 1 includes a discussion of early New Jersey courts.] Nadelhast, Politics and the Judicia1,Tenure Fight in Colonial New Jersey, 28 Wm. 6r Mary Q. 46 ( 1971).

New Jersey Colony, An Ordinance for Estab-lishing Courts.[of . Judicature ,by His Excellency, Edward Viscount Cornbury

(1/09) .II -c [Established original courts of New Jersey.] . .- - .-- New Jersey, Commission to Report Amendments of the System''I- of Jurisprudence of the State, Rep0r.t of the Law Commission (New Jersey Senate Journal, 1855). If

New Jersey Department of Education, Division of New Jersey State Library, History'of the' New Jersey- Court o,f,-,Ap&a.ls (1954). [Annotated bibliography of materials. in t,he State---Library.] " ,-. -. New Jersey Judicial Council, Report t,o the Senate and.Genera1 Assembly (1932). [Outline history of New Jersey courts under-the--'c.opstitutions of 1776 and 1844 and under the "unwritten constitution."] New Jersey *Legislature, Committee on Orphans.'(Cou--rt Sys'tem, .'I& Orphans' .Court System, As Reported.. t.0 '4h.e -HpuSe of Assembly of the State of N. J. (1835). New Jersey, Historical Records Survey, History and Government of Bergen ,County, New Jersey (1941)... [Section on courts included.]

O'Connor, Legal Reform in the Early Rep.ublic: The New Jersey Experience, 22 Am. J. Legal Hist. 95 (197 8) .

49 Ordinances Forming, Basis of Jurisdiction of Supreme Court, 18 N. J. L. J. 161 (1895). The Organization and Minutes of the Gloucester County Court, 1686 - 1681; Some Loose Papers Pertainingto ,Our Earliest Court (1930) L. _- Our, Judic,iarySystem, 12.N. J. L. J. 24 (1889). ..- "_ - . < -- - 9~ I Parke'r,- som,e'Rekini-sce\nces of Lead,ing New Jetsey -Judges and Lawyers of the Latet 19th Century, 58 N ....' J L J 1 Cfp33). Porter, History of 'the'District Courts, 59.N. J. L'. J. 25 (1936) Pxesser, 1ntroduct.ion,to the a1 Hi.stqry of Colonial New Jersey, I Rut6-Cam.' L. J. 2 .. Propos,ed Chahges,i-nOu,r Judic.iary, 9 N. J. L. J. 59 (1886). -3- v e. .. Reform'of Jud-iciaiy; 7 N. J. L. J. 1'9 (1884)'. A Revision of Acts 'Concerning District 'C,ourts,11 N. J. L. J. 4 (1888) Scott, The Orditiance for Establishing -Courts in New Jersey, 35 N. J. L. J. 164 (1912). Sou.rc.esof Jutisdcction of New Jersey Constitutional ,Courts, 4 J. Mar. L. J. 40 (193'4). - -. Stof*fer,Organiza,tion and Admini,stracion of the Co,vr,ts,4 Rutgers L. Rev. 1 (1949). --[Reorganization'under 1947 constitution described.] Swayze, Justice and the New Jersey,Courts, 36 N. J. L. J. 164 (1908). Vanderbilt, Municipal Court--the Most Important Cqurt,in Mew Jersey.: . Its Remarkable -Progress and ,Its Unsolved Problems, '10 Rutgers L. Rev. 64/ (1566). [Background noted.] Vanderbilt, New Judicial System in New Jersey, 72 N. Y. St. B. A. Rep. 27/ (1949). Walker, Courts of New Jersey, New J. St. B. A. (1912-1913). Edwin Walker, In the Matter of the Creation, Powers and Prerogatives of the Court or Pardons, 97 N . 3. Eq. Rep. 555, Appendix (lm).

50 John Whitehead, The Judicia1,and Civil History of New Jersey (1897).

i II Whitehead, Supreme. Co-urt of New Jersey, 3 Green Bag 355 (1891). 11 II Woelper, Reorganizat,ion of the Judiciary in New, Jersey, 1 Sydney L. Rev. 46 (1953).

NEW MEXICO

Richard Bradfute, The Court of Private Land Claims: The Adjudication of Spanish and Mexican Land Grant Titles-, " 4 (Univ. of New Mexico Press 19/5). R. Folmar, Piecemeal Amendment ef the New Mexico Constitution, 1911 to 1564 (1965). [Judicial article included.]

Keleher, Law of the .New Mexico Land GranC, 4 New Mexico Hist. Rev. 350 (1929).

' I P. Manly, Survey of 'the Judicial System in New Mexico, (New Mexico Legislature, State Judicial System Study Committee 1967). [Statutory and constitutional changes described.]

New Mexico Creates, Judicial Confe,tence and Standards. .. .,* Commission, New Magistrate Cour,t, 51 Judicature 4Bltr '(1968).- . ... Arie Poldervaart, Black-Robed Justice, a History of Administration ,of ,Justice in'New Mexico From the Ameii,c.an Occupation in 1846 Until Statehood in 1912 - .(Histor -~ ical Society oE New Mexico 1948). _.

1. Arie Poldervaart, Manual for Effective New Mexico Legal Research (Univ. of New Mexico 1955). [Development of legal system of New Mexico discussed.] Susan Roberts, The , 191.0-1970: Politics and the Legal ,Comqunity (1974). Susan Roberts, A .Political History of t,he New Mexico..Supreme Court 1912-19'72 -(1975). .. ,-

Tittman, Confederate Courts in New Mexico, 3 New Mexico Hist. Rev. 34/ (1928).

51 Twitchell, Spanish Colonization and the Founding of the Ciudades and Vi~llas,in the Time ot Don Juan Onate, 191'9 New Mexico B. A. Min. 2/. Walker, Jr., Confederate Government in 'Dona Ana County, ,As Shown in the Records or the Probate Court, 1861 - 1862 , 6 New Mexico Hist. Rev. 253 (1931).

I ..I A Abbott, The Court.6f Last Reso,r.t,16 N, Y. St.'B. A. 71 (1893). Aiken, New Netherlands Arbitration in the 17th Century, 29 Arb. J. 14) (19/4). -. John Aiken, Utopionism and the EmergeAce of the Colonial Legal Profession: New York, 1664- 1/1,O a,Test Case (thesis, Univ. or Rochester 196/). D. Alexander, .A ,P,olit,icalHistory of the. St,ateof New York, 1774-1882 (1906-1909) 6 [Judiciary included.] Association of the Bar of the City o'f New York, Bad Housekeeping: The Administration 0.f the New YorkCourts 955). - -.-. [History of courts provided in inttdduetory chapter. ] '- Association of' the Bar of the City of 'New York, Report of a Special' Committee,..- 12'rRecOrd .. 89 (1 Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Judiciary Refotm, 8 Alb. -L. J. 281 (1873). Association of the Bar of the City 6f New York, Re ort of the Comrfiit'tee on Delays and Uncertainties.in Judicd Administra,tion (1886). '. Association of the Bar of the Cfiy of New York, Special Committee on the Administration of Justice, Re ort--the Citizens and the Courts--on a Proposed Simpli-+T-s- ie tatewide Court System, 10 Record 3/U (1955). [History noted.] Albert Bard, Some Observations on the Primary and Elect,ion Laws of the State of: New York with Special Rekerence to the Nomination and Election ot Judges (Association ot the Bar of the City of New York 1914).

52 Bartlett, Superior City Courts, 16 N. Y. St. B. A. 88 (1893). Bell, History of the General Term of the New York Supreme -Court, 66 Alb ...L J 249 (Im). Bergan, The Long Perspective: The New York Court of Appeals, 1847-1VT1, 49 N . Y. St. 8. J. 2/8= Bergan, Perspective of a Judicial Era: Judge Desmond in the New Yotk Court ot App eals, 15 B uttalo L. Rev. 264 (1965). [Historical changes in court's work since its creation in 1846 described.] Dominick Blake, Historical Treatise on the Practice of the Court of Chancery (lm). Ernest Breuer, New York State Court of Claims: Its History, Jurisdiction and Reports (1959. E. Breuer, New York State Temporary Commission on the Courts and Court Reorganization, 1933- 1959 ( New Yotk State Library 59) [Bibliography on court reorganization.] Brill & Payne, Adolescent Court and Crime Prevention (Pitman 1938). [History provided.] James Brooks, History of the Court of Common Pleas of the City and County 01 New York (1896). Browne, The New York Court of Appeals, 2 Green Bag 277 (1890). Benjamin Cardozo, The Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals of the State of New York (19097 Chester & William, Courts and Lawyers of New York, a History, 1609-1925 (1925). Alden Chester, Legal and Judicial History of New York (1911). Citizens' Committee for Children of New York, Report on the Family Court within New York City, (1964). [Establishment of court reviewed.] Cockran, An Elective Judiciary and the Party Boss, 32 Am. L. Rev. 863 (1898). Henry Cohen, The Powers of the New York Court of Appeals (1934).

53 Coleman, Courts,of New York State, 3 U. L. Rev. 46 (1896). Collision Between the Supreme Court and the Court of Errors of the State of New York, 3 Am. L. Magazine 311 (1844). Community Service Society of New York, New Pattern for Family Justice: Proposal for Unification of Courts Dealing with (1954). child,.. Youth, and Family Problems [History alid~ evolution of social court$ given.] Concerning,an Appointive Judiciary, 8 Alb. L. J. 18 (1873). Coudett, Relief of the Court of,Appeals, 16 N. Y. St. B. A. 67 (1893). The Courts of New York and the Reports of Their Decisions (Abbott New York Digest v.6, 1942). Cowen, Civil Jurisdiction of New York Justice,of Peace (1821). Daly, History of the New York Court of Common Pleas, 5 Alb. L. J. 211 (1812). Charles Daly, History of the Court of Common Pleas for the City and County ot New-York with an Account of Judicial Drganization ot the State and Its Tribunals, From Time of Its Settlement by the Dutch in 1623 'State Constitution in 1846, 1 S Charles Daly, The Nature, Extent and History of the Jurisdiction ot the Surrogates Courts oi- the State of New -York (1863). Danforth, Judiciary Article of the Constitution, 16 N. Y. St. B. A. 59 (1893). Desmond, The Movement for Court Reorganization, 1958-1962, 61 Legal Aid Rev. 10 (1963). ticle 7--Its Philosophy (1964). [Background noted. ] Derman Eaton, Should Judges Be Elected in New York, or the Experiment OF an Elective Judiciary in New York (18/3). Charles Edwards, Pleasantries About Courts and Lawyers of the State of New York (1867').

54 David Field, A Letter to Gulian C. Verplank on the Reform of the Judicial Sy stem or This State, by ,a Member oi the New 'York Bar, December , 1839 (1840). David Field, Reorganization of the Judiciary: Five Articles Originally Published in the Evening Post (1846). David Field, What Shall Be Done with the Practice of the Courts? Questions Add ressed to Lawyers (184/). Fi ero, Court of Appeals of New York., Increase of the Number of Judges by Constitutional Amendment Favored by Committee of Bar Association, 45 Alb ...L J 216 (1892). Fiero, What Shall Be Done to Relieve Our Courts?, 13 N. Y. St. B. A. 239 (1890). Fleischmann, Supreme Court Dilemma, 26 N. Y. St. B. A. 201 (1903). [History of the court after the 1894 Constitution given.] Friedman, The Mercy of the Court of Burgomasters and Schepens, 19 Green Bag 91 (1901). Julius Goebel, The Courts and the Law in Colonial New York, in Flick, History of the State or New York (1933- 31). David Graham, A Treatise on the Organization and Jurisdiction Of the Courts of Law and Equity in the State of New York 39). Hamlin & Baker, Supreme Court of Judicature of the Province of New York, 1691-1/04 ( New York Historical Society 19593. Hammond, The New York City Court of Common Pleas, 32 N. Y. Hist. 275 (1931). Hand, Judicial Power in the State of New York, 29 N. Y. St. B. A. 64 (1906). [Constitutional history of judicial power given.] Willis Heaton, The Procedure and Law of Surrogates' Courts of the State of New York (1940- 51). [History of surrogates' courts given.] Leo Hershkowitz & Milton Klein, Courts and Law in Early New York: Selected Essays (Kennikat Press 1918). Hershkowitz, The Troublesome Turk: An Illustration of Judicial Process in New Amsterdam, 46 N . Y. Hist. 299 (mber).

55 Herzog,Civile Reformer et du Droit de L'OrganisationConimercial dans Jud,iciaire L'Etat de de New la York, Procedure 16 Revue International de Droit Compare 5/9 (1964). Henry Hill, Development of Constitutional Law in New York State and the Constitutional Convention of I394 (1896). [Judiciary included.] Hornblower, The Supreme Court, 16 N. Y. St, B. A. 76 (1893). Henry Jessup, Jessup-Refield- Law and Practice in the Sutrogates' Courts n94/ 51). [History of court included.] Johnson, The Prerogative Court of New York, 1686-1766, 17 ~m. 3. Legal Hist. 95 (lq/3). Johnson, Civil Procedure in John Jay's New York, 11 Am. J. Legal Hist. 69 (196/). The Judiciary and the New York Press, 6 Irish L. Times 32 (LBI'L) ' The, Judiciary of New York. Delays in Administcation of Justice, 2 U . S. L. J. 120 (1826). Judiciary System of New York, 26 Am. JU~.38 (1842). & KarlenDevelopments Harris, in Judicial the Last AdministrationTwenty-five Years, in New 15 york: B uffalo L. Rev. 319 (1965). Karlen & Miller, New Judicial Article of New York, 39 N. y. St. B. J. 9 (1967). [History of present article reviewed.] Kinkead, Reporter at Large: Just Bri us Peace in Our House'b. New Yorker Magazine 43 (D ec. 11, 19 [History of N. Y.C. magistrates court-home tetm given.) Klein, New Yotk State's Court System (Institute of Judicial Administration 1973). [Historical background provided.]

KtOSS & Grossman, Magistrates'- Courts of- the City of New york, 7 Brooklyn L. Rev. 153, 295 411 (1937 38). [History of courts provided.]

E Law in Colonial New York: The Legal System of 1691, 80 Hatv. L. Rev. 1/3/ (1967). st f 56 Charles Lincoln, Constitutional History of New York (1906). [History of the state courts included.] Logan, Judiciary Article of the New Constitution, 17 N. Y. St. B. A. 134 (1894); 49 Alb. L. 3. 108 (1894). Arphaxed Loomis, Historic Sketch of New York System of Law Reform in Practice and Pleadings (18/9). D. Loth, Westchester Misdemeanant Survey (National Council on Crime and Delinquency, Westchester Citizens' Committee, 1966). - [Historical background of county court given.] W. Lyman, Evolution of a Court; Prepared in Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the MunicipaLCourt of New York (Court Press 1949). David McAdam, History of the Bench and Bar of New York (1897-99). McNamara, Court of Claims: Its Development and Present Role in the Unified Court,System,40 St. John's L. Rev. 1 (1965); Marcus, Is the Surrogate's Court Fulfilling Its Purpose?, 27 N. Y. St. B. A. 149 (190 4). [Historical review included. ] Mahoney, The Administration of Justice and Court Reform, 31 Proc. Acad. Pol. Sci. 58 (1974). [Court reform in New York, 1953-1973.1 Moore, One Hundred Fifty Years of Official Law Reporting and the Courts in New York State, 6 Syracuse L. Rev. 273 (1955). Murphy, Proceedings in a Magistrates,' Court Under the Laws of New York, 24 Fordham L. Rev. 53 (1955). [History included. ] New York County Lawyers Association, Report of Subcommittee Gb the Election, Appointment, Removal, Impeachment and Recall of Judicial Officers (19 15). New York State Bar Association, Delay and Uncertainty in Judicial Administration, 9 N. Y. St. B. A. 94 (1886); 33 Alb. ..U, 359 (1886). N ew York State Bar Association, Discussion on Constitutional Amendments "Shall the Executive and Judiciary Articles of the Constitution Be Revised, and It S 0, How?", 38 N . Y. St. B. A. 486 (1915).

57 New York State Bar Association, Report Concerning Causes Underlying Dissatisfaction with Our Judicial sy stem, 36 N. Y. St. B. A. 212 (1913). New York State Commission on the Administration of Justice, City Court of the City of New York (In its Report, 1934). [History given.] New York State Commission on the Administration of Justice, Municipal Court of the ,City of New York (In its Report, 19-34) ,* [History provided.] New York, (State) Commissioners on Practice and Pleadings, Reports on Code Procedure (1848). [Practice and court reform.] New York, (Statej Constitutional Convention Committee , m.Problems [Historical review., of judiciary article included.] New York, (State) Judicial Council, Historical Resume of the Judiciatv Article and Coenate Sect=

New York, (State) Legislature, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report of Subcommittee oq the Family Court (1968). [Creation of court covered.] New York, State Library, Legislative Refterence Bureau, Source Notes on Congestion in the Courts, 1825-1841 (1954). New York City Civil Housing Court: Consolidation of Old and New Remedies, 41 St. John's L. Rev. 483 (1913). New York City Magistrates' Courts, Home Term; a Socialized Court for Family Problems (1948). [History noted.] New York Court of General Sessions Discontinued After 279 Years of ODeration. 49 A. B. A. J. 349 (1963). New York State's Family Court Act, 14 Syracuse L. Rev. 481 (1963) [Establishment of court noted.] Nims, New York's 100 Years' Struggle for Better Civil Justice, 25 N. Y. St . B. A. Bull. 83 (1953).

58 Our Judicial System--Its Faults and Their Remedies, 23 Alb. L. J. 325 (1881). Proctor, Court of Chancery of New York. Opening of First Trial Term with Scenes and Anecdotes, 49 Alb. L. J. 236 (1894). Proctor, First Trial Term in the Old Court of Chancery of the State ot New' York. Robert R. Livingston, Chanc'ellor',45 Alb. ..5, 106 (1892). Reorganization of the Judiciary, 2 Am. Whig Rev: 474--(1845);4 Am. Whig Rev. 520 (1841). Reynolds, Superior City Courts, 16 N. Y. St. B. A. 83 (1893). Robertson, Work of the Constitutional Convention with Reference to the Judicial Art.icle, L/ N . Y. St. B. A. 141 (1894); 49 Alb. L. J. 111 (1894). Rossbach, Go-&-Go Justice, 21 N. Y. County B. Bull. 14 (1963) [Creation of New York City criminal court discussed.] Schoonmaker, Evolution of the Judicial .Power and ObseryaF,ions Touching the Judiciary, 1/ Y. St. B1 A. 145-(r894)*.A N -J ~.49 e.. 03 (1894). Henry Scoll, The Courts of the State of New Yotk:, Their History (19'6r9). -. -.. -

Setaro, -Surrogate's Court of New Yq * - '\ Antecedents. 2 N. Y. L. I?. 283'(1 Shearman, The Judiciary of New York-City, 105 N. Am. Rev. 148 (1867). ,_. Smith & Hetshkowitz, Courts of Equity in the Province of New York: The Cosby Controversy, 1732- 1/36, 16 Arner. J. Legal Rist. I (l9/2). c -. Smith & Ehrmann, The Bench and Its Background, 1922 (1938). Alfred Street, The Co.uncil of ,Revisionof the State of New York: Its History, a History ot the Courts with Wh ich Its hembers Were Connected, Biographical Sketches of Its Members and Its Vetoes (18>Y). Thompson, The Struggle in New York for the Independence of the Judiciary From Control of the Party "B oss", 32 Am. L. Rev. 09 (1898).

59 Peter Van Schaack, Conductor Generalis, or the Duty and Authority o~f Justices, Sheriffs, Constables, etc. (1778). William Wyche, A Treatise on the Practice of the Supreme Court of Judicature of New York (1194).

NORTH CAROLINA Battle-, An Address on,,the History of the Supreme Court . . . February 4, 1889, 103 N: C. Rep. 450 (1889). Julian Boyd, The County Court in Colonial North Carolina (thesis, 19'26). Bryan 61 Baer , General Sessions Courts: Origin ,and Recent Legislation, 24 Tenn. L. Rev. 667 (1956). Clark, The Supreme, Court of North Carolina, 4 Green Bag 457 (1892). Coates, Courts of Yesterday, Today and Tpmmorrow in North Carolina (Univ. of North Carolina, 'Institute of Government m84Pop. Govt. 1 (March 1958). A. Coates, Su=ary_..Report on the Hjstorical D,eveloprne,nt of the Justic,e 03 the .Pe'ace -Courts,' t.he -1htetmediate Courts and the Superior, ,Courts of 'North Carolina 1.868 d 1,95,/ ( Univ. of North Carolina, Institute of Government 195/).

A. Coates, The Courts of Yesterday-, Today and, Tomorrow in North Carolina (1963).

Connor & Cheshire, The Constitution of the State of North Caroli,na, Annotated (1911). [Court development included.]

Court Reorganization Reform, 1962, 46 J. Am. Jud. Soc'y. 110 (1962) Feibelman, North Carolina Improves Its Judicial System,,37 Okla. B. A. J. 623 (1966). Herring, Early Judicial System of the State of North Carolina, 1 N.C. J,. L. 286, 334 (1904). Herring, Judicial System of the Proprie.tary and Royal Governments in North Carolina, 1 N.C. J. L. 84, 128 (1904).

60 Hinsdale, No More Horse and Buw Courts in North Carolina, 35 Popular Gov't 1 (1968). Hinsdale, North Carolina's New Court of A.ppeals, 33 Pop. Gov't. 1 (Apr. '1967). Guion Johnson, An,te-bellum ,North Carolina (1937) . [Chapter on courts included.] Lignon, Jr., Report on the Domest.ic Relations Courts in North Carolina; The Juvenile Court of ,North Carolina and Other States, 24 P op'. G0v.t. 1 June 1958 ; Report on Domestic monsCourt of North'Carolina )(Univ. of North-' Carblina Institute of Government 195n. [Historical deve-lopment included. ] Paul McCain, The County Court in North Carolina Before 1750 (thesis, 1950).

Paul McCain, County C0ur.t in North Carolina Before 1750-4 (Duke Univ. ~ressm4i). .*

McCain, Magistratgs Courts in Early North Carolina, 48 N.. C. Hist. Rev. 23 - (19/1). ". NorthCarolina Carolina General Courts Assembly Commission, (1965-71). Report . . . .to the-. North

[The 1965 report focuses on the creation of state-wide- A district courts.] . - .. - .--

North Carolina Gets Minor, Court Refo,rm,,Administxative Office, 49 J. Am. Jud. Soc'y. 12 (1965).

[Detailed description of colonial c St. Clair, Judi,cial ,Machinery in North Carolina, 30 N. C. Hist. Rev. 415 (1953). D. Thompson, Juvenile Courts in North Carolina (State Board of Public Welfare 1951). [Development of courts noted.] Ubbelohde, The Vice-Admiralty Court of Royal North Carolina, 1729-1759, 31 N. C. Hist. Rev. 517 (195 4) .

61 NORTH DAKOTA Blinn, Survey of Trial Courts of th, North Dakota Ji dicial Svstem. 26 N. D. B. Briefs 345 (1950). [History and jurisdiction of each court included.] Family-Courts in North Da,kota, 45 N. D. L. Rev. 281 (1969). [Eqtablishment of new family court discussed. ] ?,Si, - - . ,, Taylor:, Hist-6ry- of- .the.', Nor,th Dako,tal Sypre*@e'.Court, 18 N. D. B. Br.i>'fs 45 (1941) .

e It White, New North .Dakota County Justice Court: Positive Progress in Judicial Reform, 36 N. D. L.. Rev. 246 (1960)

-OHIO Francis Amer,-.The Development of the Jud'icial System in Ohio From 1787 to 1932 (1m2). Aumann, Developmetit-of the Judicial Syst,em of Ohio,. 41 Ohio St. Arch. and Hist. Q. 195 (1952).

Booth, The Courts of Ohio, 25 Ohid Sf. ..B; A. 83 (1904). --..L' -'.. . Carter, The Old Court ,House:, RemAiniscq,nc,esand Anecdotes of the Courts,and Bar or Cinncinati mer G. Thomson L118U). Cunningham, Judiciary in .Ohio, 20 .Cin., L. Rev. 239 (1951). -. . [History of Ohio court systedi.] Cur-tis, Courts., and Members, Ea,rly,-.of -the Bar of Ohio, 4 Ohio S. B. A. Proc. 115 (1883). Paul Douglass, The Justice of the Peace kourts of Hamilton County, Ohio n932).

Feazel, Ohio Case Law, 4 L. Lib. J. (1912). b.

[Short history of courts included.] . Follett, The Judiciary of Ohi6, 17 Ohio St. B. A. 129 (1896).

Harrison, The JudJciary,of Ohio,,. 4 Ohio.. ..- St. 8. A. 91 (1883). .-. , 4 . .- . Jones, Courts of Ohio, 6 Ohio St. B. A. 14 (1886). Jud,iciary Reform in Ohio Proposed, 1 W. L. J. 176 (1843). Keller, Ohio Court of Common Pleas, 55 Ohio L. Bull. 356 (1910).

62 Kinkead, A Sketch of, the , 7 Green Bay 105, 168, 225, 213 (1895). C. Marshall, A History of the Courts and Lawyers of Ohio (1934). Morrison, Ohio Reports, Statutes and Digests, 31 L. Lib. J. 205 (1938). [Short review of judicial history ihcluded.] Ohio,Municipal,Court ,Act, 21 U, Cin. L. Rev. 285 (1952). [Establishment of municipal courts detailed.] Ohio Small Claims Courts: An Empirical Study, 42 u. cine L. Rev. 469 (19/3). [Historical development of courts presented.] Ohio State Bar Association, Report of J.udicial Reorganization Committee, 34 Ohio B. 1114 (1961). [Establishment of courts and background of judicial reform movement noted.] Ohio State Bar Association Committee on Judicial Administration and Legal'Reform, Report . . ., 5cOhio St. B. A. 83 (1884). Ohio State Bar Association Committee on Judicial Administration and Legal SRetorm. Report .. . ., 6 Oh io St. B. A. 80 (1886). George Reed, Bench and B-ar of Ohio (1897). Reed, History of the Ohio Judiciary, 9 Ohio St. B. A. 206 (1888) b Robinson, Review of the New County Court Law, 18 Ohio St. L. J. 482 (1957). Russell, Jud,iciary Reform in Ohio, 1 W. L. J. 508 (1843). Skeel, Constitutional History of Ohio Appellate Courts, 6 C1ev.- Mar. t. Rev. 323 (195/). Teetor, Bench and Bar ,of Ohio, 5 Magazine W. Hist. 687, 780 (1886); 6 Magazine W. Hist. 95 (1887). Welker, Bench and,Bar of Central Ohio 40 Years Ago, 1 W. Res. L. J. 190, 224 (1895); 2 w . Res. L. J. 95 (1896). Welker, Recollections, of the Bench and Bar in Central Ohio Forty Years Ago, 4 W . Res. L. J. 5/ ((

63 Watson, The Early Judiciary, Early Laws and Bar of Ohio, 3 Ohio St. Arch. and Hist. Q. 141 (1891). Wills, New Ohio Municipal Court Act, 12 Ohio St. L. J. 314 (1951) . . [Histoky of municipal courts included.]

Wise, A Pioneer Justice Of the Peace, 27 Nw. Ohio Q. 63 (Spring 1955). H. YntFma., Analysis of Ohio Municip,al Court Acts,; A Report to the Judicial Council ,of Ohio by the -1n'stitute of Law (1935) .-

Bierer, Early Day Courts and La.w.yers, 23.< Okla. St. B. A. Proc. 193 (1930). .,

Brown, .The Ch6ctaw-Chickasaw Court Citiiens,A 16 Chron. Oklahoma 425 (1938). .. ._ Creel, Court in Peril: The Legislative--Judic.ial Struggle of Chronicles of Oklahoma*220 (19/4). 1927-19.22,1. 52 *, . . I Doyle, The Suprehe C0ur.t of the Terrifory 0.f Oklahom5, 13 Chron. Oklahoma 214 (1935). . <. 8 Foreman, Oklahpma's Fsrst Court, '13 .Ch2on. --_ Oklahoma 457 (1935).

Fraser, Oklahoma's New Judicial System,, -. 21 Okla. L. Rev. 373 (1968). Knight, Fifty Years of Choctaw Law,'-1834 to 1884, 31 Chronicles of Oklahoma 76 ( 1953). ?

Meserne, From. Parker to Pqe, Being a- Brief Sketch of the Early Judiciary of Tulsa County, 16 Chron.-. Oklahoma 89 (1938).

I- Notes and Documents: The Brush Court in Indian Territory, 46 Chron; Oklahoma 201 (1968). b.

Oklahomals Court Reforms Take Effect, 52 Judicature 433 (1969). .. ?. Supreme Courts: Oklahoma and the' United States; A Studied

Compari,son of Systems,8. 2 Tulsa L. J. 138 (1965). [Inception of. skate-courts noted. ] Thompson, Courts of the.Cheroke9 Nation, 2 Chron. Oklahoma 63 (1924). -

64 Williams, The Judicial History of Oklahoma, 5 Oklahoma St. B. A. Proc. 107 (1911). Woodson, Conception and Development of a.Juvenile Court; The Tulsa Court Comes of Age, 3 Juv. Ct. Judges J. 8 ( Jan. 1952)

OREGON .. . Absher, District Court, 5 Ore. St. B. Bull. -86 (1,940).

. -- - -_ - [Origin of court noted.] >r .. Boise, Fi.fty Years' Recollection of the Bench and Bar.e: of. , ' Oregon, 1904 Ore. B., A. Proc. 256.-

Caples, Reminiscences of the .Bench,andBa.r of Earlier.- Days, .- 1900-03 Ore. B. A. Proc. 330.

Criswell, Oregon Trail Leads On, 2 Juv.- -_. Ct. Judges J. 47 (1960). - -_

[Establishment of j,uvenile court.. in Franklin County n0ted.JL

" .,_. History of the Bench and Bar of Oregon (Historical Publishing 1910) Johnson, Politics, Personalities, and Policies,of dhe Ore-gon Territorial Supreme Court. ,.1849-1859, .. 4 Envt'l L. 11 (1g 73). Justice Courts in Oregon, 53 Ore. L. Rev.. 407 (1974). [Historical background and development of criminal and civil jurisdiction described.]-. - McBride, Reminiscences of the Oregon Bar, 2 Oregon L. Rev. 135 (1923). Phillips, Oregon Tax Court: Some Thoughts on Its First Decisions, 42 Ore. L. Rev. 292-.- (1963). .. - Roberts, Introduction to. the Oregon Tax Court, 9 Willamette*. L. 3. 193 (1913). -> [History of court's creation in 1961 discussed.] Rossman, Supreme Court of Oregon and Its Chief Justice, 34 A.B.A.J. 364 ( 1948) .[Early history of outlined.] Smith, Historical Sketch of Oregon's Supreme Court, 55 Ore. L. Rev. '85 (1976).

65 PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny County-,-County, Court, History and General Descripgion, in Report to the Allegheny .County Bar Association (Institute of Judicial Ad ministration 1960). Allegheny County Implements Pennsy1,vania Judicial Article, 52 Judicature 394 (1969). [New common pleas ,county court described.]

Amram & Schulman, The New Judicial Article and.Its Imp.lemen,tation, 24 Pa. B. A. Q. 9 (19/0). Marshall Anspach, Historical Sketches'of the Bench and Bar of Lycoming County,- --. Pennsylvania, 1/95- 1960 ( Lycoming Law -A. Association 19bl). .. .-. Appellate Court Jurisdiction Act of 1gI7O, 75 Dick. L. Rev. 465 , 7. . (1971) ., Edward Biddle, .The Courts and Bar of.,Cumberland County in the 18th Century n914). .- . Robert Brewseer,' The Pennsylvania Courts (thesis, State College 1930) e .- . Bronner, Philadelphia County Court of Quarter Sessions and

. 1. /9, 236 , (1957) Fopnon ,Pleas, 169 5, 1 Am. J. Legal--- Hist.. 175, Bronner, Philadelphia County Court.of -Quarter Sessions and ,, 76 Pa. Magazine5, Hist. and Biography 457

L

Cochran, Pennsylvania's Debt to the Inns of Court, 30 Pa. Be. A. 6 (1924).

Coleman & McKean, The Origins of an Independent Judiciary, 34 Pa. Hist. 111 (1967). Comay, The City of Pittsburgh Housing Court, 30 U. Pitt. L. Rev 459 (1968i1969). b. [Background of new court discussed. ] Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania: Jurisdiction and Jur i s,dic t i,osa1. Questions, 4 I Temple L. Q. 86 (1913). [History of coLrt discussed. ] Crawfotd, A F'o,otnote on Courts for.Tria1 of Negroes in Coloniai Pennsylvania, 5 J. Black Stud. 167 ( 1974). Criminal Jurisdiction of Magistrates in.Philadelphia, 28 Temp. L. Q. 170 ( 1956). [Origin in England and Pennsylvania discussed.]

BO

de Furia, Administrgtion of Justice in Delaware County Before William Penn, 29 Pa. B. A. Q. 216 (1958). Dolan, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania--250th Anniversary. Call to Remembrance, 43 Pa. B. A. Q. 432 (19/2). A Frank Eastman, Courts and Lawyers of Pennsylvania: A,History, 1623-1923 (1922). Henry Eshleman, Out First Civil Courts (Lancaster County Historical Society 1906). Elective Judiciary in Pennsylvania, 7 Pa. L. J. 247 (1848). Spence Ervin, The Magistrates Courts of Pennsylvania (1931). Albert Faught, An Early Chapter in the History of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 1684- 1/23 ( Colonial Society of Pennsylvania 1942). i Faught, Early Rules,of. Court,in Pennsylvania, 44 Dick. Law. Rev. I 273 (1940). [1682 to 1834.1 Faught, Williay Penz's Courts As the Foundation of I Pennsylvania s Ju icial System, 5 Old York Road Hist. SOC. I Bull. 36 (1941).

Douglas Gatton, A Study Of the Roles of the State and Federal-. High Courts in the Law and Politics of Pennsylvania If8/-1810 (Univ. of Illinois Urbanna Champaign 19735. Goldstock, History and Development of the Family Court, 117 Pitt. Legal J. 3 m69). Guffey, The First Courts ip Western Pennsylvania, 7 W. Pa. Hist. I Mag. 145 (1924). John Hartmann, Origin of the Orphans' Court (1887). [Unpublished thesis.]

Henderson,1800-1810, The 61 Attack Pa. Mag. on Hist.the Judiciary and Biography in Pennsylvania, Ll3 (193 7).

Histpry of the County Court .House of Philadelphia, 10 Hist. Mag. (Dawson's) 105 (1866). Samuel Hood, Treatise on the Law Relating to-Registers Registers' Courts, Orphans' Courts in Pennsylvania (i847). . __ The Judiciary, 30 Niles' Register 18 (-18.26)..- Kephart & Spivack, A History of. the District Justice System in Pennsylvania, 44 Pa. B. A. Q. 512 (19/3). Philip Klein,, Pennsylvania Politics,,- _._1817-1832; . ,A Game Without -Rules (1940). Leh, The Lawyer'.-sCourt: Pittsburgh',s Attempt to Relieve I. , . Docket Congestion 33 Pa. Hist. 308 .<( . Lermack, Peace B0nd.s and Cripin.a.1Justice, i,n.Colonial Philadelphia, 100 Pa. Mag. Hist. and Biog. 1/3 (19/6)

Lewis, Jr. , Co,urts of Pennsylvania in-the A. 353 (1895); 5 ,Pa. :Mag. Hist. .and. - _.,,Biog Liverant, A History of Equity in. Pennsylvania, 37 Dick. L. Rev. 156 (1933). [Failure to establish equity-courts noted.] Loyd, Jr., The Courts from the Revqlution to the Revision of the Civil Code, 56 U. Pa. L. Rev.m (1908). Loyd, JK., The Courts of Pennsylv,$eia.in- the 18th.Century Prior to the Revolution, 56 U. Pa. L. 'Rev. 2g-8).

Loyd, Jr., Courts of Pennsylvania Pri,or,to 1701, 55 Am. L.b. Reg. 529 (1907). '#

L William Loyd, Early Courts of Pennsylvania (1910). John Martin, Martin's Bench and Bar,of Philadelphia (1883). Mitchell, The District Court..o.fthe ,City and County of Philadelphia, January 4, 1875', 5 Pa. B. A. 273 (1899).

68 Nead, The Evolution of the Judiciary System of Pennsylvania, 4 Dauphin County Hist. SOC. Tans. 1 (lYO/). New Pennsylvania Constitution, 51 Judicature 400 (1968). [Establishment of statewide unified court system noted.] Organization and Jurisdiction of the Municipal Court of Philadelphia, 31 Temp. L. Q. 171 (1958). [History noted. ] - David Patterson, Courts of Revie,w of Pennsylvania (Allegheny County Bar Association Add. 1886). Pennsylvania Bar Association, Proceedings at the Tri-centennial of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, May 22, 1922. Pennsylvania : Supreme Court, 28 Pa. B. A. 368 (1Y' 22). [History of court from colonial period.] Pennsylvania Commission on Constitutional Revision, Article V, The Judiciary, in its Re,port (1959). [Historical notes included.] Philadelphia Bureau of Municipal Research, Magistrates' Court of Philadelphia (1958). [Historical notes included.] R. Rache, The Manual of a Pennsylvania Justice of the Peace: The Laws, Adjudications and Process fo,r the Exercise of His' (LOO Durisdiction in Civil and Criminal Cases - 1814). Richards, Jacob Rush and the Early Pennsylvania State Judiciary, 20 Pa. B. A. 295 (1914). Richardson, Jr., Present Status of the Traffic Court in Pittsburgh, 12 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 394 (1951) 0. .[ Rowe, Outlawry in Pennsylvania, 1782-1788 and .the Achievement of an Independent State Judiciary, 20 Am. J. Legal Hist. 2.21 /6). Ryan, Early Courts of Bucks County, 2 Bucks County Hist. SOC. Coll. 601 (1909). S. Schulman, Toward Judicial Reform in Pennsylvania, A Study of Court Reorganization (Philadelphia Institute of Legal Research, Univ. of Pennsylvania 1962). Selsam, A History of Judicial Tenure in Pennsylvania, 38 Dick. L. Rev. 168 (1934).

69 William Shepherd, History of Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania (1896). [Court system described in detail.] Soffel, Early History of Our Courts, 15 Greater Pittsburgh 16 (1934). Steadman & Rosenstein, Small Claims Consumer Plaintiffs in the Philadelphia Municipal Court: An Empirical Study, 121 U. Pa. L. Kev. L3OY (19/7). [Historical background included.] Surrency, The Courts of Allegheny County--an Historical Survey, 117 Pi.tt. Legal J. 3 (1967). Surrency, The Court's Place in History, 43 Pa. B. A. Q. 440 (1972) [Survey of Supreme Court development given.] Surrency, The Development of Pennsylvania Experience, 2 Surrency, The Evolution of an Urban Judicial System: The Philadelphia Story, 1683- 1968, 18 Am. J. Legal Hist. 93 (LY/4) Sutton, Pennsylvania's First Court, 22 Shingle 40 (1959). Tamilia, The- New ,Pittsburgh Family Couft, 40 Pa. B. A. Q. 485 (1969). [Origin of court briefly reviewed.] Gene Urey, Judicial Reform in the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention ot 196/- 1968 (Syracuse Univ. 19/6). J. White, The Judiciary of Allegheny County (1883). [Extracted from "The Pennsylvania%LMagazineof History -and Biography," vol. VII, No. 2, 1883.1

PHILLIPINES Asa, History and Function of the Supreme Court, 22 Phil. L. J. 571 (195/). Francisco, History and Function of the Court of Appeal, 22 Phil. L. 3. 573 (195/). Sebastian, Plan to Abolish the Justice of the Peace Courts, 29 Phil. L. 3. 5/U (1954). [History of court noted.]

70 PUERTO RICO

Clark 61 Rogers, New Judiciary Act of Puerto Rico: A Definitive Reorganization, 61 Yale L. J. 1147 ( 1952). Negron-Garcia, Puerto Rico Updates Its Courts, 58 Judicature 351 (1975).

RHODE ISLAND Coogan, Foundations of the Rhode Island Judi.cia1 System, 1 R.I. -B. Ann. -1 (1964). -. Thomas Durfee, Gleanings From the Judicial History of Rhode Island (1883). Eaton, Development of the Judicial System in Rhode Island, 14 Yale L. J. 148 (1905). Farrell, The Early History of-Rhode-!Island'sCourt System, 9 R. I. Hist. 65, 103 (7950). Edmund Flynn, Judicial History of Rhode Island, 1 West's Rhode Island Digest xiii (1952). Rhode Island Legislature Remodels Sta.te Cou?rt System, 53 Judicature 82 ( 1969). .. Taylor v. Place, 4 R. I. 324 (1856);. [Constitutional history of separation. ._ .-oflp-owers reviewed.] Winslow, Conte,stBetween the Ju,dic.i Y.' A-. Wdthe Legislature Of Rhode Island, 11 N. St. B. .,(1m8) '

SOUTH CAROLINA U. Brooks, South.CarolinaBench and Bar (1908).

Ely,Revolutionary Jr., Charleston's Experiment Court in of Municipal Wardens, Justice, 1783-.1800: 27's A. c.Post Lx Rev. 645 ( 1976). Harllee, Importance of Separate Organization of the Criminal Courts of This State, 1 S. C. B. A. lm(1885)..

Judiciary System of South Carolina. The Present Judicial System of,South C,arolina,Its Defect!, Reviewed and Modes Suggested for Its Improvement, 18 S . Q. Rev. 464 (1850).

71 Donald Senese, Legal Thought in South Carolina, 1800-1860 (1971). Henry Smith, A Short Sketch of the System of the Administration of Justice in South Carolina; From the Settlement of,the Province to the Ye-ar,1860, with a List of the Chancellors and Judges During that Per.iod (Charleston Yearbook 1885). South Carolinians Use Strategy to Effect Court Unification, 56 Judicature 130 (1972). [History of reform through ammendments noted.] John Thomas, The Formation of the Judicial and Political Subdivisions of South Carolina (1890).

Townsard, Supreme Court 6f South Carolina, 9 Law and Bank 310 (1916). David Wallace, The History of South Carolina (1934). [Includes.chapter on the courts.]

SOUTH DAKOTA Grantham, The.Black Hills Judiciary, 25 S. Dakota B. A. Rep. 174 (192%)- * .. 'f". [Establishment of a miners' court prior to imposition of official controls described. ] Rice, Territotial. DayS-,-and.Some Des,irable Changes in Our Practice, 25 S. Dakota B. A. Rep. 158 (1924). [Federal judges sitting jointly constituted the Supreme Court of the Dakota Territory.] South Dakota Consolidates County and Municipal Courts, 51 Judicature 312 (1968). South Dakota, State Legislative Research Coutrcil, Court Reform i.n So,uth .Dakota (1964). [ Hi'storical background included. 1' ' '.

TENNESSEE American Bar Association Traffic Court Program, Study of the City Court ofl.Chattanoog,a,Tennessee, Report and Recommendatione (196/)-. [ His tory included. ] Warren Broemel, The Beginning of a,Court System (1975).

72 Butch, Important Events in the Judicial History of Tennessee, 15 Tenn. L. Rev. 220 (1938). Garrett, Some Fragments of Judicial History, 16 Tenn. L. Rev. 20 (1939). General Sessions Courts Replace Justices in 89 Tennessee Counties, 42 J. Am . Jud. Soc'y 2UL (1959). Laska, Legal and Constitutional Hi-story of Tennessee, 1772-1972, 6 Mem. St.. U. L. Rev. 563 (1916). Prewitt, Judicial Structure in Tennessee, 29 Tenn. L. Rev. 1 (1961). Ptewitt, Judicial Structure in Tennessee, 48 Tenn. L. Rev. 919 (1963). I._ Study of Domestic Relations, Juvenile and Family Courts in Tennesssee, LO V and. L. Rev. 592 (195/). [History noted.] Williams, Phases of History, 18 Tenn. L. Rev. 323 (1944). Williams, The Golden Era of Tennessee's Judiciary, 17 Tenn. L. Rev. 805 (1943).

TEXAS Marian Boner, A Reference Guide to Texas Law and Legal History (Univ. of Texas 19/6). [Section on courts and court reporting included. ] J. Morgan Broaddus. The Legal Heritage of El Paso (Texas B Western College Press 1963). Butte, Early Development of Law and Equity in Texas, 26 Yale. L. k J. 69P (191/).

E . The-- - of Davis.__ I ImDlications Baker v. Carr on the County Commissioners Court of Texas, 17 Baylor L. Rev. 41 11965). [Commissioner Court Ordered to divide county into 4 precincts. ]

- -'+&as Tex. Tech. L. Rev. 209 (19/0).

73 Gilmer, Early Courts and Lawyers of Texas, 12 Texas L. Rev. 435 (1934) Guittard, Cout-t,Reform,Texas Style, 21 Sw. L. J. 451 (1967). [Historical development reviewed.] Hughes, Handling of Juvenile Delinquents in Texas, 38 Tex. L. Rev. 290 (1aO). [Historical survey of juvenile court procedures.] Hunt, Texas' First State and Federal Courts. The Facts, the Law, and the Lawyers, LO Tex. B. J. 1'34, 159 (194/). Judice, The Texas Judicial System: Historical Development and Efforts Towards Court Modernization, 14 S . T. L. J. 295 9/3). McClendon, Development of the Judicial System of Texas, 12 Tex. B. J. 59, 89 (1949). McKnight, Century of Development in Texas Law, 36 Tex. B. J. 1051 (19/3). McKnight, The Spanish Legacy to Texas,Law, 3 Am. J. Legal Hist. 222, 299 (1959). B. McSwain, The Bench and Bar of Wac0 and McClennan County, 1849-1976 (Texian Press 19/6). Markham. Jr., Reception of the Common..Law of England in Texas and the Judicial Attitude Toward-that Reception, 1840 - 1839, 29 Tex. L. Rev. 904 (1951). Samuel Myres, The Legal Heritage of El Paso (Texas Western College Press 1963). Norvell, The ,Reconstruction Courts of Texas, 1867-1873, 62 Sw. Hist. Q. 141 (1958). Norvell, The , Under the Confederacy, 1861-1855, 4 Hous. L. Rev. 46 ( 1. Oglesby & Carr, Small Claims Court in Texas, 3 Kan. L. Rev. 238 (1955). [History discussed.] One Hundredth Anniversary of the District Courts of Travis County, Texas 1840- 1940 (Travis County Bar Assoc. 1940).

74 E. Parker, His ory of Organiza ion and Administration of the Juvenile COU t in uaiias, LOU ty , 'I'exas ('I'exas Juaiciai Council Rep0 ts, v.9 1937). Randolph, Stepchild of Judicial Reform, 17 Tex. B. J. 163, 187 (1954). [History noted.]

Texas Legislative Council, Article V: Judicial nendrtment in its Constitutional Revisin

[Historical background noted.] Townes, Sketch of the Development of the Judicial System of Texas, 2 Q. Texas Hist. A. 29 , 134 (1898-1899). Wharton, Early Judicial History of Texas, 12 Texas L. Rev. 311 (1934).

Wynn, A History of the Civil Courts in Texas, 60 Sw. Hist. Q. 1 (1956).

. -UTAH Allen, The Unusual Jurisdiction of County Probate Courts in the Territory,of. Utah,. 36 U tah Hist. Q. 132 (1968). _. . .. Bakken, Judicial Review in the Rocky Mountain Territorial Courts, 15 Am. J. Legal Hist. 56 (19/1). Davis, Jr.,. We-stern Justice: The Court at Fort Bridges, Utah .- . Territdry, 23 Utah Hist. Q. 99 (1955), C. Goodwin, history of the Bench and Bar of Utah (Interstate Press Assoc. 1913). Julien, The Utah Supreme Courts and Its Justices, 1896-1976, 44 Utah Hist. Q. 26/ (19/6). Morgan, The State of Deseret, 8 Utah Hist. Q. 65 (1940). [Ecclesiastical courts used to settle secular disputes.]

VERMONT

Graves, Our Early Courts, 29 Vt. B. A. 15 (1935). Powers, The Supreme Court of 1834, 28 Vt. b. A. 75 (1934).

75 Russell Taft. The Judicial Historv of Vermont. in William New Enelar

Taft, Legal Medley . . . Concerning the Courts, the Law and Its Administration in Vermont, 5 Vt. B. A. 100 (1898). Vermont Adopts Unification and Administration Laws, 51 Judicature 67 (1967) ..

.a Vermont Bar Association, Report of Special Meeting . . Called to Take Action on the Report . . . Regarding the Reorganization or the Courts or Vermont, / Vt. B. A. 375 (LYO61 Marlene Wallace, Vermont Justices of the Peace; History, Duties, and Responsibilities (Secretary of State, n.d.). Waterman, Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar of Vermont, 14 Vt. B. A. 59 (1921). Wheeler, The Early Jurisdiction and Jurisprudence of the Territory Now Vermont, 1 Vt. B. A. 51 (1883).

VIRGINIA Billings, The Growth of Political Institutions in Virginia, 1634 to 16/6, 31 Wm. & M ary Q* 225 (1914) 8 [Creation of county courts included.] D. Bottom, Justices of the Peace in Colonial V,irginia (1922). Brown, Virginia Juvenile Court Law of 1950, 8 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. I/ (1951). [Jurisdiction of juveni le courts since 1914 reviewed.] Chitwood, Justice in Colonial Virginia, 32 W. Va. L. Q. 83, 152, 269 (1926). [Reprinted, Da Capo Press, 1971.1 Holmes, Old County Court System of Virginia: Its Place in History, 20 V a. St. B. A. 323 (19k Charles Cross, Jr., The County Court 1637-1904, Norfolk County, 1 Virginia, (Printcraft Press, Inc. 1964). I George Curtis, The Virginia Courts During the Revolution (1979). 1 [History noted.] 6.

Defects, 1 Va. St. B. A. 139 (188 9). ~ y91;61:i$

, .f -JJ1 ?.3@ McGuire, General Court of Virginia, 7 Va. St. B. A.-"1-97"(51 .> *. $5). BB ..

,.7 hargaret Nelson, A Study of Judicial Review in Virgihi;gt.ri.t:b;vf' 1789-1928 (1947). _-,-

_-.--...I I -- Overbey, Place of the Trial Justice Court in the Judicial System of Virginia, 1940 Va. St. B. A. Rep. 26-9. A, 1'--- UP, , . < iSCt * Parker, Report of the Committee on the Judicial System of Virginia. 9 Va. St. B. A. 113 (1897). .-Llt L.! 1' - -

' . I)! 4.: . - .cr "-";. John & Margaret Peters, Courts of the Richmond Area; A-Pruner , (1969). .1. - i L*JA -- I .- [Bibliography.] A .rl , '

~ i i i..t4 Rankin, Criminal Trial Proceedings in the General-Court of Virginia, -72 Va. Mag. Hist. and Biog. 50 (1964). ,. .*.,

77 Conway Robinson, Virginia Courts and Reports, 40 Virginia Reports iii (1843).

Singleton, New Light on the Chancery Side of Vi Evolution to Statehood, 2 J. Am. Stud. 149 ,(l Staples, History of the Old County Court System of Virginia As It Existed Betore the Late War Between the States, 6 V a. 5t. B. A. 121 (1854).

Surrency, An Unusual Judicial Proposal: A Proposed Reduction in the Number of Judges--the Report ~t the Virginia Revisions on the Circuit Superiot Courts, 1848, 13 A m. 3. Legal Hist. 145 (1969). Tucker, Judges of, Virginia, 1 Va. L. Reg. 789 (1895). Jacobs, Reminiscence of the Bench and Bar of Washington, 6 Wash. 'St. B. A. Proc. 132 (1894). Lokken, The Martial Law Controversy in Washington Territory, --1856, 43 Pac. Nw. Q. 91 (1952). McGilvra, The Pioneer Judges and Lawyers of Washington, 1895-1896 Wash. St. B. A. Proc. Caleb Reinhart, History of the Supreme Court of the Territory and State of Washington (1931). - ~ ___- Washington, Attorney General, Justice of the Peace Manual (1956). [History and development of office noted. J John Wunder, Law and Order on the Frontier: Justices of the Peace in Washington Territory, 1853- 1889 (19/5).

WEST VIRGINIA Curl, Challenge to Unremitting Activity for Reform of Lower Courts, 50 W. Va. L. Q. 105 (194/). [Reform proposals since 1907 reviewed.] C. Davis, E. Elkins, & P. Kidd, Justice of the Peace in West +Vir inia (Bureau of Government Research West Virginia Univ. [History noted.] Sinsel, President's Annual Address, 2 W. Va. St. B. News 41 (1960). [History of judicial reform attempts described.]

W I S CONS IN American Bar Association, Report to the City of Madison, Wisconsin on the Superior Court of Dane County (1957). [History provided. ] James Anderson, Pioneer,Courts and Lawyers of Manitowoc County, Wisconsin: Collections and Recollections (Manitowoc Pilot 1922) [A series of papers published in the Manitowoc Pilot, winter, 1920-1921.1 Brown, The , 36 Wis. Mag. of Hist. 3 (Autumn 1952).

79 Buchen, Changes in, the Wisconsin Court System, 21 Wis. St. B. A. Bull. /9 (1948). Conway, Juvenile Court System in Wisconsin, 34 Wis. B. Bull. 21 (1961) [Legislative development noted.] Conway & Hilleman, Wisconsin's Reorganized Courts--1962, 34 Wis. B. Bull 7 (Dec. 1m). Court Reorganization Plan Adopted by the Legislature, 32 Wis. B. Bull. 20 (1559). Equal Justice Throughout the State; Court Reorganization for Wisconsin, 31 Wis. B. Bull. 11 (Dec. 1958). [Chronology of reform, 1906-1957 given,] Habermann, A Survey of Judicial Progress in Wisconsin, 1948-1962, 36 Wis. B. Bull. 22, 25, 29, 31 ( Feb. 1963>. Hallows, Court Reorganization, 29 Wis. B. Bull. 7, 58 (Feb. 1956). [History of reform efforts noted.] Karlen & Martinson, Statutory , 1949 Wis. L. Rev. 207. [Historical background noted.] Kommers, The Emergence of Law and.Justice in Pre-Terri,torial Wisconsin, 8 Am. J. Legal Hist. 20 (1964). Francis Lament, The Business of a Trial Court: 100 Years of Cases (Univ. of Wisconsin Press 1959). [Circuit Court for Chippewa County, 1855-1954.1 hartineau, Bicentennial History . . . The Courts of Wisconsin 49 Wis. B. Bull. 16 ( April 1916). Nelson, Small Claims Court, 22 Wis B. Bull 237, 268 (1949)h [History of first small claims courts provided.] O'Neill, Bar and the Bench of Wisconsin, Memories of Half a Century, Wisconsin State Bar Association Reports (1928). Parker Reed, The Bench and Bar of Wisconsin: History and Biography (P. M. Reed 1882). [Outline account of judiciary, including first courts organized by the military, provided.]

80 Smith, Courts and Judges in Wisconsin Territory, 56 Wis. Mag. History 1/9 (19/3). Survey of Judicial Progress in Wisconsin, 36 Wis. B. Bull. 22 (1963) ' Ward, Uniform Small Claims Court Act, 1950 Wis. L. Rev. 363. [History of passage in Wisconsin.]

Wisconsin Abolishes Justice of the Peace, 55 Nat'l. Civic Rev. 336 (1966). Wisconsin Enacts Statewide Court Reorganization Plan, 43 Judicature 58 (1959). Wisconsin Judicial Council, Historical Sketch of the Wisconsin Court System (1954). Wisconsin Legislative Council Judiciary Committee, Court Reorganization in Wisconsin; Background and Population Statistics (1968). [Background of court reorganization in Wisconsin since 1913 provided. 3

WYOMING Minor , 15 Wyo. L. J. 22 (1960). [History provided. ] Wyoming Legislature Approves . . . Judicial Reforms, 54 Judicature 393 (197 1). [Establishment of new county courts and changes in justice of the peace courts described.]

\ 81